{"id":"spanish-english","title":"Spanish for the everyday: A1 to B1","units":[{"id":"first-words","title":"Your first words","lessons":[{"id":"greetings","notes":["Hola starts a conversation at any time of day. The h is silent. Buenos días is a morning greeting; buenas noches can greet someone in the evening or say good night.","Spanish vowels stay fairly steady: a, e, i, o, u. In adiós, días, and café, keep the written accent. This course checks accents because they are part of Spanish spelling.","Tiny conversation: —Hola. —Buenos días. —Gracias. —Hasta luego. You can start with just one friendly word; you do not need a full sentence yet."],"title":"Hello, world!","practice":"Say hello to an imaginary neighbour in the morning and again in the evening. Thank them and say goodbye. Repeat the exchange slowly, then without looking at the words.","exercises":[{"id":"greet-1","hint":"You might have heard this friendly greeting before.","type":"choice","answer":"Hola","prompt":"How do you say “hello” in Spanish?","options":["Hola","Adiós","Gracias"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Hola means hello. The h is silent: say OH-lah.","vocabularyIds":["hola"]},{"id":"greet-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"hola","translation":"hello"},{"word":"adiós","translation":"goodbye"},{"word":"gracias","translation":"thank you"}],"prompt":"Make a few new connections.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Hola starts a conversation, adiós ends it, and gracias shows your appreciation.","vocabularyIds":["hola","adios","gracias"]},{"id":"greet-3","hint":"Start with Buenos.","type":"arrange","words":["días","Buenos","noches"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish phrase for “good morning”.","answers":["Buenos días"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Buenos días literally means good days. Use it to greet someone in the morning.","vocabularyIds":["buenos-dias"]},{"id":"greet-4","hint":"The missing word means nights.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the evening greeting.","answers":["noches"],"sentence":"Buenas ___","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Buenas noches means good evening or good night. Notice buenas, because noches is feminine.","vocabularyIds":["buenas-noches"]},{"id":"greet-5","hint":"It is our first greeting. Remember the silent h.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Hola","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen, then type what you hear in Spanish.","answers":["hola"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard hola: hello! The h is written but not pronounced.","vocabularyIds":["hola"]},{"id":"greet-6","hint":"It starts with gra…","type":"translate","prompt":"Write “thank you” in Spanish.","answers":["gracias"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Gracias is a useful word every day. You can say muchas gracias for thank you very much.","vocabularyIds":["gracias"]},{"id":"greetings-reading","hint":"Look for the goodbye, rather than the greeting or the thanks.","type":"choice","answer":"Adiós","prompt":"Read the exchange. Which phrase ends the conversation?","options":["Gracias","Adiós","Buenos días"],"reading":{"text":"—Buenos días.\n—Hola.\n—Gracias.\n—Adiós.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"The exchange ends with Adiós: goodbye. Buenos días and Hola greet someone; Gracias thanks them.","vocabularyIds":["buenos-dias","hola","gracias","adios"]},{"id":"greetings-listening","hint":"Focus on the opening two words. You can listen slowly or read the transcript.","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Buenas noches. Gracias. Adiós.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Good evening","prompt":"Listen to the short exchange. Which greeting do you hear?","options":["Good morning","Hello","Good evening"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Buenas noches opens this exchange, so it means good evening here. It can also mean good night when leaving. Gracias and Adiós are thanks and goodbye.","vocabularyIds":["buenas-noches","gracias","adios"]},{"id":"greetings-use","hint":"It starts with a. Remember the written accent on ó.","type":"translate","prompt":"Your neighbour is leaving. Write the one-word Spanish goodbye from this lesson.","answers":["Adiós"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Adiós says goodbye. Hola starts a conversation instead. Keep the accent in adiós when writing it on its own or in a sentence.","vocabularyIds":["adios"]}],"description":"Your Spanish adventure starts with a greeting."},{"id":"introductions","notes":["Me llamo + name is a common introduction: Me llamo Ana. Soy + name also identifies you: Soy Ana. Me llamo literally means I call myself.","Yo means I, but Spanish often leaves it out because the verb identifies the speaker. Soy Ana and Yo soy Ana both work. Mucho gusto is a friendly response when meeting someone.","The pronunciation of ll varies across Spanish-speaking regions. You will hear different versions of llamo; they belong to the language rather than being mistakes."],"title":"Nice to meet you","practice":"Introduce yourself with Me llamo and Soy, then greet a new classmate with Mucho gusto. Change the names and take both roles. Try the exchange again without reading.","exercises":[{"id":"intro-1","type":"choice","answer":"My name is Ana","prompt":"What does “Me llamo Ana” mean?","options":["My name is Ana","Goodbye, Ana","Thank you, Ana"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Me llamo is the everyday way to introduce your name.","vocabularyIds":["me-llamo"]},{"id":"intro-2","type":"arrange","words":["Leo","llamo","Me","soy"],"prompt":"Say “My name is Leo”.","answers":["Me llamo Leo"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Keep me and llamo together, then add your name: Me llamo Leo.","vocabularyIds":["me-llamo"]},{"id":"intro-3","back":"nice to meet you","type":"flashcard","front":"mucho gusto","prompt":"Meet a new phrase. Then recall its meaning.","answers":["nice to meet you","pleased to meet you"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Mucho gusto is a warm response when someone introduces themselves.","vocabularyIds":["mucho-gusto"]},{"id":"intro-4","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete “I am Ana”.","answers":["Soy","Yo soy"],"sentence":"___ Ana.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Soy means I am when describing identity. Spanish often leaves out yo (I).","vocabularyIds":["soy"]},{"id":"intro-5","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"soy","translation":"I am"},{"word":"amigo","translation":"friend"},{"word":"me llamo","translation":"my name is"}],"prompt":"Connect the introduction words.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"These words let you share your name, identity, and friendship.","vocabularyIds":["soy","amigo","me-llamo"]},{"id":"intro-6","hint":"Two words: mucho…","type":"translate","prompt":"Write “nice to meet you” in Spanish.","answers":["mucho gusto","Encantado","Encantada","Encantado de conocerte","Encantada de conocerte"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Mucho gusto! You can now introduce yourself and welcome someone new.","vocabularyIds":["mucho-gusto"]},{"id":"introductions-reading","hint":"Follow the second line. Soy can introduce a name too.","type":"choice","answer":"Leo","prompt":"Read the introductions. What is the second speaker's name?","options":["Leo","Sara","Ana"],"reading":{"text":"—Hola. Me llamo Sara.\n—Soy Leo. Mucho gusto.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"The second speaker says Soy Leo: I am Leo. The first speaker is Sara. Me llamo and Soy both work for introducing yourself.","vocabularyIds":["hola","me-llamo","soy","mucho-gusto"]},{"id":"introductions-listening","hint":"Listen for the phrase before his name, then the friendly response after it.","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Hola. Me llamo Pablo. Mucho gusto.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Introducing himself","prompt":"Listen to Pablo. What is he doing?","options":["Saying goodbye","Introducing himself","Saying good night"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Me llamo Pablo gives his name, and Mucho gusto means nice to meet you. Together with Hola, these phrases make a short introduction.","vocabularyIds":["hola","me-llamo","mucho-gusto"]},{"id":"introductions-use","hint":"Begin with Hola, then use Me llamo or Soy before the name.","type":"translate","prompt":"Take the role of Inés. Write “Hello. My name is Inés” in Spanish.","answers":["Hola. Me llamo Inés","Hola. Yo me llamo Inés","Hola. Soy Inés","Hola. Yo soy Inés"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Hola. Me llamo Inés combines a greeting with an introduction. Hola. Soy Inés also works. Yo is optional; the name Inés keeps its accent.","vocabularyIds":["hola","me-llamo","soy"]}],"description":"Turn a hello into a first conversation."}],"cefrLevel":"A1","objective":"Greet someone and introduce yourself.","description":"A little hola opens a lot of doors."},{"id":"little-everyday","title":"The little everyday","lessons":[{"id":"everyday-words","notes":["Learn nouns with their articles when you can: un libro, un gato, una casa. Un and una both mean a; their form goes with the noun. Grammatical gender is a property of the word.","Plural nouns often add -s after a vowel: libro → libros, casa → casas. You will meet more article and agreement patterns later; for now, notice them in short phrases.","Café has a written accent on its final syllable. Agua is feminine, although you will hear el agua: the article changes before its stressed initial a, while adjectives stay feminine."],"title":"A world of words","practice":"Look around your room and recall libro, casa, café, pan, and agua. Make three small word groups, such as un libro and una casa. Close the guide and recall the groups again.","exercises":[{"id":"words-1","type":"choice","answer":"Agua","prompt":"You are thirsty. Which word means “water”?","options":["Agua","Pan","Casa"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Agua means water. Pan means bread and casa means house.","vocabularyIds":["agua","pan","casa"]},{"id":"words-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"libro","translation":"book"},{"word":"café","translation":"coffee"},{"word":"gato","translation":"cat"}],"prompt":"Match these everyday things.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"A libro, a café, and a gato: a lovely afternoon! The accent in café marks the stressed syllable.","vocabularyIds":["libro","cafe","gato"]},{"id":"words-3","back":"house","type":"flashcard","front":"casa","prompt":"Learn a word for something familiar.","answers":["house","home"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Casa means house or home, depending on the context.","vocabularyIds":["casa"]},{"id":"words-4","hint":"It means bread.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Pan","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and type the Spanish word.","answers":["pan"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Pan means bread. It is one short syllable.","vocabularyIds":["pan"]},{"id":"words-5","hint":"It begins with li…","type":"translate","prompt":"Write “book” in Spanish.","answers":["libro","un libro"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Libro means book; un libro means a book.","vocabularyIds":["libro"]},{"id":"words-6","type":"choice","answer":"A cat","prompt":"What is “un gato”?","options":["A cat","A house","A coffee"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Gato means cat. Un is the masculine indefinite article: a.","vocabularyIds":["gato"]},{"id":"everyday-words-reading","hint":"Check all three items, starting with pan.","type":"choice","answer":"Bread, water, coffee","prompt":"Read this shopping note. Which English list matches it?","options":["A book, water, coffee","Bread, a house, coffee","Bread, water, coffee"],"reading":{"text":"Pan, agua, café.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Pan is bread, agua is water, and café is coffee. The note lists three things to buy; it does not mention libro (book) or casa (house).","vocabularyIds":["pan","agua","cafe"]},{"id":"everyday-words-listening","hint":"Find pan in the list and listen to the word that follows it.","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Café. Pan. Agua.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Water","prompt":"Listen to the list. Which drink comes after bread?","options":["Water","Coffee","Milk"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Agua follows Pan, so the answer is water. Café comes before Pan. Both drinks are mentioned, so their order matters.","vocabularyIds":["cafe","pan","agua"]},{"id":"everyday-words-use","hint":"Casa is feminine. Choose between un and una.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete “a house” with the article that agrees with casa.","answers":["Una"],"sentence":"___ casa.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Una casa means a house. Casa is feminine, so use una; un goes with masculine nouns such as libro and gato.","vocabularyIds":["casa"]}],"description":"Coffee, cats, and other essentials."},{"id":"numbers","notes":["Start with uno, dos, tres, cuatro, cinco. Before a masculine noun, uno becomes un: un libro. Before a feminine noun, use una: una casa.","After numbers greater than one, use a plural noun: dos libros, tres casas. The number itself does not change for gender: dos libros and dos casas.","Spanish pronunciation varies. The c in cinco has an s sound throughout Latin America and parts of Spain; much of Spain uses the sound heard in English thin. Both are valid regional pronunciations."],"title":"Make it count","practice":"Count five objects aloud. Say un libro, dos libros, and tres libros, then change the object to casa. Ask someone to say a number from one to five and show that many fingers.","exercises":[{"id":"num-1","type":"choice","answer":"Dos","prompt":"Which word means “two”?","options":["Uno","Dos","Tres"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Uno is one, dos is two, and tres is three.","vocabularyIds":["uno","dos","tres"]},{"id":"num-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"uno","translation":"one"},{"word":"cuatro","translation":"four"},{"word":"cinco","translation":"five"}],"prompt":"Find each number's partner.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Your first five numbers are uno, dos, tres, cuatro, cinco.","vocabularyIds":["uno","cuatro","cinco"]},{"id":"num-3","type":"fill","prompt":"Fill the gap in the counting sequence.","answers":["tres"],"sentence":"uno, dos, ___, cuatro, cinco","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Tres is three, between dos (two) and cuatro (four).","vocabularyIds":["tres"]},{"id":"num-4","hint":"It means five.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Cinco","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Type the number you hear, in Spanish.","answers":["cinco"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Cinco means five. In Spain the c may sound like th; in Latin America it sounds like s.","vocabularyIds":["cinco"]},{"id":"num-5","type":"arrange","words":["libros","Dos","libro"],"prompt":"Build “two books” in Spanish.","answers":["Dos libros"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Add s to libro to make libros: books. Dos libros means two books.","vocabularyIds":["dos","libro"]},{"id":"num-6","hint":"It starts with cua…","type":"translate","prompt":"Write “four” in Spanish.","answers":["cuatro"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Cuatro means four. You can count to cinco now!","vocabularyIds":["cuatro"]},{"id":"numbers-reading","hint":"Pair each number with the noun immediately after it.","type":"choice","answer":"Two books and three houses","prompt":"Read the labels. Which quantities do they show?","options":["Three books and two houses","Two books and three houses","Two books and one house"],"reading":{"text":"Dos libros. Tres casas.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Dos libros means two books; Tres casas means three houses. Both nouns end in s because their quantities are greater than one.","vocabularyIds":["dos","libro","tres","casa"]},{"id":"numbers-listening","hint":"Listen for libros and the number just before it.","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Un café. Cuatro libros. Dos casas.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Four","prompt":"Listen to the quantities. How many books are mentioned?","options":["One","Two","Four"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Cuatro libros means four books. Un café is one coffee and Dos casas is two houses; the other quantities refer to different things.","vocabularyIds":["cafe","cuatro","libro","dos","casa"]},{"id":"numbers-use","hint":"Start with libro and add the ending for more than one.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete “three books”. Write the whole plural noun.","answers":["libros"],"sentence":"Tres ___.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Tres libros means three books. Add s to libro after tres: the noun needs its plural form when the quantity is greater than one.","vocabularyIds":["tres","libro"]}],"description":"One, two, three… you've got this."}],"cefrLevel":"A1","objective":"Name common things and count from one to five.","description":"Find the words for the world around you."},{"id":"your-voice","title":"Find your voice","lessons":[{"id":"simple-sentences","notes":["Tengo, quiero, como, and bebo mean I have, I want, I eat, and I drink. They already identify the speaker, so Tengo un gato and Yo tengo un gato both work.","Put no before the verb to make a negative: No quiero café. Keep the rest of the sentence together: No tengo un libro means I do not have a book.","Try moving from a word to a useful message: agua → Quiero agua; pan → Como pan. Keep the accent on café when you write it inside a sentence."],"title":"Little words, big ideas","practice":"Say one thing you have, one thing you want, and something you eat or drink. Then make one sentence negative with no. Repeat with different objects without copying a model.","exercises":[{"id":"sent-1","type":"choice","answer":"I have a book","prompt":"What does “Tengo un libro” mean?","options":["I have a book","I want a coffee","I eat bread"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Tengo means I have. Un libro means a book.","vocabularyIds":["tengo","libro"]},{"id":"sent-2","type":"arrange","words":["agua","Quiero","tengo"],"prompt":"Build “I want water”.","answers":["Quiero agua"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Quiero means I want. Spanish often omits yo because the verb already identifies the speaker.","vocabularyIds":["quiero","agua"]},{"id":"sent-3","hint":"The verb is comer; the I form ends in o.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete “I eat bread”.","answers":["Como","Yo como"],"sentence":"___ pan.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Como means I eat. Yo como pan and como pan both mean I eat bread.","vocabularyIds":["como","pan"]},{"id":"sent-4","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"tengo","translation":"I have"},{"word":"quiero","translation":"I want"},{"word":"bebo","translation":"I drink"}],"prompt":"Match the action to its meaning.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"These are first-person present-tense verbs. Each tells you something the speaker does.","vocabularyIds":["tengo","quiero","bebo"]},{"id":"sent-5","hint":"The speaker drinks water.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Bebo agua","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen, then type the sentence in Spanish.","answers":["Bebo agua"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Bebo agua means I drink water. Bebo comes from beber: to drink.","vocabularyIds":["bebo","agua"]},{"id":"sent-6","hint":"Use tengo + un gato.","type":"translate","prompt":"Write “I have a cat” in Spanish.","answers":["Tengo un gato","Yo tengo un gato"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Tengo un gato. You have built a complete Spanish sentence!","vocabularyIds":["tengo","gato"]},{"id":"simple-sentences-reading","hint":"Look for quiero, rather than tengo or no tengo.","type":"choice","answer":"Water","prompt":"Read the message. What does the speaker want?","options":["Water","A book","A cat"],"reading":{"text":"Tengo un gato. No tengo un libro. Quiero agua.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Quiero agua states what the speaker wants: water. Tengo un gato says they have a cat; No tengo un libro says they do not have a book.","vocabularyIds":["tengo","gato","libro","quiero","agua"]},{"id":"simple-sentences-listening","hint":"Notice which bebo sentence has no before the verb.","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Como pan. Bebo café. No bebo agua.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Coffee","prompt":"Listen to the speaker. What do they drink?","options":["Water","Coffee","Bread"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Bebo café means I drink coffee. No bebo agua rules out water. Como pan says I eat bread; como and bebo describe different actions.","vocabularyIds":["como","pan","bebo","cafe","agua"]},{"id":"simple-sentences-use","hint":"Put no directly before quiero. Keep the accent on café.","type":"translate","prompt":"Decline coffee. Write “I do not want coffee” in Spanish.","answers":["No quiero café","Yo no quiero café"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"No quiero café makes the statement negative. Yo no quiero café works too. Quiero café would ask for coffee, so the position of no changes the message.","vocabularyIds":["quiero","cafe"]}],"description":"Start saying what you have, want, and do."},{"id":"everyday-phrases","notes":["Por favor makes a request polite: Un café, por favor. Gracias thanks someone, and lo siento apologises. Use the phrase that fits what is happening rather than translating every word separately.","Question words such as dónde carry an accent: ¿Dónde está la casa? Spanish writes an opening ¿ as well as a closing ?. Sí means yes; si without the accent means if.","If you lose the thread, you can ask ¿Puedes repetir, por favor? or say Más despacio, por favor. Asking someone to repeat or slow down is a useful part of a conversation."],"title":"Out into the world","practice":"Role-play ordering a coffee, thanking the server, and asking where a house is. Ask for repetition once, then say Hasta luego. Use the phrases in a different order and notice when each one fits.","exercises":[{"id":"phrase-1","type":"choice","answer":"Please","prompt":"Make a request polite. What does “por favor” mean?","options":["Please","I'm sorry","See you later"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Add por favor to a request: Agua, por favor. Water, please.","vocabularyIds":["por-favor"]},{"id":"phrase-2","type":"arrange","words":["favor","Un","por","café"],"prompt":"Build “A coffee, please”.","answers":["Un café por favor"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Un café, por favor is a friendly way to order a coffee. Keep the accent on café.","vocabularyIds":["cafe","por-favor"]},{"id":"phrase-3","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"hasta luego","translation":"see you later"},{"word":"lo siento","translation":"I am sorry"},{"word":"sí","translation":"yes"}],"prompt":"Connect these useful phrases.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Hasta luego is a casual goodbye, lo siento is an apology, and sí means yes. The accent distinguishes sí from si (if).","vocabularyIds":["hasta-luego","lo-siento","si"]},{"id":"phrase-4","hint":"Remember the accent: ó.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete “Where is the house?”","answers":["Dónde"],"sentence":"¿___ está la casa?","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Dónde means where in a question. Spanish questions use an opening ¿ and closing ?.","vocabularyIds":["donde","casa"]},{"id":"phrase-5","back":"well","type":"flashcard","front":"bien","prompt":"One more useful word for your collection.","answers":["well","good","fine"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Bien means well or fine. Estoy bien means I am well.","vocabularyIds":["bien"]},{"id":"phrase-6","hint":"Two words, starting with hasta.","type":"translate","prompt":"Write “see you later” in Spanish.","answers":["Hasta luego"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Hasta luego means see you later. You can now greet someone, introduce yourself, and make a polite request. The next chapters build on these first conversations.","vocabularyIds":["hasta-luego"]},{"id":"everyday-phrases-reading","hint":"Find the request before por favor.","type":"choice","answer":"A coffee","prompt":"Read the café exchange. What does the customer request?","options":["Water","A book","A coffee"],"reading":{"text":"—Un café, por favor.\n—Sí.\n—Gracias. Hasta luego.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Un café, por favor requests a coffee politely. Sí answers yes; Gracias and Hasta luego thank the other person and close the exchange.","vocabularyIds":["cafe","por-favor","si","gracias","hasta-luego"]},{"id":"everyday-phrases-listening","hint":"Repetir means to repeat. You do not need to give directions here.","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"—¿Dónde está la casa?\n—Lo siento. ¿Puedes repetir, por favor?","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"To hear the question again","prompt":"Listen to the exchange. What does the second person ask for?","options":["To hear the question again","To order a coffee","To learn the other person's name"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"¿Puedes repetir, por favor? asks someone to repeat. The second person apologises with Lo siento and asks to hear the question again, rather than answering it yet.","vocabularyIds":["donde","casa","lo-siento","por-favor"]},{"id":"everyday-phrases-use","hint":"Use Más despacio for more slowly, then the phrase for please.","type":"translate","prompt":"Someone is speaking too quickly. Write “More slowly, please” in Spanish.","answers":["Más despacio, por favor","Por favor, más despacio","Más lentamente, por favor","Por favor, más lentamente"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Más despacio, por favor asks someone to slow down. Por favor can go first too. Use ¿Puedes repetir, por favor? when you want to hear something again.","vocabularyIds":["por-favor"]}],"description":"A little kindness goes a long way."}],"cefrLevel":"A1","objective":"Build simple sentences and use polite everyday phrases.","description":"Put your words together and make them yours."},{"id":"es-a1-people","title":"People and identity","lessons":[{"id":"es-identity","notes":["Ser identifies people and origins: soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son.","Subject pronouns are often omitted. Soy de Chile and Yo soy de Chile both mean I am from Chile.","Worked example: Marta es de Colombia; sus amigos son de Ecuador. = Marta is from Colombia; her friends are from Ecuador. Es identifies one person; son identifies several. De introduces origin, while en normally introduces where someone lives.","Tú addresses one person informally; usted uses third-person verb forms for a formal address. Ustedes addresses a group throughout Latin America and formally in Spain; vosotros/vosotras is common for informal groups in much of Spain.","Small start: Start with two lines: Soy de… and Vivo en… . Then ask ¿De dónde eres? Answer as an imaginary classmate from a different country. You can use just one country and one city before adding more details."],"title":"Where are you from?","practice":"Introduce yourself aloud: name, country, nationality, and language. Ask someone the same four questions.","exercises":[{"id":"es-identity-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"país","translation":"country"},{"word":"ciudad","translation":"city"},{"word":"español","translation":"Spanish"},{"word":"inglesa","translation":"English (feminine)"},{"word":"de","translation":"from"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: where are you from? (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"país: country; ciudad: city; español: Spanish; inglesa: English (feminine); de: from","vocabularyIds":["es-identity-v1","es-identity-v2","es-identity-v3","es-identity-v4","es-identity-v5"]},{"id":"es-identity-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"idioma","translation":"language"},{"word":"persona","translation":"person"},{"word":"nombre","translation":"name"},{"word":"apellido","translation":"surname"},{"word":"nacionalidad","translation":"nationality"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: where are you from? (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"idioma: language; persona: person; nombre: name; apellido: surname; nacionalidad: nationality","vocabularyIds":["es-identity-v6","es-identity-v7","es-identity-v8","es-identity-v9","es-identity-v10"]},{"id":"es-identity-3","back":"country","type":"flashcard","front":"país","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["country"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"país means country.","vocabularyIds":["es-identity-v1"]},{"id":"es-identity-4","back":"language","type":"flashcard","front":"idioma","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["language"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"idioma means language.","vocabularyIds":["es-identity-v6"]},{"id":"es-identity-5","type":"choice","answer":"Somos de Perú","prompt":"Which form introduces two people from Peru?","options":["Somos de Perú","Soy de Perú","Es de Perú"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Somos includes the speaker in a group: we are. Soy introduces one speaker; es describes one person as he, she, or usted.","vocabularyIds":["es-identity-v1","es-identity-v2","es-identity-v3","es-identity-v4","es-identity-v5","es-identity-v6","es-identity-v7","es-identity-v8","es-identity-v9","es-identity-v10"]},{"id":"es-identity-6","hint":"Choose the present form of ser for ella.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["es"],"sentence":"Ella ___ de México.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Ella es de México: es agrees with ella. Use ser for someone's origin; somos would refer to we.","vocabularyIds":["es-identity-v1","es-identity-v2","es-identity-v3","es-identity-v4","es-identity-v5","es-identity-v6","es-identity-v7","es-identity-v8","es-identity-v9","es-identity-v10"]},{"id":"es-identity-7","type":"arrange","words":["España","Somos","de"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “We are from Spain”","answers":["Somos de España"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Ser identifies people and origins: soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son.","vocabularyIds":["es-identity-v1","es-identity-v2","es-identity-v3","es-identity-v4","es-identity-v5","es-identity-v6","es-identity-v7","es-identity-v8","es-identity-v9","es-identity-v10"]},{"id":"es-identity-8","hint":"Use ser de for origin. You can leave out yo.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—Hola, soy de México. ¿Y tú?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Introduce your country of origin. Write a reply meaning: “I am from Chile”","answers":["Soy de Chile","Yo soy de Chile"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"¿Y tú? invites the same information about you. Soy de Chile gives your origin; vivo en Chile would describe where you live instead.","vocabularyIds":["es-identity-v1","es-identity-v2","es-identity-v3","es-identity-v4","es-identity-v5","es-identity-v6","es-identity-v7","es-identity-v8","es-identity-v9","es-identity-v10"]},{"id":"es-identity-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Somos de España”","answers":["We are from Spain","we're from Spain","We come from Spain"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Ser identifies people and origins: soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son.","vocabularyIds":["es-identity-v1","es-identity-v2","es-identity-v3","es-identity-v4","es-identity-v5","es-identity-v6","es-identity-v7","es-identity-v8","es-identity-v9","es-identity-v10"]},{"id":"es-identity-10","hint":"Listen for who is being introduced and the country name. Keep the accent in Perú.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Mi amiga es de Perú","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Mi amiga es de Perú"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: Mi amiga es de Perú. Meaning: My friend is from Peru.","vocabularyIds":["es-identity-v1","es-identity-v2","es-identity-v3","es-identity-v4","es-identity-v5","es-identity-v6","es-identity-v7","es-identity-v8","es-identity-v9","es-identity-v10"]},{"id":"es-identity-11","type":"choice","answer":"Mexico","prompt":"Read for meaning. Where is Ana from?","options":["Mexico","Spain","Peru"],"reading":{"text":"Me llamo Ana. Soy de México, pero vivo en Madrid. Hablo español e inglés. Mi amigo Luis es de Perú.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Ana says Soy de México. Madrid is where she lives now; Peru is her friend Luis's origin, not hers.","vocabularyIds":["es-identity-v1","es-identity-v2","es-identity-v3","es-identity-v4","es-identity-v5","es-identity-v6","es-identity-v7","es-identity-v8","es-identity-v9","es-identity-v10"]}],"description":"Introduce yourself aloud: name, country, nationality, and language. Ask someone the same four questions."},{"id":"es-family","notes":["Mi, tu, and su mean my, your, and his/her/their. Their plural forms agree with the thing possessed: mis hermanos.","Use tener for age: Mi hermana tiene veinte años.","Worked example: Mi prima tiene dieciséis años; mis primos tienen dieciocho. = My female cousin is sixteen; my cousins are eighteen. Mi/mis follows the number of people possessed, and tiene/tienen follows the subject. Age uses tener, not ser.","Small start: Choose two real or invented relatives. Begin Mi hermana tiene… años. Change one person into two: Mis hermanas tienen… años. Keep the family noun, possessive, and verb together as you make the change."],"title":"Meet the family","practice":"Describe three family members, including their ages. Use mi and mis and ask ¿Cuántos años tiene?","exercises":[{"id":"es-family-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"madre","translation":"mother"},{"word":"padre","translation":"father"},{"word":"hermana","translation":"sister"},{"word":"hermano","translation":"brother"},{"word":"abuela","translation":"grandmother"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: meet the family (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"madre: mother; padre: father; hermana: sister; hermano: brother; abuela: grandmother","vocabularyIds":["es-family-v1","es-family-v2","es-family-v3","es-family-v4","es-family-v5"]},{"id":"es-family-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"abuelo","translation":"grandfather"},{"word":"hija","translation":"daughter"},{"word":"hijo","translation":"son"},{"word":"familia","translation":"family"},{"word":"años","translation":"years"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: meet the family (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"abuelo: grandfather; hija: daughter; hijo: son; familia: family; años: years","vocabularyIds":["es-family-v6","es-family-v7","es-family-v8","es-family-v9","es-family-v10"]},{"id":"es-family-3","back":"father","type":"flashcard","front":"padre","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["father"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"padre means father.","vocabularyIds":["es-family-v2"]},{"id":"es-family-4","back":"daughter","type":"flashcard","front":"hija","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["daughter"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"hija means daughter.","vocabularyIds":["es-family-v7"]},{"id":"es-family-5","type":"choice","answer":"Mis hermanas","prompt":"Choose the correct plural of mi hermana.","options":["Mi hermanas","Mis hermana","Mis hermanas"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Both words change for more than one sister: mi hermana → mis hermanas. Mis matches the plural noun, regardless of who owns it.","vocabularyIds":["es-family-v1","es-family-v2","es-family-v3","es-family-v4","es-family-v5","es-family-v6","es-family-v7","es-family-v8","es-family-v9","es-family-v10"]},{"id":"es-family-6","hint":"Age uses tener. Your subject is one brother.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["tiene"],"sentence":"Mi hermano ___ diez años.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Mi hermano tiene diez años. Tiene is the singular third-person form of tener; Spanish expresses age with tener, not ser.","vocabularyIds":["es-family-v1","es-family-v2","es-family-v3","es-family-v4","es-family-v5","es-family-v6","es-family-v7","es-family-v8","es-family-v9","es-family-v10"]},{"id":"es-family-7","type":"arrange","words":["años","tiene","Mi","veinte","hermana"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “My sister is twenty years old”","answers":["Mi hermana tiene veinte años"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Mi, tu, and su mean my, your, and his/her/their. Their plural forms agree with the thing possessed: mis hermanos.","vocabularyIds":["es-family-v1","es-family-v2","es-family-v3","es-family-v4","es-family-v5","es-family-v6","es-family-v7","es-family-v8","es-family-v9","es-family-v10"]},{"id":"es-family-8","hint":"The subject is plural. Match both the possessive and the verb to padres.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Answer about your parents. Write a reply meaning: “My parents live in Madrid”","answers":["Mis padres viven en Madrid"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Dónde viven tus padres?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Tus padres in the question becomes mis padres in your reply. Viven agrees with the two parents; vive would describe one person.","vocabularyIds":["es-family-v1","es-family-v2","es-family-v3","es-family-v4","es-family-v5","es-family-v6","es-family-v7","es-family-v8","es-family-v9","es-family-v10"]},{"id":"es-family-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Mi hermana tiene veinte años”","answers":["My sister is twenty years old","My sister is twenty","My sister is 20 years old"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Mi, tu, and su mean my, your, and his/her/their. Their plural forms agree with the thing possessed: mis hermanos.","vocabularyIds":["es-family-v1","es-family-v2","es-family-v3","es-family-v4","es-family-v5","es-family-v6","es-family-v7","es-family-v8","es-family-v9","es-family-v10"]},{"id":"es-family-10","hint":"Listen for the family member and age. Spanish uses tener with años.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Mi hermano tiene veinte años","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Mi hermano tiene veinte años"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: Mi hermano tiene veinte años. Meaning: My brother is twenty years old.","vocabularyIds":["es-family-v1","es-family-v2","es-family-v3","es-family-v4","es-family-v5","es-family-v6","es-family-v7","es-family-v8","es-family-v9","es-family-v10"]},{"id":"es-family-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Mi familia es pequeña. Vivo con mi madre y mi hermano. Mi hermano tiene diez años. Los domingos visitamos a mi abuela.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"The brother","prompt":"Listen for meaning. Who is ten years old?","options":["The mother","The grandmother","The brother"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"The passage says Mi hermano tiene diez años. The ten-year-old is the brother; no age is given for the mother or grandmother.","vocabularyIds":["es-family-v1","es-family-v2","es-family-v3","es-family-v4","es-family-v5","es-family-v6","es-family-v7","es-family-v8","es-family-v9","es-family-v10"]}],"description":"Describe three family members, including their ages. Use mi and mis and ask ¿Cuántos años tiene?"},{"id":"es-agreement","notes":["Articles agree with nouns: el/la, los/las, un/una, unos/unas.","Many adjectives agree in gender and number: un chico alto, unas chicas altas. Inteligente has the same masculine and feminine form.","Worked example: Un chico joven → dos chicas jóvenes. = A young boy → two young girls. Chico changes gender and number; joven changes only number. The accent in jóvenes keeps its stress when the extra syllable is added.","Small start: Begin La chica es alta e inteligente. Make the subject plural, then change it to los chicos. Check the article, verb, and both adjectives. Inteligente changes to inteligentes for either plural group.","Short practice model: Mi prima es alta, simpática e inteligente. Mi hermano es bajo, simpático y joven. Los dos son estudiantes. Mis primas son altas, simpáticas e inteligentes. Mis hermanos son bajos, simpáticos y jóvenes.","Meaning of the model: My female cousin is tall, friendly and intelligent. My brother is short, friendly and young. Both are students. My female cousins are tall, friendly and intelligent. My brothers are short, friendly and young.","Check your version: Describe two invented people with three adjectives each, then make each description plural. Do the article, noun, verb and adjectives agree? Notice that inteligente changes for number, and jóvenes needs an accent. Change the people and details in your own version."],"title":"People and descriptions","practice":"Describe two real or imaginary people with three adjectives each. Change each description from singular to plural.","exercises":[{"id":"es-agreement-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"alto","translation":"tall (masculine)"},{"word":"baja","translation":"short (feminine)"},{"word":"simpático","translation":"friendly (masculine)"},{"word":"inteligente","translation":"intelligent"},{"word":"joven","translation":"young"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: people and descriptions (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"alto: tall (masculine); baja: short (feminine); simpático: friendly (masculine); inteligente: intelligent; joven: young","vocabularyIds":["es-agreement-v1","es-agreement-v2","es-agreement-v3","es-agreement-v4","es-agreement-v5"]},{"id":"es-agreement-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"mayor","translation":"older"},{"word":"chico","translation":"boy"},{"word":"chica","translation":"girl"},{"word":"ojos","translation":"eyes"},{"word":"pelo","translation":"hair"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: people and descriptions (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"mayor: older; chico: boy; chica: girl; ojos: eyes; pelo: hair","vocabularyIds":["es-agreement-v6","es-agreement-v7","es-agreement-v8","es-agreement-v9","es-agreement-v10"]},{"id":"es-agreement-3","back":"friendly (masculine)","type":"flashcard","front":"simpático","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["friendly (masculine)","friendly"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"simpático means friendly (masculine).","vocabularyIds":["es-agreement-v3"]},{"id":"es-agreement-4","back":"girl","type":"flashcard","front":"chica","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["girl"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"chica means girl.","vocabularyIds":["es-agreement-v8"]},{"id":"es-agreement-5","type":"choice","answer":"Las personas simpáticas","prompt":"Which description agrees with las personas?","options":["Las personas simpática","Las personas simpáticas","Las personas simpático"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Personas is grammatically feminine and plural, so simpáticas takes -as. The noun's grammatical gender determines agreement here.","vocabularyIds":["es-agreement-v1","es-agreement-v2","es-agreement-v3","es-agreement-v4","es-agreement-v5","es-agreement-v6","es-agreement-v7","es-agreement-v8","es-agreement-v9","es-agreement-v10"]},{"id":"es-agreement-6","hint":"Match the adjective to chicas: feminine and plural.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["altas"],"sentence":"Las chicas son muy ___. (alto)","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Las chicas son muy altas. Alto becomes altas to agree with the feminine plural noun chicas; the adjective describes the girls, not the speaker.","vocabularyIds":["es-agreement-v1","es-agreement-v2","es-agreement-v3","es-agreement-v4","es-agreement-v5","es-agreement-v6","es-agreement-v7","es-agreement-v8","es-agreement-v9","es-agreement-v10"]},{"id":"es-agreement-7","type":"arrange","words":["son","Las","inteligentes","chicas"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “The girls are intelligent”","answers":["Las chicas son inteligentes"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Articles agree with nouns: el/la, los/las, un/una, unos/unas.","vocabularyIds":["es-agreement-v1","es-agreement-v2","es-agreement-v3","es-agreement-v4","es-agreement-v5","es-agreement-v6","es-agreement-v7","es-agreement-v8","es-agreement-v9","es-agreement-v10"]},{"id":"es-agreement-8","hint":"Use ser for the description and a masculine singular adjective.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Cómo es tu hermano?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Describe your brother. Write a reply meaning: “My brother is tall”","answers":["Mi hermano es alto"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"¿Cómo es? asks for a description. Hermano is masculine singular, so es alto agrees with it; alta would describe a feminine noun.","vocabularyIds":["es-agreement-v1","es-agreement-v2","es-agreement-v3","es-agreement-v4","es-agreement-v5","es-agreement-v6","es-agreement-v7","es-agreement-v8","es-agreement-v9","es-agreement-v10"]},{"id":"es-agreement-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Las chicas son inteligentes”","answers":["The girls are intelligent","The girls are smart"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Articles agree with nouns: el/la, los/las, un/una, unos/unas.","vocabularyIds":["es-agreement-v1","es-agreement-v2","es-agreement-v3","es-agreement-v4","es-agreement-v5","es-agreement-v6","es-agreement-v7","es-agreement-v8","es-agreement-v9","es-agreement-v10"]},{"id":"es-agreement-10","hint":"Notice the feminine endings in the two descriptions. Keep the accent in simpática.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Mi hermana es baja y simpática","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Mi hermana es baja y simpática"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: Mi hermana es baja y simpática. Meaning: My sister is short and friendly.","vocabularyIds":["es-agreement-v1","es-agreement-v2","es-agreement-v3","es-agreement-v4","es-agreement-v5","es-agreement-v6","es-agreement-v7","es-agreement-v8","es-agreement-v9","es-agreement-v10"]},{"id":"es-agreement-conversation","type":"choice","answer":"Mucho gusto. Soy Ana.","prompt":"You have just met Julia. Which reply continues the introduction?","options":["Tengo veinte libros.","Mucho gusto. Soy Ana.","Hasta mañana, Julia."],"reading":{"text":"—Esta es mi hermana, Julia. Tiene veinte años. —Mucho gusto, Julia.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Mucho gusto responds to an introduction; soy introduces your own identity. The age describes Julia, not the speaker.","vocabularyIds":["es-family-v3","es-family-v10","soy"]},{"id":"es-agreement-recall","hint":"Age uses tener. Choose its form for one brother, then include años.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “My brother is twenty years old.”","answers":["Mi hermano tiene veinte años","Mi hermano tiene 20 años"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Mi hermano tiene veinte años. Spanish expresses age with tener; tiene agrees with the singular hermano. Es veinte años would not express his age correctly.","vocabularyIds":["es-family-v4","es-family-v10"]},{"id":"es-agreement-11","type":"choice","answer":"Short and friendly","prompt":"Read for meaning. What is Lucía like?","options":["Tall with blue eyes","Short and friendly","Tall and unfriendly"],"reading":{"text":"Lucía tiene el pelo negro y los ojos verdes. Es baja y muy simpática. Su hermano es alto. Los dos son estudiantes.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Es baja y muy simpática describes Lucía as short and friendly. Her brother, rather than Lucía, is described as alto.","vocabularyIds":["es-agreement-v1","es-agreement-v2","es-agreement-v3","es-agreement-v4","es-agreement-v5","es-agreement-v6","es-agreement-v7","es-agreement-v8","es-agreement-v9","es-agreement-v10"]}],"description":"Describe two real or imaginary people with three adjectives each. Change each description from singular to plural."}],"cefrLevel":"A1","objective":"Introduce people, describe your family, and use articles and agreement.","description":"A1 · Introduce people, describe your family, and use articles and agreement."},{"id":"es-a1-present","title":"Present-tense building blocks","lessons":[{"id":"es-regular-present","notes":["Regular present endings: hablar → hablo, hablas, habla, hablamos, habláis, hablan; comer → como; vivir → vivo.","For nosotros use -amos, -emos, -imos: hablamos, comemos, vivimos. No goes before the verb.","Worked example: Clara estudia; nosotros aprendemos; ellos escriben. = Clara studies; we learn; they write. Remove -ar, -er, or -ir, then choose the ending for the person. The nosotros endings are -amos, -emos, and -imos.","Small start: Pick one verb from each group: estudiar, beber, vivir. Say what you do, then what we do: Estudio…; Estudiamos… . Add no to one line and aquí to another. Short complete sentences are enough."],"title":"What we do","practice":"Write six sentences about what you and other people do. Include a negative sentence and nosotros.","exercises":[{"id":"es-regular-present-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"hablar","translation":"to speak"},{"word":"estudiar","translation":"to study"},{"word":"trabajar","translation":"to work"},{"word":"comer","translation":"to eat"},{"word":"beber","translation":"to drink"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what we do (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"hablar: to speak; estudiar: to study; trabajar: to work; comer: to eat; beber: to drink","vocabularyIds":["es-regular-present-v1","es-regular-present-v2","es-regular-present-v3","es-regular-present-v4","es-regular-present-v5"]},{"id":"es-regular-present-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"vivir","translation":"to live"},{"word":"leer","translation":"to read"},{"word":"escribir","translation":"to write"},{"word":"aprender","translation":"to learn"},{"word":"escuchar","translation":"to listen"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what we do (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"vivir: to live; leer: to read; escribir: to write; aprender: to learn; escuchar: to listen","vocabularyIds":["es-regular-present-v6","es-regular-present-v7","es-regular-present-v8","es-regular-present-v9","es-regular-present-v10"]},{"id":"es-regular-present-3","back":"to eat","type":"flashcard","front":"comer","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to eat","eat"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"comer means to eat.","vocabularyIds":["es-regular-present-v4"]},{"id":"es-regular-present-4","back":"to learn","type":"flashcard","front":"aprender","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to learn","learn"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"aprender means to learn.","vocabularyIds":["es-regular-present-v9"]},{"id":"es-regular-present-5","type":"choice","answer":"Ellos trabajan aquí","prompt":"Choose the correct sentence about them.","options":["Ellos trabajan aquí","Ellos trabajo aquí","Ellos trabajamos aquí"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Ellos trabajan uses the -an ending for they with an -ar verb. Trabajo means I work; trabajamos means we work.","vocabularyIds":["es-regular-present-v1","es-regular-present-v2","es-regular-present-v3","es-regular-present-v4","es-regular-present-v5","es-regular-present-v6","es-regular-present-v7","es-regular-present-v8","es-regular-present-v9","es-regular-present-v10"]},{"id":"es-regular-present-6","hint":"Aprender is an -er verb. Use its nosotros ending.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["aprendemos"],"sentence":"Nosotros ___ español. (aprender)","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Nosotros aprendemos español. Regular -er verbs take -emos for nosotros; -amos belongs to -ar verbs and -imos to -ir verbs.","vocabularyIds":["es-regular-present-v1","es-regular-present-v2","es-regular-present-v3","es-regular-present-v4","es-regular-present-v5","es-regular-present-v6","es-regular-present-v7","es-regular-present-v8","es-regular-present-v9","es-regular-present-v10"]},{"id":"es-regular-present-7","type":"arrange","words":["pequeña","una","Vivimos","ciudad","en"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “We live in a small city”","answers":["Vivimos en una ciudad pequeña","En una ciudad pequeña vivimos"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Regular present endings: hablar → hablo, hablas, habla, hablamos, habláis, hablan; comer → como; vivir → vivo.","vocabularyIds":["es-regular-present-v1","es-regular-present-v2","es-regular-present-v3","es-regular-present-v4","es-regular-present-v5","es-regular-present-v6","es-regular-present-v7","es-regular-present-v8","es-regular-present-v9","es-regular-present-v10"]},{"id":"es-regular-present-8","hint":"Use the yo ending of estudiar and a phrase meaning every day.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Tell a classmate about your daily study. Write a reply meaning: “I study Spanish every day”","answers":["Estudio español todos los días","Yo estudio español todos los días"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Qué haces cada día?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Estudio answers what you do, and todos los días gives the frequency. The subject yo is optional because the verb ending identifies the speaker.","vocabularyIds":["es-regular-present-v1","es-regular-present-v2","es-regular-present-v3","es-regular-present-v4","es-regular-present-v5","es-regular-present-v6","es-regular-present-v7","es-regular-present-v8","es-regular-present-v9","es-regular-present-v10"]},{"id":"es-regular-present-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Vivimos en una ciudad pequeña”","answers":["We live in a small city","We live in a little city"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Regular present endings: hablar → hablo, hablas, habla, hablamos, habláis, hablan; comer → como; vivir → vivo.","vocabularyIds":["es-regular-present-v1","es-regular-present-v2","es-regular-present-v3","es-regular-present-v4","es-regular-present-v5","es-regular-present-v6","es-regular-present-v7","es-regular-present-v8","es-regular-present-v9","es-regular-present-v10"]},{"id":"es-regular-present-10","hint":"Listen for the plural verb ending and the short phrase for at home.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Mis amigos comen en casa","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Mis amigos comen en casa"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: Mis amigos comen en casa. Meaning: My friends eat at home.","vocabularyIds":["es-regular-present-v1","es-regular-present-v2","es-regular-present-v3","es-regular-present-v4","es-regular-present-v5","es-regular-present-v6","es-regular-present-v7","es-regular-present-v8","es-regular-present-v9","es-regular-present-v10"]},{"id":"es-regular-present-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Pablo trabaja por la mañana y estudia por la tarde. Sus amigos viven cerca. Después de clase, leen y escuchan música juntos.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Work in the morning, study in the afternoon, then read with friends","prompt":"Listen for meaning. Which order matches Pablo’s day?","options":["Work in the morning, study in the afternoon, then read with friends","Study in the morning, work in the afternoon, then read with friends","Work in the morning, read with friends, then go to class"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Trabaja por la mañana comes before estudia por la tarde. Después de clase places reading and listening to music after class, not before it.","vocabularyIds":["es-regular-present-v1","es-regular-present-v2","es-regular-present-v3","es-regular-present-v4","es-regular-present-v5","es-regular-present-v6","es-regular-present-v7","es-regular-present-v8","es-regular-present-v9","es-regular-present-v10"]}],"description":"Write six sentences about what you and other people do. Include a negative sentence and nosotros."},{"id":"es-questions","notes":["Question words carry accents: qué, quién, cuándo, dónde, cómo, cuánto, por qué.","¿Por qué? asks why; porque introduces the answer. Use ¿...? around written questions.","Worked example: ¿Dónde estudias? —En casa. ¿Por qué? —Porque estoy cansada. = Where do you study? At home. Why? Because I am tired. Dónde asks for a place; por qué asks for a reason; porque introduces the reason.","Small start: Ask a partner or imaginary classmate where they live, what they study, and why. Start with ¿Dónde vives? Give one short answer to each question. Keep the written accents when you write the questions."],"title":"Ask and understand","practice":"Ask five questions about a new classmate. Answer them in complete sentences using porque at least once.","exercises":[{"id":"es-questions-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"qué","translation":"what"},{"word":"quién","translation":"who"},{"word":"cuándo","translation":"when"},{"word":"cómo","translation":"how"},{"word":"cuánto","translation":"how much"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: ask and understand (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"qué: what; quién: who; cuándo: when; cómo: how; cuánto: how much","vocabularyIds":["es-questions-v1","es-questions-v2","es-questions-v3","es-questions-v4","es-questions-v5"]},{"id":"es-questions-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"por qué","translation":"why"},{"word":"porque","translation":"because"},{"word":"respuesta","translation":"answer"},{"word":"pregunta","translation":"question"},{"word":"clase","translation":"class"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: ask and understand (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"por qué: why; porque: because; respuesta: answer; pregunta: question; clase: class","vocabularyIds":["es-questions-v6","es-questions-v7","es-questions-v8","es-questions-v9","es-questions-v10"]},{"id":"es-questions-3","back":"how much","type":"flashcard","front":"cuánto","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["how much"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"cuánto means how much.","vocabularyIds":["es-questions-v5"]},{"id":"es-questions-4","back":"class","type":"flashcard","front":"clase","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["class"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"clase means class.","vocabularyIds":["es-questions-v10"]},{"id":"es-questions-5","type":"choice","answer":"Porque me gusta","prompt":"Which word answers ¿Por qué estudias?","options":["Dónde me gusta","Quién me gusta","Porque me gusta"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Por qué asks for a reason; porque introduces one. Dónde asks where and quién asks who, so neither gives the requested reason.","vocabularyIds":["es-questions-v1","es-questions-v2","es-questions-v3","es-questions-v4","es-questions-v5","es-questions-v6","es-questions-v7","es-questions-v8","es-questions-v9","es-questions-v10"]},{"id":"es-questions-6","hint":"The question asks someone's name, not where they live.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["Cómo"],"sentence":"¿___ te llamas?","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"¿Cómo te llamas? is the usual question for someone's name. Cómo needs its accent in a question; dónde would ask about a place.","vocabularyIds":["es-questions-v1","es-questions-v2","es-questions-v3","es-questions-v4","es-questions-v5","es-questions-v6","es-questions-v7","es-questions-v8","es-questions-v9","es-questions-v10"]},{"id":"es-questions-7","type":"arrange","words":["tu","Dónde","hermano","vive"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “Where does your brother live?”","answers":["¿Dónde vive tu hermano?"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Question words carry accents: qué, quién, cuándo, dónde, cómo, cuánto, por qué.","vocabularyIds":["es-questions-v1","es-questions-v2","es-questions-v3","es-questions-v4","es-questions-v5","es-questions-v6","es-questions-v7","es-questions-v8","es-questions-v9","es-questions-v10"]},{"id":"es-questions-8","hint":"Use the two-word question phrase for why. Keep the accent.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—Estudio español.","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Ask another learner their reason; tú or usted is welcome. Write a reply meaning: “Why do you study Spanish?”","answers":["¿Por qué estudias español?","¿Por qué aprendes español?","¿Por qué estudia español?"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Por qué asks for the other person's reason; porque would introduce an answer. Estudias or aprendes addresses tú; estudia is the accepted usted version.","vocabularyIds":["es-questions-v1","es-questions-v2","es-questions-v3","es-questions-v4","es-questions-v5","es-questions-v6","es-questions-v7","es-questions-v8","es-questions-v9","es-questions-v10"]},{"id":"es-questions-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “¿Dónde vive tu hermano?”","answers":["Where does your brother live?"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Question words carry accents: qué, quién, cuándo, dónde, cómo, cuánto, por qué.","vocabularyIds":["es-questions-v1","es-questions-v2","es-questions-v3","es-questions-v4","es-questions-v5","es-questions-v6","es-questions-v7","es-questions-v8","es-questions-v9","es-questions-v10"]},{"id":"es-questions-10","hint":"Listen for the question word asking about time. Question words keep their written accents.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"¿Cuándo tienes clase de español?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["¿Cuándo tienes clase de español?"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: ¿Cuándo tienes clase de español?. Meaning: When do you have Spanish class?.","vocabularyIds":["es-questions-v1","es-questions-v2","es-questions-v3","es-questions-v4","es-questions-v5","es-questions-v6","es-questions-v7","es-questions-v8","es-questions-v9","es-questions-v10"]},{"id":"es-questions-11","type":"choice","answer":"Their family lives in Seville","prompt":"Read for meaning. Why does this person learn Spanish?","options":["They work on Tuesdays","Their school is closed","Their family lives in Seville"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Dónde estudias? —En la escuela del centro. —¿Cuándo tienes clase? —Los martes. —¿Por qué aprendes español? —Porque mi familia vive en Sevilla.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"The answer is Porque mi familia vive en Sevilla. The family connection explains the Spanish study; Tuesday is only the class day.","vocabularyIds":["es-questions-v1","es-questions-v2","es-questions-v3","es-questions-v4","es-questions-v5","es-questions-v6","es-questions-v7","es-questions-v8","es-questions-v9","es-questions-v10"]}],"description":"Ask five questions about a new classmate. Answer them in complete sentences using porque at least once."},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay","notes":["Use ser for identity and characteristics, estar for location and states, and hay for there is/are.","Hay introduces something: Hay un banco. Está locates it: El banco está aquí.","Worked example: Hay una panadería en mi calle. La panadería está junto al parque. Es pequeña. = There is a bakery on my street. The bakery is beside the park. It is small. Hay introduces its existence; estar locates it; ser describes it.","Do not reduce ser and estar to permanent versus temporary. Madrid está en España uses estar for location. Events are an exception to this location pattern: La reunión es en la biblioteca tells you where the meeting takes place.","Small start: Describe one place near home in three steps: Hay un/una…; Está…; Es… . For example, introduce a café before saying where it is. You can draw a tiny map and explain it aloud without looking at the model.","Short practice model: Mi barrio es pequeño y tranquilo. Hay una biblioteca y un parque. La biblioteca está cerca de mi casa y es grande. El parque está al lado de la biblioteca. Hoy la biblioteca está abierta.","Meaning of the model: My neighbourhood is small and quiet. There is a library and a park. The library is near my house and is large. The park is beside the library. Today the library is open.","Check your version: Introduce two places with hay before locating them with estar. Use ser for a description and estar for a location or current state. Could a listener draw your tiny map? Replace the places and locations to make a different neighbourhood."],"title":"Identity, location, existence","practice":"Describe your town: two things that exist, where they are, and what they are like. Use hay, está, and es.","exercises":[{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"estar","translation":"to be (state or location)"},{"word":"hay","translation":"there is or there are"},{"word":"aquí","translation":"here"},{"word":"allí","translation":"there"},{"word":"cerca","translation":"near"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: identity, location, existence (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"estar: to be (state or location); hay: there is or there are; aquí: here; allí: there; cerca: near","vocabularyIds":["es-ser-estar-hay-v1","es-ser-estar-hay-v2","es-ser-estar-hay-v3","es-ser-estar-hay-v4","es-ser-estar-hay-v5"]},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"lejos","translation":"far"},{"word":"abierto","translation":"open"},{"word":"cerrado","translation":"closed"},{"word":"cansado","translation":"tired"},{"word":"tranquila","translation":"quiet (feminine)"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: identity, location, existence (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"lejos: far; abierto: open; cerrado: closed; cansado: tired; tranquila: quiet (feminine)","vocabularyIds":["es-ser-estar-hay-v6","es-ser-estar-hay-v7","es-ser-estar-hay-v8","es-ser-estar-hay-v9","es-ser-estar-hay-v10"]},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-3","back":"to be (state or location)","type":"flashcard","front":"estar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to be (state or location)","be (state or location)","to be","be"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"estar means to be (state or location).","vocabularyIds":["es-ser-estar-hay-v1"]},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-4","back":"far","type":"flashcard","front":"lejos","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["far"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"lejos means far.","vocabularyIds":["es-ser-estar-hay-v6"]},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-5","type":"choice","answer":"Hay un café en la plaza","prompt":"You want to say that a café exists in the square. Choose the sentence.","options":["Está un café en la plaza","Hay un café en la plaza","Es un café en la plaza"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Hay un café introduces the existence of a café. Está normally locates a café already identified, as in El café está en la plaza.","vocabularyIds":["es-ser-estar-hay-v1","es-ser-estar-hay-v2","es-ser-estar-hay-v3","es-ser-estar-hay-v4","es-ser-estar-hay-v5","es-ser-estar-hay-v6","es-ser-estar-hay-v7","es-ser-estar-hay-v8","es-ser-estar-hay-v9","es-ser-estar-hay-v10"]},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-6","hint":"Madrid's location takes estar, even though the location is stable.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["está"],"sentence":"Madrid ___ en España.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Madrid está en España. Use estar to locate a city; do not choose ser just because the location is permanent. The accent in está is required.","vocabularyIds":["es-ser-estar-hay-v1","es-ser-estar-hay-v2","es-ser-estar-hay-v3","es-ser-estar-hay-v4","es-ser-estar-hay-v5","es-ser-estar-hay-v6","es-ser-estar-hay-v7","es-ser-estar-hay-v8","es-ser-estar-hay-v9","es-ser-estar-hay-v10"]},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-7","type":"arrange","words":["está","La","cerca","biblioteca"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “The library is nearby”","answers":["La biblioteca está cerca"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Use ser for identity and characteristics, estar for location and states, and hay for there is/are.","vocabularyIds":["es-ser-estar-hay-v1","es-ser-estar-hay-v2","es-ser-estar-hay-v3","es-ser-estar-hay-v4","es-ser-estar-hay-v5","es-ser-estar-hay-v6","es-ser-estar-hay-v7","es-ser-estar-hay-v8","es-ser-estar-hay-v9","es-ser-estar-hay-v10"]},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-8","hint":"Introduce the bank with hay, then name the street as your street.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Tell a neighbour that a bank exists on your street. Write a reply meaning: “There is a bank on my street”","answers":["Hay un banco en mi calle"],"reading":{"text":"—Necesito un banco. ¿Hay uno cerca?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Hay introduces the existence of un banco. A later sentence could locate that known bank with está, but the requested reply first says that there is one.","vocabularyIds":["es-ser-estar-hay-v1","es-ser-estar-hay-v2","es-ser-estar-hay-v3","es-ser-estar-hay-v4","es-ser-estar-hay-v5","es-ser-estar-hay-v6","es-ser-estar-hay-v7","es-ser-estar-hay-v8","es-ser-estar-hay-v9","es-ser-estar-hay-v10"]},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “La biblioteca está cerca”","answers":["The library is nearby","The library is close by","The library is near"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Use ser for identity and characteristics, estar for location and states, and hay for there is/are.","vocabularyIds":["es-ser-estar-hay-v1","es-ser-estar-hay-v2","es-ser-estar-hay-v3","es-ser-estar-hay-v4","es-ser-estar-hay-v5","es-ser-estar-hay-v6","es-ser-estar-hay-v7","es-ser-estar-hay-v8","es-ser-estar-hay-v9","es-ser-estar-hay-v10"]},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-10","hint":"Listen for the word that introduces places and the number of cafés.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Hay dos cafés cerca de mi casa","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Hay dos cafés cerca de mi casa"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: Hay dos cafés cerca de mi casa. Meaning: There are two cafés near my house.","vocabularyIds":["es-ser-estar-hay-v1","es-ser-estar-hay-v2","es-ser-estar-hay-v3","es-ser-estar-hay-v4","es-ser-estar-hay-v5","es-ser-estar-hay-v6","es-ser-estar-hay-v7","es-ser-estar-hay-v8","es-ser-estar-hay-v9","es-ser-estar-hay-v10"]},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-conversation","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"—Perdona, ¿hay una farmacia cerca? —Sí, la farmacia está en la plaza.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"¿Dónde está la farmacia?","prompt":"Listen to the conversation. Which question asks for the pharmacy's exact location?","options":["¿Cómo es tu hermana?","¿Dónde está la farmacia?","¿De dónde eres?"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Hay introduces a place; dónde está asks where that known place is. De dónde eres asks someone's origin.","vocabularyIds":["es-family-v3"]},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-recall","hint":"Use chicas, alto, and simpático. Match both adjectives to the feminine plural subject.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “The girls are tall and friendly.” Use chicas, alto, and simpático, changing their endings as needed.","answers":["Las chicas son altas y simpáticas","Las chicas son simpáticas y altas"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Las chicas son altas y simpáticas. Both descriptions agree with chicas: alto → altas and simpático → simpáticas. Keep the accent in simpáticas.","vocabularyIds":["es-agreement-v8","es-agreement-v1","es-agreement-v3"]},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Mi barrio es tranquilo. Hay una biblioteca y dos cafés. La biblioteca está cerca de mi casa, pero hoy está cerrada.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"The library","prompt":"Listen for meaning. What is closed today?","options":["The house","The library","Both cafés"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"La biblioteca está cerca de mi casa, pero hoy está cerrada identifies the library as closed today. The cafés are only mentioned as existing in the neighbourhood.","vocabularyIds":["es-ser-estar-hay-v1","es-ser-estar-hay-v2","es-ser-estar-hay-v3","es-ser-estar-hay-v4","es-ser-estar-hay-v5","es-ser-estar-hay-v6","es-ser-estar-hay-v7","es-ser-estar-hay-v8","es-ser-estar-hay-v9","es-ser-estar-hay-v10"]}],"description":"Describe your town: two things that exist, where they are, and what they are like. Use hay, está, and es."}],"cefrLevel":"A1","objective":"Use regular present verbs, ask questions, and distinguish ser, estar, and hay.","description":"A1 · Use regular present verbs, ask questions, and distinguish ser, estar, and hay."},{"id":"es-a1-routines","title":"Days, time, and routines","lessons":[{"id":"es-time-calendar","notes":["Es la una; son las dos. Use a la una or a las dos to say at one/two.","Days are lowercase. El lunes means on Monday; los lunes means every Monday.","Worked example: Es la una, pero la tienda abre a las dos. Los jueves cierra temprano. = It is one o'clock, but the shop opens at two. On Thursdays it closes early. Es la una tells the time; a las dos schedules an event; los jueves describes a routine.","Small start: Write a two-line timetable for an imaginary class or shop. Begin Abre a las… or La clase es a las… . Ask ¿A qué hora…? Change the day and one time, then explain the updated timetable aloud."],"title":"When does it happen?","practice":"Make a weekly timetable aloud, giving the day and time of five activities. Include a recurring activity.","exercises":[{"id":"es-time-calendar-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"lunes","translation":"Monday"},{"word":"martes","translation":"Tuesday"},{"word":"miércoles","translation":"Wednesday"},{"word":"jueves","translation":"Thursday"},{"word":"viernes","translation":"Friday"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: when does it happen? (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"lunes: Monday; martes: Tuesday; miércoles: Wednesday; jueves: Thursday; viernes: Friday","vocabularyIds":["es-time-calendar-v1","es-time-calendar-v2","es-time-calendar-v3","es-time-calendar-v4","es-time-calendar-v5"]},{"id":"es-time-calendar-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"sábado","translation":"Saturday"},{"word":"domingo","translation":"Sunday"},{"word":"hora","translation":"hour"},{"word":"media","translation":"half"},{"word":"cuarto","translation":"quarter"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: when does it happen? (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"sábado: Saturday; domingo: Sunday; hora: hour; media: half; cuarto: quarter","vocabularyIds":["es-time-calendar-v6","es-time-calendar-v7","es-time-calendar-v8","es-time-calendar-v9","es-time-calendar-v10"]},{"id":"es-time-calendar-3","back":"Tuesday","type":"flashcard","front":"martes","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["Tuesday"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"martes means Tuesday.","vocabularyIds":["es-time-calendar-v2"]},{"id":"es-time-calendar-4","back":"Sunday","type":"flashcard","front":"domingo","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["Sunday"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"domingo means Sunday.","vocabularyIds":["es-time-calendar-v7"]},{"id":"es-time-calendar-5","type":"choice","answer":"A la una","prompt":"How do you say at one o'clock?","options":["A la una","A las una","Son la una"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"A la una means at one o'clock: use a for at and singular la with una. Es la una tells the time instead of scheduling an activity.","vocabularyIds":["es-time-calendar-v1","es-time-calendar-v2","es-time-calendar-v3","es-time-calendar-v4","es-time-calendar-v5","es-time-calendar-v6","es-time-calendar-v7","es-time-calendar-v8","es-time-calendar-v9","es-time-calendar-v10"]},{"id":"es-time-calendar-6","hint":"For a clock time other than one o'clock, use a plural form of ser.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["Son"],"sentence":"___ las tres y media.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Son las tres y media tells the time: it is half past three. Es la una is singular; a las tres would mean at three.","vocabularyIds":["es-time-calendar-v1","es-time-calendar-v2","es-time-calendar-v3","es-time-calendar-v4","es-time-calendar-v5","es-time-calendar-v6","es-time-calendar-v7","es-time-calendar-v8","es-time-calendar-v9","es-time-calendar-v10"]},{"id":"es-time-calendar-7","type":"arrange","words":["las","empieza","La","nueve","a","clase"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “The class starts at nine”","answers":["La clase empieza a las nueve","A las nueve empieza la clase"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Es la una; son las dos. Use a la una or a las dos to say at one/two.","vocabularyIds":["es-time-calendar-v1","es-time-calendar-v2","es-time-calendar-v3","es-time-calendar-v4","es-time-calendar-v5","es-time-calendar-v6","es-time-calendar-v7","es-time-calendar-v8","es-time-calendar-v9","es-time-calendar-v10"]},{"id":"es-time-calendar-8","hint":"Use los lunes for a recurring day and por la mañana for the part of the day.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Qué haces los lunes?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Describe your regular Monday schedule. Write a reply meaning: “On Mondays I work in the morning”","answers":["Los lunes trabajo por la mañana","Trabajo por la mañana los lunes"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Los lunes means on Mondays as a routine. Trabajo gives the speaker's activity, and por la mañana places it in the morning rather than at a particular clock time.","vocabularyIds":["es-time-calendar-v1","es-time-calendar-v2","es-time-calendar-v3","es-time-calendar-v4","es-time-calendar-v5","es-time-calendar-v6","es-time-calendar-v7","es-time-calendar-v8","es-time-calendar-v9","es-time-calendar-v10"]},{"id":"es-time-calendar-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “La clase empieza a las nueve”","answers":["The class starts at nine","Class starts at nine","The class begins at nine","The class starts at 9"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Es la una; son las dos. Use a la una or a las dos to say at one/two.","vocabularyIds":["es-time-calendar-v1","es-time-calendar-v2","es-time-calendar-v3","es-time-calendar-v4","es-time-calendar-v5","es-time-calendar-v6","es-time-calendar-v7","es-time-calendar-v8","es-time-calendar-v9","es-time-calendar-v10"]},{"id":"es-time-calendar-10","hint":"Distinguish the recurring day from the clock time. Listen for a las before the hour.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Los martes tengo clase a las seis","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Los martes tengo clase a las seis"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: Los martes tengo clase a las seis. Meaning: On Tuesdays I have class at six.","vocabularyIds":["es-time-calendar-v1","es-time-calendar-v2","es-time-calendar-v3","es-time-calendar-v4","es-time-calendar-v5","es-time-calendar-v6","es-time-calendar-v7","es-time-calendar-v8","es-time-calendar-v9","es-time-calendar-v10"]},{"id":"es-time-calendar-11","type":"choice","answer":"Tuesday and Thursday","prompt":"Read for meaning. On which days is the Spanish class?","options":["Tuesday and Thursday","Monday and Wednesday","Friday and Saturday"],"reading":{"text":"La clase de español es los martes y los jueves a las seis. El viernes no hay clase. El sábado estudio en casa a las diez y media.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"La clase de español es los martes y los jueves gives Tuesday and Thursday. Friday has no class; Saturday is independent study at home.","vocabularyIds":["es-time-calendar-v1","es-time-calendar-v2","es-time-calendar-v3","es-time-calendar-v4","es-time-calendar-v5","es-time-calendar-v6","es-time-calendar-v7","es-time-calendar-v8","es-time-calendar-v9","es-time-calendar-v10"]}],"description":"Make a weekly timetable aloud, giving the day and time of five activities. Include a recurring activity."},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine","notes":["Reflexive pronouns go before a conjugated verb: me levanto, te levantas, se levanta, nos levantamos.","Some verbs change their stem: despertarse → me despierto, but nos despertamos.","Worked example: Me ducho y después me visto. Mi hermana se ducha y se viste. = I shower and then get dressed. My sister showers and gets dressed. The reflexive pronoun changes with the person: me for yo, se for ella.","Small start: Choose three moments in your day. Start Me levanto…; Me ducho…; Me acuesto… . Retell the same routine about Ana, changing each me to se and checking the verb ending as well."],"title":"A day in your life","practice":"Talk through your day from waking up to going to bed. Include at least four reflexive verbs and two times.","exercises":[{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"levantarse","translation":"to get up"},{"word":"ducharse","translation":"to shower"},{"word":"vestirse","translation":"to get dressed"},{"word":"desayunar","translation":"to have breakfast"},{"word":"acostarse","translation":"to go to bed"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: a day in your life (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"levantarse: to get up; ducharse: to shower; vestirse: to get dressed; desayunar: to have breakfast; acostarse: to go to bed","vocabularyIds":["es-reflexive-routine-v1","es-reflexive-routine-v2","es-reflexive-routine-v3","es-reflexive-routine-v4","es-reflexive-routine-v5"]},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"despertarse","translation":"to wake up"},{"word":"temprano","translation":"early"},{"word":"tarde","translation":"late"},{"word":"siempre","translation":"always"},{"word":"nunca","translation":"never"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: a day in your life (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"despertarse: to wake up; temprano: early; tarde: late; siempre: always; nunca: never","vocabularyIds":["es-reflexive-routine-v6","es-reflexive-routine-v7","es-reflexive-routine-v8","es-reflexive-routine-v9","es-reflexive-routine-v10"]},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-3","back":"to get dressed","type":"flashcard","front":"vestirse","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to get dressed","get dressed"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"vestirse means to get dressed.","vocabularyIds":["es-reflexive-routine-v3"]},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-4","back":"late","type":"flashcard","front":"tarde","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["late"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"tarde means late.","vocabularyIds":["es-reflexive-routine-v8"]},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-5","type":"choice","answer":"Me despierto","prompt":"Choose the correct sentence for I wake up.","options":["Me despertamos","Se despierto","Me despierto"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Me despierto combines the reflexive pronoun for I with the e → ie stem change. Despertamos is a nosotros form; se would not agree with I.","vocabularyIds":["es-reflexive-routine-v1","es-reflexive-routine-v2","es-reflexive-routine-v3","es-reflexive-routine-v4","es-reflexive-routine-v5","es-reflexive-routine-v6","es-reflexive-routine-v7","es-reflexive-routine-v8","es-reflexive-routine-v9","es-reflexive-routine-v10"]},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-6","hint":"Ana is the person performing the action on herself. Choose the third-person reflexive pronoun.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["se"],"sentence":"Ana ___ ducha por la mañana.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Ana se ducha por la mañana. Se goes with Ana, él, ella, or usted; me would make the action refer to the speaker.","vocabularyIds":["es-reflexive-routine-v1","es-reflexive-routine-v2","es-reflexive-routine-v3","es-reflexive-routine-v4","es-reflexive-routine-v5","es-reflexive-routine-v6","es-reflexive-routine-v7","es-reflexive-routine-v8","es-reflexive-routine-v9","es-reflexive-routine-v10"]},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-7","type":"arrange","words":["siete","a","Me","las","levanto"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I get up at seven”","answers":["Me levanto a las siete","A las siete me levanto"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Reflexive pronouns go before a conjugated verb: me levanto, te levantas, se levanta, nos levantamos.","vocabularyIds":["es-reflexive-routine-v1","es-reflexive-routine-v2","es-reflexive-routine-v3","es-reflexive-routine-v4","es-reflexive-routine-v5","es-reflexive-routine-v6","es-reflexive-routine-v7","es-reflexive-routine-v8","es-reflexive-routine-v9","es-reflexive-routine-v10"]},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-8","hint":"Use the nosotros reflexive pronoun and verb form; temprano contrasts with tarde.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Answer for you and your family. Write a reply meaning: “We go to bed early”","answers":["Nos acostamos temprano","Nosotros nos acostamos temprano"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Os acostáis tarde?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Nos acostamos answers for a group that includes you. Keep both nos and the nosotros verb ending; os acostáis belongs to the questioner's viewpoint.","vocabularyIds":["es-reflexive-routine-v1","es-reflexive-routine-v2","es-reflexive-routine-v3","es-reflexive-routine-v4","es-reflexive-routine-v5","es-reflexive-routine-v6","es-reflexive-routine-v7","es-reflexive-routine-v8","es-reflexive-routine-v9","es-reflexive-routine-v10"]},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Me levanto a las siete”","answers":["I get up at seven","I get up at seven o’clock","I get up at 7"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Reflexive pronouns go before a conjugated verb: me levanto, te levantas, se levanta, nos levantamos.","vocabularyIds":["es-reflexive-routine-v1","es-reflexive-routine-v2","es-reflexive-routine-v3","es-reflexive-routine-v4","es-reflexive-routine-v5","es-reflexive-routine-v6","es-reflexive-routine-v7","es-reflexive-routine-v8","es-reflexive-routine-v9","es-reflexive-routine-v10"]},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-10","hint":"Listen for the short reflexive pronoun before the verb.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Mi hermana se levanta temprano","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Mi hermana se levanta temprano"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: Mi hermana se levanta temprano. Meaning: My sister gets up early.","vocabularyIds":["es-reflexive-routine-v1","es-reflexive-routine-v2","es-reflexive-routine-v3","es-reflexive-routine-v4","es-reflexive-routine-v5","es-reflexive-routine-v6","es-reflexive-routine-v7","es-reflexive-routine-v8","es-reflexive-routine-v9","es-reflexive-routine-v10"]},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"María se levanta a las siete y se ducha. Desayuna a las ocho. Trabaja hasta las cinco y se acuesta a las diez porque está cansada.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"She is tired","prompt":"Listen for meaning. Why does María go to bed at ten?","options":["She starts work at ten","She never has breakfast","She is tired"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Se acuesta a las diez porque está cansada explicitly gives tiredness as the reason. She finishes work at five and does eat breakfast.","vocabularyIds":["es-reflexive-routine-v1","es-reflexive-routine-v2","es-reflexive-routine-v3","es-reflexive-routine-v4","es-reflexive-routine-v5","es-reflexive-routine-v6","es-reflexive-routine-v7","es-reflexive-routine-v8","es-reflexive-routine-v9","es-reflexive-routine-v10"]}],"description":"Talk through your day from waking up to going to bed. Include at least four reflexive verbs and two times."},{"id":"es-irregular-present","notes":["Ir is irregular: voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van. Ir a + place describes where you go.","Querer → quiero, quieres; poder → puedo, puedes. Nosotros keeps the stem: queremos, podemos.","Worked example: Yo tengo tiempo, pero Ana no puede venir. Nosotros queremos salir. = I have time, but Ana cannot come. We want to go out. Poder and querer change their stem in puede/quiere, but nosotros keeps podemos/queremos.","Small start: Make a tiny plan with quiero, puedo, and voy: Quiero ir al parque, pero hoy no puedo. Say where you go instead. Try the exchange again for two people using queremos, podemos, and vamos.","Short practice model: —¿Quieres ir al parque esta tarde? —Sí, quiero, pero hoy no puedo a las cuatro. —Podemos salir a las cinco. Vamos en autobús. —Bien. Mi hermana también quiere venir. Los tres vamos al parque.","Meaning of the model: Do you want to go to the park this afternoon? Yes, I do, but today I cannot at four. We can go out at five. We are going by bus. Good. My sister wants to come too. All three of us are going to the park.","Check your version: Can both people follow where you are going, what you want and what you can do? Change the time when there is a conflict. Check quiero/quiere against queremos, and puedo against podemos; nosotros keeps the unchanged stem."],"title":"Going, wanting, being able","practice":"Plan an afternoon with a friend. Say where you go, what you want, and what you can or cannot do.","exercises":[{"id":"es-irregular-present-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"ir","translation":"to go"},{"word":"querer","translation":"to want"},{"word":"poder","translation":"to be able to"},{"word":"hacer","translation":"to do or make"},{"word":"salir","translation":"to go out"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: going, wanting, being able (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"ir: to go; querer: to want; poder: to be able to; hacer: to do or make; salir: to go out","vocabularyIds":["es-irregular-present-v1","es-irregular-present-v2","es-irregular-present-v3","es-irregular-present-v4","es-irregular-present-v5"]},{"id":"es-irregular-present-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"venir","translation":"to come"},{"word":"volver","translation":"to return"},{"word":"empezar","translation":"to begin"},{"word":"pensar","translation":"to think"},{"word":"preferir","translation":"to prefer"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: going, wanting, being able (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"venir: to come; volver: to return; empezar: to begin; pensar: to think; preferir: to prefer","vocabularyIds":["es-irregular-present-v6","es-irregular-present-v7","es-irregular-present-v8","es-irregular-present-v9","es-irregular-present-v10"]},{"id":"es-irregular-present-3","back":"to do or make","type":"flashcard","front":"hacer","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to do or make","do or make","to do","do","to make","make"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"hacer means to do or make.","vocabularyIds":["es-irregular-present-v4"]},{"id":"es-irregular-present-4","back":"to think","type":"flashcard","front":"pensar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to think","think"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"pensar means to think.","vocabularyIds":["es-irregular-present-v9"]},{"id":"es-irregular-present-5","type":"choice","answer":"queremos","prompt":"Which form completes Nosotros ___ volver?","options":["quieren","queremos","quieremos"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Nosotros queremos keeps the unchanged stem quer- in the present. Quieren is they want; the stem change in quiero does not apply to queremos.","vocabularyIds":["es-irregular-present-v1","es-irregular-present-v2","es-irregular-present-v3","es-irregular-present-v4","es-irregular-present-v5","es-irregular-present-v6","es-irregular-present-v7","es-irregular-present-v8","es-irregular-present-v9","es-irregular-present-v10"]},{"id":"es-irregular-present-6","hint":"Ir has an irregular first-person present form.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["voy"],"sentence":"Yo ___ al trabajo en autobús. (ir)","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Yo voy al trabajo en autobús. Voy is the form of ir for yo; vamos means we go, and va goes with él, ella, or usted.","vocabularyIds":["es-irregular-present-v1","es-irregular-present-v2","es-irregular-present-v3","es-irregular-present-v4","es-irregular-present-v5","es-irregular-present-v6","es-irregular-present-v7","es-irregular-present-v8","es-irregular-present-v9","es-irregular-present-v10"]},{"id":"es-irregular-present-7","type":"arrange","words":["de","parque","Vamos","clase","después","al"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “We go to the park after class”","answers":["Vamos al parque después de clase","Después de clase vamos al parque"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Ir is irregular: voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van. Ir a + place describes where you go.","vocabularyIds":["es-irregular-present-v1","es-irregular-present-v2","es-irregular-present-v3","es-irregular-present-v4","es-irregular-present-v5","es-irregular-present-v6","es-irregular-present-v7","es-irregular-present-v8","es-irregular-present-v9","es-irregular-present-v10"]},{"id":"es-irregular-present-8","hint":"Put no before the conjugated form of poder. The next verb stays in the infinitive.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Sales hoy?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Explain that you cannot go out today. Write a reply meaning: “I cannot go out today”","answers":["No puedo salir hoy","Hoy no puedo salir","Yo no puedo salir hoy"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"No puedo salir explains an inability, rather than saying that you do not want to go. Hoy can go at the beginning or the end of this reply.","vocabularyIds":["es-irregular-present-v1","es-irregular-present-v2","es-irregular-present-v3","es-irregular-present-v4","es-irregular-present-v5","es-irregular-present-v6","es-irregular-present-v7","es-irregular-present-v8","es-irregular-present-v9","es-irregular-present-v10"]},{"id":"es-irregular-present-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Vamos al parque después de clase”","answers":["We go to the park after class"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Ir is irregular: voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van. Ir a + place describes where you go.","vocabularyIds":["es-irregular-present-v1","es-irregular-present-v2","es-irregular-present-v3","es-irregular-present-v4","es-irregular-present-v5","es-irregular-present-v6","es-irregular-present-v7","es-irregular-present-v8","es-irregular-present-v9","es-irregular-present-v10"]},{"id":"es-irregular-present-10","hint":"Listen for a we form followed by an infinitive and the time expression.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Queremos ir al cine esta noche","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Queremos ir al cine esta noche"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: Queremos ir al cine esta noche. Meaning: We want to go to the cinema tonight.","vocabularyIds":["es-irregular-present-v1","es-irregular-present-v2","es-irregular-present-v3","es-irregular-present-v4","es-irregular-present-v5","es-irregular-present-v6","es-irregular-present-v7","es-irregular-present-v8","es-irregular-present-v9","es-irregular-present-v10"]},{"id":"es-irregular-present-conversation","type":"choice","answer":"¿A qué hora empiezas a trabajar?","prompt":"Which question asks about the speaker's usual workday?","options":["¿De dónde es tu madre?","¿A qué hora empiezas a trabajar?","¿Cuántos años tienes?"],"reading":{"text":"—¿A qué hora te levantas? —A las siete, pero hoy no trabajo.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"A qué hora asks for a time. The conversation distinguishes a usual routine from today, when the person is not working.","vocabularyIds":["es-time-calendar-v8","es-regular-present-v3"]},{"id":"es-irregular-present-recall","hint":"Introduce the café's existence with hay, rather than locating an already identified café.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “There is a café near my house.”","answers":["Hay un café cerca de mi casa","Cerca de mi casa hay un café"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Hay un café cerca de mi casa introduces a café. The same hay works with singular and plural nouns. Cerca de mi casa means near my house; café retains its accent.","vocabularyIds":["es-ser-estar-hay-v2","cafe","casa","es-ser-estar-hay-v5"]},{"id":"es-irregular-present-11","type":"choice","answer":"Watch a film at home","prompt":"Read for meaning. What can the friends do?","options":["Return to work at night","Watch a film at home","Go out in the afternoon"],"reading":{"text":"Hoy quiero ir al cine, pero no puedo salir por la tarde. Mi amiga viene a casa por la noche. Podemos ver una película aquí.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Podemos ver una película aquí follows the friend's visit to the speaker's home. They cannot go out in the afternoon, but can watch a film at home.","vocabularyIds":["es-irregular-present-v1","es-irregular-present-v2","es-irregular-present-v3","es-irregular-present-v4","es-irregular-present-v5","es-irregular-present-v6","es-irregular-present-v7","es-irregular-present-v8","es-irregular-present-v9","es-irregular-present-v10"]}],"description":"Plan an afternoon with a friend. Say where you go, what you want, and what you can or cannot do."}],"cefrLevel":"A1","objective":"Tell the time, describe your routine, and use common irregular and reflexive verbs.","description":"A1 · Tell the time, describe your routine, and use common irregular and reflexive verbs."},{"id":"es-a1-food-shopping","title":"Food, prices, and shopping","lessons":[{"id":"es-restaurant","notes":["Use Quiero or Para mí to order; ¿Me trae..., por favor? is a polite request.","Me gusta goes with a singular noun or infinitive; me gustan goes with plural nouns.","Worked example: Me gusta la sopa, pero no me gustan las aceitunas. = I like soup, but I do not like olives. Gusta agrees with one thing; gustan agrees with several. Sin queso means without cheese and con queso means with cheese.","Small start: Order one food and one drink: Para mí…, por favor. Add one preference with con or sin. Take the server's role and ask ¿Algo más? Finish with a short reply and a request for la cuenta."],"title":"At the café","practice":"Role-play ordering a drink and a meal, asking about ingredients, and requesting the bill. Swap roles.","exercises":[{"id":"es-restaurant-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"menú","translation":"menu"},{"word":"cuenta","translation":"bill"},{"word":"mesa","translation":"table"},{"word":"camarero","translation":"waiter"},{"word":"leche","translation":"milk"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: at the café (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"menú: menu; cuenta: bill; mesa: table; camarero: waiter; leche: milk","vocabularyIds":["es-restaurant-v1","es-restaurant-v2","es-restaurant-v3","es-restaurant-v4","es-restaurant-v5"]},{"id":"es-restaurant-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"azúcar","translation":"sugar"},{"word":"pollo","translation":"chicken"},{"word":"pescado","translation":"fish"},{"word":"ensalada","translation":"salad"},{"word":"sin","translation":"without"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: at the café (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"azúcar: sugar; pollo: chicken; pescado: fish; ensalada: salad; sin: without","vocabularyIds":["es-restaurant-v6","es-restaurant-v7","es-restaurant-v8","es-restaurant-v9","es-restaurant-v10"]},{"id":"es-restaurant-3","back":"milk","type":"flashcard","front":"leche","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["milk"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"leche means milk.","vocabularyIds":["es-restaurant-v5"]},{"id":"es-restaurant-4","back":"without","type":"flashcard","front":"sin","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["without"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"sin means without.","vocabularyIds":["es-restaurant-v10"]},{"id":"es-restaurant-5","type":"choice","answer":"La cuenta, por favor","prompt":"You have finished eating and want to pay. What do you ask the waiter for?","options":["La cuenta, por favor","La carta, por favor","Otra mesa, por favor"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"La cuenta asks for the bill so you can pay. La carta asks for the menu; otra mesa asks for another table. All are possible restaurant requests, but only the bill fits this moment.","vocabularyIds":["es-restaurant-v1","es-restaurant-v2","es-restaurant-v3","es-restaurant-v4","es-restaurant-v5","es-restaurant-v6","es-restaurant-v7","es-restaurant-v8","es-restaurant-v9","es-restaurant-v10"]},{"id":"es-restaurant-6","hint":"With gustar, the thing liked controls singular or plural. Here it is el pescado.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["gusta"],"sentence":"Me ___ el pescado.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Me gusta el pescado uses singular gusta because el pescado is singular. Me identifies who likes it; it does not make the verb first person.","vocabularyIds":["es-restaurant-v1","es-restaurant-v2","es-restaurant-v3","es-restaurant-v4","es-restaurant-v5","es-restaurant-v6","es-restaurant-v7","es-restaurant-v8","es-restaurant-v9","es-restaurant-v10"]},{"id":"es-restaurant-7","type":"arrange","words":["las","Me","ensaladas","gustan"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I like salads”","answers":["Me gustan las ensaladas"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Use Quiero or Para mí to order; ¿Me trae..., por favor? is a polite request.","vocabularyIds":["es-restaurant-v1","es-restaurant-v2","es-restaurant-v3","es-restaurant-v4","es-restaurant-v5","es-restaurant-v6","es-restaurant-v7","es-restaurant-v8","es-restaurant-v9","es-restaurant-v10"]},{"id":"es-restaurant-8","hint":"Use sin to leave out an ingredient, and keep the accent in azúcar.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Order a drink at a café. Write a reply meaning: “I want a coffee without sugar”","answers":["Quiero un café sin azúcar","Yo quiero un café sin azúcar"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Qué quiere tomar?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Quiero orders the coffee. Sin azúcar leaves sugar out; con azúcar would reverse the preference. The server's formal quiere does not change your first-person quiero.","vocabularyIds":["es-restaurant-v1","es-restaurant-v2","es-restaurant-v3","es-restaurant-v4","es-restaurant-v5","es-restaurant-v6","es-restaurant-v7","es-restaurant-v8","es-restaurant-v9","es-restaurant-v10"]},{"id":"es-restaurant-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Me gustan las ensaladas”","answers":["I like salads"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Use Quiero or Para mí to order; ¿Me trae..., por favor? is a polite request.","vocabularyIds":["es-restaurant-v1","es-restaurant-v2","es-restaurant-v3","es-restaurant-v4","es-restaurant-v5","es-restaurant-v6","es-restaurant-v7","es-restaurant-v8","es-restaurant-v9","es-restaurant-v10"]},{"id":"es-restaurant-10","hint":"Listen for the drink and what goes with it. Mí carries an accent after para here.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Para mí, un café con leche, por favor","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Para mí, un café con leche, por favor"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: Para mí, un café con leche, por favor. Meaning: For me, a coffee with milk, please.","vocabularyIds":["es-restaurant-v1","es-restaurant-v2","es-restaurant-v3","es-restaurant-v4","es-restaurant-v5","es-restaurant-v6","es-restaurant-v7","es-restaurant-v8","es-restaurant-v9","es-restaurant-v10"]},{"id":"es-restaurant-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"—Para mí, una ensalada y agua, por favor. —¿Y para usted? —Pollo y un café con leche, sin azúcar. —Muy bien. —¿Nos trae la cuenta después?","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"With milk and without sugar","prompt":"Listen for meaning. How does the second customer want the coffee?","options":["With milk and without sugar","With milk and with sugar","Without milk and without sugar"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Un café con leche, sin azúcar specifies two details: with milk and without sugar. Each other option changes one detail; con adds something and sin leaves it out.","vocabularyIds":["es-restaurant-v1","es-restaurant-v2","es-restaurant-v3","es-restaurant-v4","es-restaurant-v5","es-restaurant-v6","es-restaurant-v7","es-restaurant-v8","es-restaurant-v9","es-restaurant-v10"]}],"description":"Role-play ordering a drink and a meal, asking about ingredients, and requesting the bill. Swap roles."},{"id":"es-market","notes":["Use numbers before a noun: dos kilos. Cien becomes ciento in 101–199: ciento veinte.","¿Cuánto cuesta? asks about one thing; ¿Cuánto cuestan? asks about several.","Worked example: Medio kilo de peras cuesta dos euros; un kilo cuesta cuatro. = Half a kilo of pears costs two euros; a kilo costs four. Cuesta agrees with the quantity as a singular unit; ¿Cuánto cuestan las peras? asks about the plural fruit.","Small start: Give two fruits imaginary prices. Ask ¿Cuánto cuesta un kilo de…? and answer with a number. Then order a quantity with Quiero… . Use simple prices first; add the total only when you feel ready."],"title":"At the market","practice":"Buy fruit and vegetables in a role-play. Ask three prices and quantities, then say the total in euros.","exercises":[{"id":"es-market-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"manzana","translation":"apple"},{"word":"naranja","translation":"orange"},{"word":"tomate","translation":"tomato"},{"word":"patata","translation":"potato"},{"word":"arroz","translation":"rice"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: at the market (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"manzana: apple; naranja: orange; tomate: tomato; patata: potato; arroz: rice","vocabularyIds":["es-market-v1","es-market-v2","es-market-v3","es-market-v4","es-market-v5"]},{"id":"es-market-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"huevo","translation":"egg"},{"word":"kilo","translation":"kilogram"},{"word":"precio","translation":"price"},{"word":"veinte","translation":"twenty"},{"word":"cien","translation":"one hundred"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: at the market (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"huevo: egg; kilo: kilogram; precio: price; veinte: twenty; cien: one hundred","vocabularyIds":["es-market-v6","es-market-v7","es-market-v8","es-market-v9","es-market-v10"]},{"id":"es-market-3","back":"apple","type":"flashcard","front":"manzana","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["apple"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"manzana means apple.","vocabularyIds":["es-market-v1"]},{"id":"es-market-4","back":"egg","type":"flashcard","front":"huevo","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["egg"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"huevo means egg.","vocabularyIds":["es-market-v6"]},{"id":"es-market-5","type":"choice","answer":"¿Cuánto cuesta el pan?","prompt":"Which question asks the price of one loaf of bread?","options":["¿Cuántos cuesta el pan?","¿Cuánto cuestan el pan?","¿Cuánto cuesta el pan?"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"¿Cuánto cuesta el pan? asks how much the bread costs. Cuánto asks about an amount of money, and singular pan takes cuesta rather than cuestan.","vocabularyIds":["es-market-v1","es-market-v2","es-market-v3","es-market-v4","es-market-v5","es-market-v6","es-market-v7","es-market-v8","es-market-v9","es-market-v10"]},{"id":"es-market-6","hint":"Cien changes form before another number is added to it.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["ciento"],"sentence":"Cien más veinte son ___ veinte.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Ciento veinte means 120. Use cien for exactly 100, but ciento before the additional veinte in this number.","vocabularyIds":["es-market-v1","es-market-v2","es-market-v3","es-market-v4","es-market-v5","es-market-v6","es-market-v7","es-market-v8","es-market-v9","es-market-v10"]},{"id":"es-market-7","type":"arrange","words":["tomates","kilos","Quiero","de","dos"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I want two kilos of tomatoes”","answers":["Quiero dos kilos de tomates"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Use numbers before a noun: dos kilos. Cien becomes ciento in 101–199: ciento veinte.","vocabularyIds":["es-market-v1","es-market-v2","es-market-v3","es-market-v4","es-market-v5","es-market-v6","es-market-v7","es-market-v8","es-market-v9","es-market-v10"]},{"id":"es-market-8","hint":"Manzanas is plural, so the price question needs a plural verb.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—Tenemos manzanas y naranjas.","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Ask the seller for the price of the apples. Write a reply meaning: “How much do the apples cost?”","answers":["¿Cuánto cuestan las manzanas?","¿Cuánto valen las manzanas?"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Cuánto asks about the price, and cuestan agrees with las manzanas. Cuánto cuesta would fit a singular item or a singular quantity such as un kilo.","vocabularyIds":["es-market-v1","es-market-v2","es-market-v3","es-market-v4","es-market-v5","es-market-v6","es-market-v7","es-market-v8","es-market-v9","es-market-v10"]},{"id":"es-market-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Quiero dos kilos de tomates”","answers":["I want two kilos of tomatoes","I want two kilograms of tomatoes","I want 2 kilos of tomatoes"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Use numbers before a noun: dos kilos. Cien becomes ciento in 101–199: ciento veinte.","vocabularyIds":["es-market-v1","es-market-v2","es-market-v3","es-market-v4","es-market-v5","es-market-v6","es-market-v7","es-market-v8","es-market-v9","es-market-v10"]},{"id":"es-market-10","hint":"Listen for the fruit and price. The final phrase gives the unit of weight.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Las naranjas cuestan tres euros el kilo","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Las naranjas cuestan tres euros el kilo"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: Las naranjas cuestan tres euros el kilo. Meaning: The oranges cost three euros per kilo.","vocabularyIds":["es-market-v1","es-market-v2","es-market-v3","es-market-v4","es-market-v5","es-market-v6","es-market-v7","es-market-v8","es-market-v9","es-market-v10"]},{"id":"es-market-11","type":"choice","answer":"Five euros","prompt":"Read for meaning. How much does Elena pay?","options":["Three euros","Six euros","Five euros"],"reading":{"text":"Las manzanas cuestan dos euros el kilo. Las naranjas cuestan tres euros el kilo. Elena compra un kilo de manzanas y un kilo de naranjas.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"One kilo of apples costs two euros and one kilo of oranges costs three. Elena buys both, so the total is five euros.","vocabularyIds":["es-market-v1","es-market-v2","es-market-v3","es-market-v4","es-market-v5","es-market-v6","es-market-v7","es-market-v8","es-market-v9","es-market-v10"]}],"description":"Buy fruit and vegetables in a role-play. Ask three prices and quantities, then say the total in euros."},{"id":"es-clothes","notes":["Demonstratives agree with the noun: este vestido, esta camisa, estos zapatos, estas botas.","Use un poco and muy with adjectives: muy caro. Tengo que + infinitive expresses necessity.","Worked example: Esta falda es roja; estos pantalones son negros. = This skirt is red; these trousers are black. Esta/estos and roja/negros match their nouns. A colour such as azul does not change for gender: una camisa azul.","Small start: Point to two real or imagined items: Esta camisa…; Estos zapatos… . Add a colour and a price opinion, such as es barata or son caros. Ask ¿Tiene otra talla? to continue the shop conversation.","Short practice model: —Necesito una camisa azul de la talla mediana. Esta es bonita, pero es muy cara. ¿Tiene otra más barata? —Sí, esta cuesta veinte euros. —Me gusta. ¿Puedo probarme esta camisa, por favor?","Meaning of the model: I need a blue shirt in a medium size. This one is nice, but very expensive. Do you have a cheaper one? Yes, this one costs twenty euros. I like it. Can I try this shirt on, please?","Check your version: Include the item, colour, size and price, then ask to try it on. Do esta, bonita and cara agree with camisa? Try a second version with zapatos and change the words that need to become plural. Your prices and preferences can be invented."],"title":"Choosing clothes","practice":"Describe clothes you want to buy, including colors, size, and price. Ask to try something on.","exercises":[{"id":"es-clothes-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"camisa","translation":"shirt"},{"word":"pantalones","translation":"trousers"},{"word":"zapatos","translation":"shoes"},{"word":"vestido","translation":"dress"},{"word":"talla","translation":"size (clothing)"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: choosing clothes (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"camisa: shirt; pantalones: trousers; zapatos: shoes; vestido: dress; talla: size (clothing)","vocabularyIds":["es-clothes-v1","es-clothes-v2","es-clothes-v3","es-clothes-v4","es-clothes-v5"]},{"id":"es-clothes-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"rojo","translation":"red"},{"word":"azul","translation":"blue"},{"word":"verde","translation":"green"},{"word":"caro","translation":"expensive"},{"word":"barato","translation":"cheap"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: choosing clothes (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"rojo: red; azul: blue; verde: green; caro: expensive; barato: cheap","vocabularyIds":["es-clothes-v6","es-clothes-v7","es-clothes-v8","es-clothes-v9","es-clothes-v10"]},{"id":"es-clothes-3","back":"trousers","type":"flashcard","front":"pantalones","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["trousers","pants"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"pantalones means trousers.","vocabularyIds":["es-clothes-v2"]},{"id":"es-clothes-4","back":"blue","type":"flashcard","front":"azul","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["blue"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"azul means blue.","vocabularyIds":["es-clothes-v7"]},{"id":"es-clothes-5","type":"choice","answer":"Estas camisas rojas","prompt":"Choose the correct phrase for these red shirts.","options":["Estas camisas rojos","Estas camisas rojas","Este camisas rojo"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Estas camisas rojas keeps all three words feminine plural. The noun camisas determines both the demonstrative estas and adjective rojas.","vocabularyIds":["es-clothes-v1","es-clothes-v2","es-clothes-v3","es-clothes-v4","es-clothes-v5","es-clothes-v6","es-clothes-v7","es-clothes-v8","es-clothes-v9","es-clothes-v10"]},{"id":"es-clothes-6","hint":"Vestido is a masculine singular noun. Choose the matching form of this.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["Este"],"sentence":"___ vestido es rojo. (this)","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Este vestido es rojo. Este agrees with masculine singular vestido; esta is feminine and estos is masculine plural.","vocabularyIds":["es-clothes-v1","es-clothes-v2","es-clothes-v3","es-clothes-v4","es-clothes-v5","es-clothes-v6","es-clothes-v7","es-clothes-v8","es-clothes-v9","es-clothes-v10"]},{"id":"es-clothes-7","type":"arrange","words":["caros","son","Estos","muy","zapatos"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “These shoes are very expensive”","answers":["Estos zapatos son muy caros"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Demonstratives agree with the noun: este vestido, esta camisa, estos zapatos, estas botas.","vocabularyIds":["es-clothes-v1","es-clothes-v2","es-clothes-v3","es-clothes-v4","es-clothes-v5","es-clothes-v6","es-clothes-v7","es-clothes-v8","es-clothes-v9","es-clothes-v10"]},{"id":"es-clothes-8","hint":"Camisa is feminine. Azul has the same form for masculine and feminine singular nouns.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Tell the shop assistant what clothing you need. Write a reply meaning: “I need a blue shirt”","answers":["Necesito una camisa azul","Yo necesito una camisa azul"],"reading":{"text":"—Buenos días. ¿Qué necesita?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Necesito answers the assistant from your own viewpoint. Una camisa azul uses a feminine article; azul does not gain an -a ending.","vocabularyIds":["es-clothes-v1","es-clothes-v2","es-clothes-v3","es-clothes-v4","es-clothes-v5","es-clothes-v6","es-clothes-v7","es-clothes-v8","es-clothes-v9","es-clothes-v10"]},{"id":"es-clothes-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Estos zapatos son muy caros”","answers":["These shoes are very expensive","These shoes are really expensive"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Demonstratives agree with the noun: este vestido, esta camisa, estos zapatos, estas botas.","vocabularyIds":["es-clothes-v1","es-clothes-v2","es-clothes-v3","es-clothes-v4","es-clothes-v5","es-clothes-v6","es-clothes-v7","es-clothes-v8","es-clothes-v9","es-clothes-v10"]},{"id":"es-clothes-10","hint":"Listen for the plural demonstrative and the colour's plural ending.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Estos pantalones son verdes","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Estos pantalones son verdes"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: Estos pantalones son verdes. Meaning: These trousers are green.","vocabularyIds":["es-clothes-v1","es-clothes-v2","es-clothes-v3","es-clothes-v4","es-clothes-v5","es-clothes-v6","es-clothes-v7","es-clothes-v8","es-clothes-v9","es-clothes-v10"]},{"id":"es-clothes-conversation","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"—Esta camisa me gusta, pero es pequeña. —Tenemos una talla más grande.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"¿Puedo probarme la talla más grande?","prompt":"Listen to the conversation. Which request solves the customer's problem?","options":["¿A qué hora sale el tren?","¿Puedo probarme la talla más grande?","¿Cuánto cuesta el pescado?"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"The problem is the size, not the price or colour. Probarme means try on clothing; una talla más grande is a larger size.","vocabularyIds":["es-clothes-v1","es-clothes-v5"]},{"id":"es-clothes-recall","hint":"Begin A mis amigos les… . The thing liked is el pescado, a singular noun.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “My friends like fish.” Use gustar and name the friends with a mis amigos.","answers":["A mis amigos les gusta el pescado","Les gusta el pescado a mis amigos","El pescado les gusta a mis amigos"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"A mis amigos les gusta el pescado. Les identifies the plural people, but gusta agrees with the singular pescado. The number of friends does not turn it into gustan.","vocabularyIds":["amigo","es-restaurant-v8"]},{"id":"es-clothes-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Busco una camisa azul de la talla mediana. Esta cuesta veinte euros y aquella cuesta treinta. Prefiero la de veinte euros porque es más barata.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"The twenty-euro shirt","prompt":"Listen for meaning. Which shirt does the customer prefer?","options":["A red shirt","The twenty-euro shirt","The thirty-euro shirt"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Prefiero la de veinte euros porque es más barata chooses the twenty-euro shirt. The thirty-euro one is the less preferred comparison.","vocabularyIds":["es-clothes-v1","es-clothes-v2","es-clothes-v3","es-clothes-v4","es-clothes-v5","es-clothes-v6","es-clothes-v7","es-clothes-v8","es-clothes-v9","es-clothes-v10"]}],"description":"Describe clothes you want to buy, including colors, size, and price. Ask to try something on."}],"cefrLevel":"A1","objective":"Order a meal, buy everyday items, and ask about quantities and prices.","description":"A1 · Order a meal, buy everyday items, and ask about quantities and prices."},{"id":"es-a1-town-home","title":"Around town and at home","lessons":[{"id":"es-home","notes":["Use en for in/on/at and location phrases such as al lado de, delante de, detrás de.","Del combines de + el; al combines a + el. There is no contraction with la: de la casa.","Worked example: La cocina está enfrente del baño y la mesa está debajo de la ventana. = The kitchen is opposite the bathroom and the table is below the window. De + el becomes del; de + la stays de la.","Small start: Sketch one room with three objects. Describe them with encima de, debajo de, or al lado de. Begin La mesa está… . Ask ¿Dónde está…? and answer from your sketch rather than memorising a whole paragraph."],"title":"A place to live","practice":"Describe your home and where five objects are. Ask someone to draw a simple plan from your description.","exercises":[{"id":"es-home-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"cocina","translation":"kitchen"},{"word":"baño","translation":"bathroom"},{"word":"dormitorio","translation":"bedroom"},{"word":"salón","translation":"living room"},{"word":"ventana","translation":"window"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: a place to live (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"cocina: kitchen; baño: bathroom; dormitorio: bedroom; salón: living room; ventana: window","vocabularyIds":["es-home-v1","es-home-v2","es-home-v3","es-home-v4","es-home-v5"]},{"id":"es-home-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"puerta","translation":"door"},{"word":"silla","translation":"chair"},{"word":"al lado de","translation":"next to"},{"word":"delante de","translation":"in front of"},{"word":"detrás de","translation":"behind"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: a place to live (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"puerta: door; silla: chair; al lado de: next to; delante de: in front of; detrás de: behind","vocabularyIds":["es-home-v6","es-home-v7","es-home-v8","es-home-v9","es-home-v10"]},{"id":"es-home-3","back":"bedroom","type":"flashcard","front":"dormitorio","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["bedroom"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"dormitorio means bedroom.","vocabularyIds":["es-home-v3"]},{"id":"es-home-4","back":"next to","type":"flashcard","front":"al lado de","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["next to"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"al lado de means next to.","vocabularyIds":["es-home-v8"]},{"id":"es-home-5","type":"choice","answer":"Detrás de la casa","prompt":"Which phrase means behind the house?","options":["Detrás de la casa","Delante de la casa","Dentro de la casa"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Detrás de la casa means behind the house. Delante de means in front of, while dentro de means inside; those give different positions.","vocabularyIds":["es-home-v1","es-home-v2","es-home-v3","es-home-v4","es-home-v5","es-home-v6","es-home-v7","es-home-v8","es-home-v9","es-home-v10"]},{"id":"es-home-6","hint":"Al lado is followed by de. Combine de with the article el.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["del"],"sentence":"El baño está al lado ___ dormitorio.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"El baño está al lado del dormitorio. De + el contracts to del; do not write de el in this phrase.","vocabularyIds":["es-home-v1","es-home-v2","es-home-v3","es-home-v4","es-home-v5","es-home-v6","es-home-v7","es-home-v8","es-home-v9","es-home-v10"]},{"id":"es-home-7","type":"arrange","words":["la","lado","está","La","ventana","de","al","silla"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “The chair is next to the window”","answers":["La silla está al lado de la ventana"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Use en for in/on/at and location phrases such as al lado de, delante de, detrás de.","vocabularyIds":["es-home-v1","es-home-v2","es-home-v3","es-home-v4","es-home-v5","es-home-v6","es-home-v7","es-home-v8","es-home-v9","es-home-v10"]},{"id":"es-home-8","hint":"Use estar for location. De + el contracts to del.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Dónde está la cocina?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Explain the room's location. Write a reply meaning: “The kitchen is behind the living room”","answers":["La cocina está detrás del salón"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"La cocina está gives the location of a known room. Detrás del salón means behind the living room; delante del salón would put it in front.","vocabularyIds":["es-home-v1","es-home-v2","es-home-v3","es-home-v4","es-home-v5","es-home-v6","es-home-v7","es-home-v8","es-home-v9","es-home-v10"]},{"id":"es-home-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “La silla está al lado de la ventana”","answers":["The chair is next to the window","The chair is beside the window","The chair is by the window"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Use en for in/on/at and location phrases such as al lado de, delante de, detrás de.","vocabularyIds":["es-home-v1","es-home-v2","es-home-v3","es-home-v4","es-home-v5","es-home-v6","es-home-v7","es-home-v8","es-home-v9","es-home-v10"]},{"id":"es-home-10","hint":"Listen for the location phrase and the contraction before dormitorio. Keep the ñ in baño and the accent in está.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"El baño está delante del dormitorio","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["El baño está delante del dormitorio"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: El baño está delante del dormitorio. Meaning: The bathroom is in front of the bedroom.","vocabularyIds":["es-home-v1","es-home-v2","es-home-v3","es-home-v4","es-home-v5","es-home-v6","es-home-v7","es-home-v8","es-home-v9","es-home-v10"]},{"id":"es-home-11","type":"choice","answer":"In front of the window","prompt":"Read for meaning. Where is the table?","options":["In front of the window","Behind the door","Inside a bedroom"],"reading":{"text":"Nuestro piso tiene dos dormitorios. La cocina está al lado del salón. En el salón hay una mesa delante de la ventana y una silla detrás de la puerta.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"The text places una mesa delante de la ventana. The chair is behind the door; neither object is described as inside a bedroom.","vocabularyIds":["es-home-v1","es-home-v2","es-home-v3","es-home-v4","es-home-v5","es-home-v6","es-home-v7","es-home-v8","es-home-v9","es-home-v10"]}],"description":"Describe your home and where five objects are. Ask someone to draw a simple plan from your description."},{"id":"es-directions","notes":["For basic directions, recognize sigue, gira, cruza: continue, turn, cross.","A la derecha means to the right; a la izquierda means to the left. Hasta means until/as far as.","Worked example: Sigue hasta el banco; después gira a la izquierda. La tienda está enfrente. = Continue to the bank; then turn left. The shop is opposite. Hasta gives the point you reach; después marks the next instruction.","Small start: Draw a starting point, a square, and a shop. Give two instructions with sigue and gira. Take the visitor's role and ask ¿A la derecha o a la izquierda? before repeating the route back."],"title":"Find your way","practice":"Give directions from your home to a shop. Include two turns, a landmark, and how far it is.","exercises":[{"id":"es-directions-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"calle","translation":"street"},{"word":"plaza","translation":"square"},{"word":"banco","translation":"bank"},{"word":"farmacia","translation":"pharmacy"},{"word":"derecha","translation":"right"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: find your way (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"calle: street; plaza: square; banco: bank; farmacia: pharmacy; derecha: right","vocabularyIds":["es-directions-v1","es-directions-v2","es-directions-v3","es-directions-v4","es-directions-v5"]},{"id":"es-directions-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"izquierda","translation":"left"},{"word":"recto","translation":"straight"},{"word":"cruzar","translation":"to cross"},{"word":"esquina","translation":"corner"},{"word":"hasta","translation":"until or as far as"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: find your way (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"izquierda: left; recto: straight; cruzar: to cross; esquina: corner; hasta: until or as far as","vocabularyIds":["es-directions-v6","es-directions-v7","es-directions-v8","es-directions-v9","es-directions-v10"]},{"id":"es-directions-3","back":"pharmacy","type":"flashcard","front":"farmacia","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["pharmacy","drugstore"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"farmacia means pharmacy.","vocabularyIds":["es-directions-v4"]},{"id":"es-directions-4","back":"corner","type":"flashcard","front":"esquina","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["corner"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"esquina means corner.","vocabularyIds":["es-directions-v9"]},{"id":"es-directions-5","type":"choice","answer":"Cruza la calle","prompt":"Which instruction tells you to cross the street?","options":["Gira a la derecha","Sigue recto","Cruza la calle"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Cruza la calle means cross the street. Gira a la derecha is a turn to the right; sigue recto tells someone to continue straight.","vocabularyIds":["es-directions-v1","es-directions-v2","es-directions-v3","es-directions-v4","es-directions-v5","es-directions-v6","es-directions-v7","es-directions-v8","es-directions-v9","es-directions-v10"]},{"id":"es-directions-6","hint":"Choose the side opposite derecha.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["izquierda"],"sentence":"Gira a la ___: es el lado contrario a la derecha.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Gira a la izquierda means turn left. Izquierda and derecha name opposite sides; the direction word is feminine after la.","vocabularyIds":["es-directions-v1","es-directions-v2","es-directions-v3","es-directions-v4","es-directions-v5","es-directions-v6","es-directions-v7","es-directions-v8","es-directions-v9","es-directions-v10"]},{"id":"es-directions-7","type":"arrange","words":["la","está","La","derecha","a","farmacia"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “The pharmacy is on the right”","answers":["La farmacia está a la derecha"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"For basic directions, recognize sigue, gira, cruza: continue, turn, cross.","vocabularyIds":["es-directions-v1","es-directions-v2","es-directions-v3","es-directions-v4","es-directions-v5","es-directions-v6","es-directions-v7","es-directions-v8","es-directions-v9","es-directions-v10"]},{"id":"es-directions-8","hint":"Give an affirmative command and use hasta for the point to reach.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Give a visitor directions; tú or usted is welcome. Write a reply meaning: “Continue straight to the square”","answers":["Sigue recto hasta la plaza","Sigue todo recto hasta la plaza","Continúa recto hasta la plaza","Continúe recto hasta la plaza"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Cómo voy a la plaza?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Sigue recto gives the direction; hasta la plaza gives the endpoint. Continúa is another tú command; continúe addresses usted. Sigo would describe what you yourself do.","vocabularyIds":["es-directions-v1","es-directions-v2","es-directions-v3","es-directions-v4","es-directions-v5","es-directions-v6","es-directions-v7","es-directions-v8","es-directions-v9","es-directions-v10"]},{"id":"es-directions-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “La farmacia está a la derecha”","answers":["The pharmacy is on the right","The chemist is on the right"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"For basic directions, recognize sigue, gira, cruza: continue, turn, cross.","vocabularyIds":["es-directions-v1","es-directions-v2","es-directions-v3","es-directions-v4","es-directions-v5","es-directions-v6","es-directions-v7","es-directions-v8","es-directions-v9","es-directions-v10"]},{"id":"es-directions-10","hint":"Listen for the side of the turn before the second instruction.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Gira a la derecha y cruza la calle","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Gira a la derecha y cruza la calle"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: Gira a la derecha y cruza la calle. Meaning: Turn right and cross the street.","vocabularyIds":["es-directions-v1","es-directions-v2","es-directions-v3","es-directions-v4","es-directions-v5","es-directions-v6","es-directions-v7","es-directions-v8","es-directions-v9","es-directions-v10"]},{"id":"es-directions-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Para ir a la farmacia, sigue recto hasta el banco. Gira a la izquierda y cruza la plaza. La farmacia está en la esquina, al lado de una panadería.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Turn left","prompt":"Listen for meaning. What should you do at the bank?","options":["Turn right","Go inside the bank","Turn left"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Sigue recto hasta el banco. Gira a la izquierda makes the bank the point where you turn left. It does not tell you to enter the bank.","vocabularyIds":["es-directions-v1","es-directions-v2","es-directions-v3","es-directions-v4","es-directions-v5","es-directions-v6","es-directions-v7","es-directions-v8","es-directions-v9","es-directions-v10"]}],"description":"Give directions from your home to a shop. Include two turns, a landmark, and how far it is."},{"id":"es-transport","notes":["Use en with transport: en tren, en autobús, en coche; walking is a pie.","Salir de describes departure; llegar a describes arrival. Un billete de ida y vuelta is a return ticket.","Worked example: Vamos en autobús, pero volvemos a pie. Necesitamos dos billetes de ida. = We go by bus, but return on foot. We need two single tickets. Use en with a vehicle and a pie for walking; ida describes the outward journey.","Small start: Choose a destination and a way to travel. Ask for a ticket with Quisiera un billete a… . Add de ida or de ida y vuelta. Ask one follow-up about the time or platform using ¿A qué hora…? or ¿Qué andén…?","Short practice model: —Quisiera un billete de ida y vuelta a Segovia. ¿A qué hora sale el tren? —A las diez, del andén dos. —¿Cuánto dura el viaje? —Un cuarto de hora. —Entonces, sale a las diez del andén dos y llega a las diez y cuarto. Gracias.","Meaning of the model: I would like a return ticket to Segovia. What time does the train leave? At ten, from platform two. How long is the journey? A quarter of an hour. So it leaves at ten from platform two and arrives at quarter past ten. Thank you.","Check your version: Ask for the ticket type, departure time, platform and journey duration. Repeat the details to check them. Does your arrival time match the duration? Change the destination, time and platform; this is an invented timetable."],"title":"Tickets and journeys","practice":"Ask for a return train ticket, departure time, platform, and journey duration. Repeat the details to confirm.","exercises":[{"id":"es-transport-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"tren","translation":"train"},{"word":"autobús","translation":"bus"},{"word":"coche","translation":"car"},{"word":"estación","translation":"station"},{"word":"billete","translation":"ticket"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: tickets and journeys (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"tren: train; autobús: bus; coche: car; estación: station; billete: ticket","vocabularyIds":["es-transport-v1","es-transport-v2","es-transport-v3","es-transport-v4","es-transport-v5"]},{"id":"es-transport-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"ida","translation":"outward journey"},{"word":"vuelta","translation":"return journey"},{"word":"andén","translation":"platform"},{"word":"a pie","translation":"on foot"},{"word":"viaje","translation":"journey"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: tickets and journeys (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"ida: outward journey; vuelta: return journey; andén: platform; a pie: on foot; viaje: journey","vocabularyIds":["es-transport-v6","es-transport-v7","es-transport-v8","es-transport-v9","es-transport-v10"]},{"id":"es-transport-3","back":"ticket","type":"flashcard","front":"billete","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["ticket"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"billete means ticket.","vocabularyIds":["es-transport-v5"]},{"id":"es-transport-4","back":"journey","type":"flashcard","front":"viaje","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["journey","trip"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"viaje means journey.","vocabularyIds":["es-transport-v10"]},{"id":"es-transport-5","type":"choice","answer":"¿A qué hora sale el tren?","prompt":"Which question asks the departure time?","options":["¿Dónde está mi billete?","¿A qué hora sale el tren?","¿Cuánto cuesta el tren?"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"¿A qué hora sale el tren? asks when the train leaves. Cuánto cuesta asks its cost, and dónde está mi billete asks where the ticket is.","vocabularyIds":["es-transport-v1","es-transport-v2","es-transport-v3","es-transport-v4","es-transport-v5","es-transport-v6","es-transport-v7","es-transport-v8","es-transport-v9","es-transport-v10"]},{"id":"es-transport-6","hint":"Walking uses the fixed expression a pie, unlike en tren or en autobús.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["a"],"sentence":"Vamos ___ pie a la estación.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Vamos a pie a la estación means we walk to the station. Use a pie for on foot, not en pie in this transport expression.","vocabularyIds":["es-transport-v1","es-transport-v2","es-transport-v3","es-transport-v4","es-transport-v5","es-transport-v6","es-transport-v7","es-transport-v8","es-transport-v9","es-transport-v10"]},{"id":"es-transport-7","type":"arrange","words":["tren","trabajo","Voy","en","al"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I go to work by train”","answers":["Voy al trabajo en tren"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Use en with transport: en tren, en autobús, en coche; walking is a pie.","vocabularyIds":["es-transport-v1","es-transport-v2","es-transport-v3","es-transport-v4","es-transport-v5","es-transport-v6","es-transport-v7","es-transport-v8","es-transport-v9","es-transport-v10"]},{"id":"es-transport-8","hint":"Include both the outward and return journey in the ticket description.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Un billete de ida o de ida y vuelta?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Ask for a ticket that includes the return journey. Write a reply meaning: “I want a return ticket”","answers":["Quiero un billete de ida y vuelta","Quiero un billete de ida y regreso","Quiero un boleto de ida y vuelta","Quiero un pasaje de ida y vuelta"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"De ida y vuelta describes a return ticket. Solo de ida would cover only the outward journey. Quiero makes the requested purchase explicit.","vocabularyIds":["es-transport-v1","es-transport-v2","es-transport-v3","es-transport-v4","es-transport-v5","es-transport-v6","es-transport-v7","es-transport-v8","es-transport-v9","es-transport-v10"]},{"id":"es-transport-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Voy al trabajo en tren”","answers":["I go to work by train","I travel to work by train"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Use en with transport: en tren, en autobús, en coche; walking is a pie.","vocabularyIds":["es-transport-v1","es-transport-v2","es-transport-v3","es-transport-v4","es-transport-v5","es-transport-v6","es-transport-v7","es-transport-v8","es-transport-v9","es-transport-v10"]},{"id":"es-transport-10","hint":"Listen for the platform number. Andén has a written accent on its last syllable.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"El tren sale del andén dos","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["El tren sale del andén dos"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: El tren sale del andén dos. Meaning: The train leaves from platform two.","vocabularyIds":["es-transport-v1","es-transport-v2","es-transport-v3","es-transport-v4","es-transport-v5","es-transport-v6","es-transport-v7","es-transport-v8","es-transport-v9","es-transport-v10"]},{"id":"es-transport-conversation","type":"choice","answer":"Uno de ida y vuelta, por favor.","prompt":"Which ticket fits the traveller's plan?","options":["Un billete para mañana por la noche.","Uno de ida y vuelta, por favor.","Solo de ida, por favor."],"reading":{"text":"—¿Un billete de ida o de ida y vuelta? —Vuelvo esta tarde.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Vuelvo esta tarde means I return this afternoon, so a return ticket fits. Ida alone covers only the outward journey.","vocabularyIds":["es-transport-v5","es-transport-v6","es-transport-v7"]},{"id":"es-transport-recall","hint":"Use estar for location and al lado de for next to. De + el becomes del.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “The pharmacy is next to the bank.”","answers":["La farmacia está al lado del banco","Al lado del banco está la farmacia"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"La farmacia está al lado del banco combines estar for location with the contraction de + el = del. Keep the accent in está.","vocabularyIds":["es-directions-v4","es-home-v8","es-directions-v3"]},{"id":"es-transport-11","type":"choice","answer":"Thirty minutes","prompt":"Read for meaning. How long is the train journey?","options":["One hour","Thirty minutes","Fifteen minutes"],"reading":{"text":"El tren a Toledo sale a las nueve del andén tres. Llega a las nueve y media. El billete de ida y vuelta cuesta quince euros.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Sale a las nueve and llega a las nueve y media give 09:00 to 09:30: thirty minutes. Quince euros is the return-ticket price, not the journey time; andén tres is the platform.","vocabularyIds":["es-transport-v1","es-transport-v2","es-transport-v3","es-transport-v4","es-transport-v5","es-transport-v6","es-transport-v7","es-transport-v8","es-transport-v9","es-transport-v10"]}],"description":"Ask for a return train ticket, departure time, platform, and journey duration. Repeat the details to confirm."}],"cefrLevel":"A1","objective":"Describe rooms, understand directions, and use everyday transport.","description":"A1 · Describe rooms, understand directions, and use everyday transport."},{"id":"es-a1-free-time","title":"Leisure, weather, and plans","lessons":[{"id":"es-likes","notes":["Gustar uses me, te, le, nos, os, les: Nos gusta bailar; les gustan los deportes.","Use a mí también for me too and a mí tampoco after a negative statement.","Worked example: A Elena le gusta leer; a sus amigos les gustan los conciertos. = Elena likes reading; her friends like concerts. Le/les identifies who likes something. Gusta/gustan agrees with the activity or things liked, rather than the people.","The verb agrees with what is liked: Me gusta el café; me gustan los libros. An infinitive also takes gusta: Me gusta leer. The person who likes something is expressed by me, te, le, nos, os, or les.","Small start: Say one activity you like and one plural thing you dislike. Start Me gusta…; No me gustan… . Then introduce another person's preferences with A mi amigo le… . Ask ¿Y a ti? to invite a reply."],"title":"What do you enjoy?","practice":"Compare hobbies with someone. Find two things you both like and one you do not like. Explain a preference with porque.","exercises":[{"id":"es-likes-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"bailar","translation":"to dance"},{"word":"cantar","translation":"to sing"},{"word":"nadar","translation":"to swim"},{"word":"correr","translation":"to run"},{"word":"dibujar","translation":"to draw"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what do you enjoy? (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"bailar: to dance; cantar: to sing; nadar: to swim; correr: to run; dibujar: to draw","vocabularyIds":["es-likes-v1","es-likes-v2","es-likes-v3","es-likes-v4","es-likes-v5"]},{"id":"es-likes-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"deporte","translation":"sport"},{"word":"música","translation":"music"},{"word":"película","translation":"film"},{"word":"también","translation":"also"},{"word":"tampoco","translation":"neither"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what do you enjoy? (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"deporte: sport; música: music; película: film; también: also; tampoco: neither","vocabularyIds":["es-likes-v6","es-likes-v7","es-likes-v8","es-likes-v9","es-likes-v10"]},{"id":"es-likes-3","back":"to dance","type":"flashcard","front":"bailar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to dance","dance"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"bailar means to dance.","vocabularyIds":["es-likes-v1"]},{"id":"es-likes-4","back":"sport","type":"flashcard","front":"deporte","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["sport"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"deporte means sport.","vocabularyIds":["es-likes-v6"]},{"id":"es-likes-5","type":"choice","answer":"A mí tampoco","prompt":"A friend says No me gusta correr. You also dislike running. Choose the standard negative agreement.","options":["A mí tampoco","A mí también","A mí sí"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"A mí tampoco agrees with the negative preference: I do not like it either. También normally agrees with a positive statement; a mí sí contrasts with the friend by saying that you do like running.","vocabularyIds":["es-likes-v1","es-likes-v2","es-likes-v3","es-likes-v4","es-likes-v5","es-likes-v6","es-likes-v7","es-likes-v8","es-likes-v9","es-likes-v10"]},{"id":"es-likes-6","hint":"The thing liked is las películas. Match the verb to that plural noun.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["gustan"],"sentence":"A mis amigos les ___ las películas.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"A mis amigos les gustan las películas. Gustan agrees with películas; les identifies the friends as the people who like them.","vocabularyIds":["es-likes-v1","es-likes-v2","es-likes-v3","es-likes-v4","es-likes-v5","es-likes-v6","es-likes-v7","es-likes-v8","es-likes-v9","es-likes-v10"]},{"id":"es-likes-7","type":"arrange","words":["escuchar","Nos","música","gusta"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “We like listening to music”","answers":["Nos gusta escuchar música"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Gustar uses me, te, le, nos, os, les: Nos gusta bailar; les gustan los deportes.","vocabularyIds":["es-likes-v1","es-likes-v2","es-likes-v3","es-likes-v4","es-likes-v5","es-likes-v6","es-likes-v7","es-likes-v8","es-likes-v9","es-likes-v10"]},{"id":"es-likes-8","hint":"Deportes is plural. Put no before the pronoun and agree the verb with deportes.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Explain your general preference about sports. Write a reply meaning: “I do not like sports”","answers":["No me gustan los deportes","A mí no me gustan los deportes"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Te gusta el fútbol? ¿Y el tenis?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"No me gustan los deportes answers about sports in general. Gustan agrees with the plural sports, while me identifies the person who has the preference.","vocabularyIds":["es-likes-v1","es-likes-v2","es-likes-v3","es-likes-v4","es-likes-v5","es-likes-v6","es-likes-v7","es-likes-v8","es-likes-v9","es-likes-v10"]},{"id":"es-likes-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Nos gusta escuchar música”","answers":["We like listening to music","We enjoy listening to music","We like to listen to music"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Gustar uses me, te, le, nos, os, les: Nos gusta bailar; les gustan los deportes.","vocabularyIds":["es-likes-v1","es-likes-v2","es-likes-v3","es-likes-v4","es-likes-v5","es-likes-v6","es-likes-v7","es-likes-v8","es-likes-v9","es-likes-v10"]},{"id":"es-likes-10","hint":"Listen for the person who likes the activity and the infinitive after gusta.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"A mi hermana le gusta nadar","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["A mi hermana le gusta nadar"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: A mi hermana le gusta nadar. Meaning: My sister likes swimming.","vocabularyIds":["es-likes-v1","es-likes-v2","es-likes-v3","es-likes-v4","es-likes-v5","es-likes-v6","es-likes-v7","es-likes-v8","es-likes-v9","es-likes-v10"]},{"id":"es-likes-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"A Rosa le gusta nadar y a Pedro también. A Rosa no le gusta correr, pero a Pedro sí. Los sábados van juntos a la piscina.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Swimming","prompt":"Listen for meaning. What do Rosa and Pedro both enjoy?","options":["Swimming","Running","Drawing"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"A Rosa le gusta nadar y a Pedro también means both enjoy swimming. Rosa dislikes running, so that activity is not shared.","vocabularyIds":["es-likes-v1","es-likes-v2","es-likes-v3","es-likes-v4","es-likes-v5","es-likes-v6","es-likes-v7","es-likes-v8","es-likes-v9","es-likes-v10"]}],"description":"Compare hobbies with someone. Find two things you both like and one you do not like. Explain a preference with porque."},{"id":"es-weather","notes":["Weather expressions include hace frío/calor, hace sol, hay niebla, llueve, nieva.","Use estar for the sky: está nublado. Seasons usually take en: en verano.","Worked example: Hoy hace viento y está nublado; en las montañas nieva. = Today it is windy and cloudy; it is snowing in the mountains. Hace combines with weather nouns such as viento; está combines with nublado; nevar is a verb.","Small start: Give a two-sentence forecast for today and tomorrow. Start Hoy hace… . Suggest one activity that suits the weather: Podemos… . You can contrast two places if you want a longer exchange."],"title":"Seasons and weather","practice":"Give a weather report for all four seasons where you live and choose a suitable activity for each.","exercises":[{"id":"es-weather-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"primavera","translation":"spring"},{"word":"verano","translation":"summer"},{"word":"otoño","translation":"autumn"},{"word":"invierno","translation":"winter"},{"word":"frío","translation":"cold"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: seasons and weather (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"primavera: spring; verano: summer; otoño: autumn; invierno: winter; frío: cold","vocabularyIds":["es-weather-v1","es-weather-v2","es-weather-v3","es-weather-v4","es-weather-v5"]},{"id":"es-weather-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"calor","translation":"heat"},{"word":"llover","translation":"to rain"},{"word":"nevar","translation":"to snow"},{"word":"nublado","translation":"cloudy"},{"word":"viento","translation":"wind"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: seasons and weather (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"calor: heat; llover: to rain; nevar: to snow; nublado: cloudy; viento: wind","vocabularyIds":["es-weather-v6","es-weather-v7","es-weather-v8","es-weather-v9","es-weather-v10"]},{"id":"es-weather-3","back":"summer","type":"flashcard","front":"verano","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["summer"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"verano means summer.","vocabularyIds":["es-weather-v2"]},{"id":"es-weather-4","back":"to rain","type":"flashcard","front":"llover","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to rain","rain"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"llover means to rain.","vocabularyIds":["es-weather-v7"]},{"id":"es-weather-5","type":"choice","answer":"Hace viento","prompt":"Choose the natural Spanish weather expression.","options":["Es viento","Tiene viento","Hace viento"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Hace viento is the weather expression for it is windy. Spanish does not use es viento or tiene viento for this ordinary description.","vocabularyIds":["es-weather-v1","es-weather-v2","es-weather-v3","es-weather-v4","es-weather-v5","es-weather-v6","es-weather-v7","es-weather-v8","es-weather-v9","es-weather-v10"]},{"id":"es-weather-6","hint":"The cue heat calls for the noun in the expression hace mucho ...​","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["calor"],"sentence":"En verano hace mucho ___. (heat)","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"En verano hace mucho calor. Calor is the noun heat; caliente is an adjective and does not fit this weather expression.","vocabularyIds":["es-weather-v1","es-weather-v2","es-weather-v3","es-weather-v4","es-weather-v5","es-weather-v6","es-weather-v7","es-weather-v8","es-weather-v9","es-weather-v10"]},{"id":"es-weather-7","type":"arrange","words":["hace","En","frío","invierno"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “In winter it is cold”","answers":["En invierno hace frío","Hace frío en invierno"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Weather expressions include hace frío/calor, hace sol, hay niebla, llueve, nieva.","vocabularyIds":["es-weather-v1","es-weather-v2","es-weather-v3","es-weather-v4","es-weather-v5","es-weather-v6","es-weather-v7","es-weather-v8","es-weather-v9","es-weather-v10"]},{"id":"es-weather-8","hint":"Use hacer with sol, and negate the verb for raining.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Qué tiempo hace hoy?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Give today's weather in two connected parts. Write a reply meaning: “Today it is sunny and it is not raining”","answers":["Hoy hace sol y no llueve","Hoy hace sol y no está lloviendo","Hoy está soleado y no llueve"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Hace sol describes sunshine; no llueve says that it is not raining. The subjectless weather expressions do not need yo or another personal subject.","vocabularyIds":["es-weather-v1","es-weather-v2","es-weather-v3","es-weather-v4","es-weather-v5","es-weather-v6","es-weather-v7","es-weather-v8","es-weather-v9","es-weather-v10"]},{"id":"es-weather-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “En invierno hace frío”","answers":["In winter it is cold","In winter it's cold","It is cold in winter","it's cold in winter"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Weather expressions include hace frío/calor, hace sol, hay niebla, llueve, nieva.","vocabularyIds":["es-weather-v1","es-weather-v2","es-weather-v3","es-weather-v4","es-weather-v5","es-weather-v6","es-weather-v7","es-weather-v8","es-weather-v9","es-weather-v10"]},{"id":"es-weather-10","hint":"Listen for two weather descriptions. Keep the accent that separates the vowels in frío.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Esta mañana hace frío y llueve","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Esta mañana hace frío y llueve"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: Esta mañana hace frío y llueve. Meaning: This morning it is cold and it is raining.","vocabularyIds":["es-weather-v1","es-weather-v2","es-weather-v3","es-weather-v4","es-weather-v5","es-weather-v6","es-weather-v7","es-weather-v8","es-weather-v9","es-weather-v10"]},{"id":"es-weather-11","type":"choice","answer":"Tomorrow","prompt":"Read for meaning. When is the beach trip planned?","options":["This morning","This afternoon","Tomorrow"],"reading":{"text":"Hoy hace mucho viento en la costa y llueve por la mañana. Por la tarde sale el sol. Mañana hace buen tiempo y podemos ir a la playa.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Mañana hace buen tiempo y podemos ir a la playa links the beach plan to tomorrow. The sun comes out this afternoon, but that is not when the passage proposes the trip.","vocabularyIds":["es-weather-v1","es-weather-v2","es-weather-v3","es-weather-v4","es-weather-v5","es-weather-v6","es-weather-v7","es-weather-v8","es-weather-v9","es-weather-v10"]}],"description":"Give a weather report for all four seasons where you live and choose a suitable activity for each."},{"id":"es-simple-plans","notes":["Ir a + infinitive expresses a plan: voy a estudiar. Tener que + infinitive expresses an obligation.","¿Quedamos a las seis? suggests meeting at six. ¿Te apetece...? asks whether someone feels like doing something.","Worked example: Después de comer voy a llamar a Luis. Antes de salir tengo que estudiar. = After eating I am going to call Luis. Before going out I have to study. Después de and antes de take an infinitive when no new subject is introduced.","Small start: Plan just two activities for tomorrow. Begin Mañana voy a… . Use antes de or después de to connect them, then add one obligation with tengo que. Change the order and check that your plan still makes sense.","Short practice model: —¿Te apetece ir al cine el sábado? —Sí, pero tengo que estudiar antes de salir. ¿Quedamos a las seis? —A las seis no puedo. ¿A las siete delante del cine? —Perfecto. Después vamos a tomar algo.","Meaning of the model: Do you feel like going to the cinema on Saturday? Yes, but I have to study before going out. Shall we meet at six? I cannot at six. At seven in front of the cinema? Perfect. Afterwards we are going to have something to drink.","Check your version: Invite the other person, explain one obligation and agree on both time and place. Is the final time clear after a rejected suggestion? Keep an infinitive after tengo que and after de in antes de salir or después de estudiar."],"title":"Let's meet","practice":"Invite a friend out, agree on a time and place, and explain one thing you have to do first.","exercises":[{"id":"es-simple-plans-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"mañana","translation":"tomorrow"},{"word":"hoy","translation":"today"},{"word":"después","translation":"afterwards"},{"word":"antes","translation":"before"},{"word":"quedar","translation":"to arrange to meet"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: let's meet (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"mañana: tomorrow; hoy: today; después: afterwards; antes: before; quedar: to arrange to meet","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v1","es-simple-plans-v2","es-simple-plans-v3","es-simple-plans-v4","es-simple-plans-v5"]},{"id":"es-simple-plans-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"invitar","translation":"to invite"},{"word":"juntos","translation":"together"},{"word":"libre","translation":"free or available"},{"word":"ocupado","translation":"busy"},{"word":"fin de semana","translation":"weekend"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: let's meet (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"invitar: to invite; juntos: together; libre: free or available; ocupado: busy; fin de semana: weekend","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v6","es-simple-plans-v7","es-simple-plans-v8","es-simple-plans-v9","es-simple-plans-v10"]},{"id":"es-simple-plans-3","back":"afterwards","type":"flashcard","front":"después","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["afterwards","afterward","later"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"después means afterwards.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v3"]},{"id":"es-simple-plans-4","back":"free or available","type":"flashcard","front":"libre","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["free or available","free","available"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"libre means free or available.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v8"]},{"id":"es-simple-plans-5","type":"choice","answer":"No puedo a las seis; ¿quedamos a las ocho?","prompt":"You have a class at six and can meet at eight. Which reply declines six and proposes eight?","options":["No puedo a las ocho, pero sí a las seis","No puedo a las seis; ¿quedamos a las ocho?","¿Quedamos a las seis y después voy a clase?"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"No puedo a las seis states the conflict, then ¿quedamos a las ocho? offers the available time. The other replies either keep the conflicting time or reverse which time is available.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v1","es-simple-plans-v2","es-simple-plans-v3","es-simple-plans-v4","es-simple-plans-v5","es-simple-plans-v6","es-simple-plans-v7","es-simple-plans-v8","es-simple-plans-v9","es-simple-plans-v10"]},{"id":"es-simple-plans-6","hint":"The future-plan structure is ir + a + infinitive.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["a"],"sentence":"Mañana voy ___ trabajar.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Mañana voy a trabajar uses a between voy and the infinitive trabajar. Tengo que trabajar instead expresses an obligation.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v1","es-simple-plans-v2","es-simple-plans-v3","es-simple-plans-v4","es-simple-plans-v5","es-simple-plans-v6","es-simple-plans-v7","es-simple-plans-v8","es-simple-plans-v9","es-simple-plans-v10"]},{"id":"es-simple-plans-7","type":"arrange","words":["Ana","visitar","Vamos","mañana","a","a"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “We are going to visit Ana tomorrow”","answers":["Vamos a visitar a Ana mañana","Mañana vamos a visitar a Ana"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Ir a + infinitive expresses a plan: voy a estudiar. Tener que + infinitive expresses an obligation.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v1","es-simple-plans-v2","es-simple-plans-v3","es-simple-plans-v4","es-simple-plans-v5","es-simple-plans-v6","es-simple-plans-v7","es-simple-plans-v8","es-simple-plans-v9","es-simple-plans-v10"]},{"id":"es-simple-plans-8","hint":"Use tener que for the obligation. Antes de takes an infinitive here.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Explain what you need to do first. Write a reply meaning: “I have to study before going out”","answers":["Tengo que estudiar antes de salir","Yo tengo que estudiar antes de salir","Antes de salir tengo que estudiar"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Salimos ahora?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Tengo que estudiar gives the obligation. Antes de salir puts studying before going out; después de salir would reverse that order.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v1","es-simple-plans-v2","es-simple-plans-v3","es-simple-plans-v4","es-simple-plans-v5","es-simple-plans-v6","es-simple-plans-v7","es-simple-plans-v8","es-simple-plans-v9","es-simple-plans-v10"]},{"id":"es-simple-plans-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Vamos a visitar a Ana mañana”","answers":["We are going to visit Ana tomorrow","we're going to visit Ana tomorrow","Tomorrow we are going to visit Ana","Tomorrow we're going to visit Ana"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Ir a + infinitive expresses a plan: voy a estudiar. Tener que + infinitive expresses an obligation.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v1","es-simple-plans-v2","es-simple-plans-v3","es-simple-plans-v4","es-simple-plans-v5","es-simple-plans-v6","es-simple-plans-v7","es-simple-plans-v8","es-simple-plans-v9","es-simple-plans-v10"]},{"id":"es-simple-plans-10","hint":"Listen for the day and the verb after voy a.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"El domingo voy a estudiar en casa","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["El domingo voy a estudiar en casa"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: El domingo voy a estudiar en casa. Meaning: On Sunday I am going to study at home.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v1","es-simple-plans-v2","es-simple-plans-v3","es-simple-plans-v4","es-simple-plans-v5","es-simple-plans-v6","es-simple-plans-v7","es-simple-plans-v8","es-simple-plans-v9","es-simple-plans-v10"]},{"id":"es-simple-plans-conversation","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"—¿Vamos al parque el sábado? —El sábado llueve. El domingo hace sol.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Entonces, ¿quedamos el domingo?","prompt":"Listen to the conversation. Which reply adapts the plan to the weather?","options":["No me gustan las películas.","Entonces, ¿quedamos el domingo?","Perfecto, nos vemos el sábado en el parque."],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Entonces links the weather information to a new proposal. Sunday is the sunny day in this conversation.","vocabularyIds":["es-time-calendar-v7","es-time-calendar-v6"]},{"id":"es-simple-plans-recall","hint":"An activity starts a las nueve. Son las nueve tells the time instead.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “Class starts at nine.”","answers":["La clase empieza a las nueve","A las nueve empieza la clase","La clase comienza a las nueve","A las nueve comienza la clase","La clase empieza a las 9","A las 9 empieza la clase","La clase comienza a las 9","A las 9 comienza la clase"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"La clase empieza a las nueve gives the class time. Use a las with this hour; starts can be empieza or comienza. Putting the time phrase first also works.","vocabularyIds":["es-questions-v10"]},{"id":"es-simple-plans-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"—¿Te apetece ir al cine el sábado? —Sí, pero tengo que trabajar hasta las cinco. —Entonces quedamos a las seis delante del cine. —Perfecto.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"On Saturday at six in front of the cinema","prompt":"Listen for meaning. When and where will the friends meet?","options":["On Sunday at six in front of the cinema","On Saturday at six in front of the cinema","On Saturday at five in front of the cinema"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"El sábado sets the day, and quedamos a las seis delante del cine gives the time and place. Hasta las cinco is when work ends, not the meeting time.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v1","es-simple-plans-v2","es-simple-plans-v3","es-simple-plans-v4","es-simple-plans-v5","es-simple-plans-v6","es-simple-plans-v7","es-simple-plans-v8","es-simple-plans-v9","es-simple-plans-v10"]}],"description":"Invite a friend out, agree on a time and place, and explain one thing you have to do first."}],"cefrLevel":"A1","objective":"Express likes, describe weather, and make simple arrangements.","description":"A1 · Express likes, describe weather, and make simple arrangements."},{"id":"es-a1-checkpoint","title":"A1 checkpoint: everyday connections","lessons":[{"id":"es-a1-introduction","notes":["Combine identity with ser, residence with vivir, and age with tener.","Link short ideas with y, pero, and porque. Use e instead of y before an i sound: español e inglés.","Worked example: Soy estudiante, vivo con mi familia y hablo un poco de español. = I am a student, live with my family, and speak a little Spanish. A few linked clauses can introduce your identity, home, and language without a long memorised speech.","Small start: Build an introduction in three lines: Me llamo…; Soy de…; Vivo… . Ask the other person two related questions. Try again as an invented character if you prefer to keep your own details private."],"title":"A new classmate","practice":"Write a 50-word introduction including family, home, work, routine, and hobbies. Read it aloud and ask a follow-up question.","exercises":[{"id":"es-a1-introduction-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"estudiante","translation":"student"},{"word":"profesor","translation":"teacher"},{"word":"compañero","translation":"classmate or colleague"},{"word":"universidad","translation":"university"},{"word":"oficina","translation":"office"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: a new classmate (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"estudiante: student; profesor: teacher; compañero: classmate or colleague; universidad: university; oficina: office","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-introduction-v1","es-a1-introduction-v2","es-a1-introduction-v3","es-a1-introduction-v4","es-a1-introduction-v5"]},{"id":"es-a1-introduction-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"centro","translation":"town centre"},{"word":"barrio","translation":"neighbourhood"},{"word":"pero","translation":"but"},{"word":"y","translation":"and"},{"word":"trabajo","translation":"job or work"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: a new classmate (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"centro: town centre; barrio: neighbourhood; pero: but; y: and; trabajo: job or work","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-introduction-v6","es-a1-introduction-v7","es-a1-introduction-v8","es-a1-introduction-v9","es-a1-introduction-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-introduction-3","back":"university","type":"flashcard","front":"universidad","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["university"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"universidad means university.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-introduction-v4"]},{"id":"es-a1-introduction-4","back":"and","type":"flashcard","front":"y","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["and"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"y means and.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-introduction-v9"]},{"id":"es-a1-introduction-5","type":"choice","answer":"Hoy estoy cansado","prompt":"Choose the correct way to say I am tired today.","options":["Hoy estoy cansado","Hoy soy cansado","Hoy tengo cansado"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Hoy estoy cansado describes today's state with estar. Soy would suggest a different kind of description; tener needs a noun, as in tengo sueño.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-introduction-v1","es-a1-introduction-v2","es-a1-introduction-v3","es-a1-introduction-v4","es-a1-introduction-v5","es-a1-introduction-v6","es-a1-introduction-v7","es-a1-introduction-v8","es-a1-introduction-v9","es-a1-introduction-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-introduction-6","hint":"Spanish expresses age with tener and a number of years.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["años"],"sentence":"Tengo veinte ___ y soy estudiante.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Tengo veinte años means I am twenty years old. Años supplies years; tengo already provides the age verb.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-introduction-v1","es-a1-introduction-v2","es-a1-introduction-v3","es-a1-introduction-v4","es-a1-introduction-v5","es-a1-introduction-v6","es-a1-introduction-v7","es-a1-introduction-v8","es-a1-introduction-v9","es-a1-introduction-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-introduction-7","type":"arrange","words":["centro","en","y","Soy","el","vivo","estudiante"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I am a student and I live in the centre”","answers":["Soy estudiante y vivo en el centro"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Combine identity with ser, residence with vivir, and age with tener.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-introduction-v1","es-a1-introduction-v2","es-a1-introduction-v3","es-a1-introduction-v4","es-a1-introduction-v5","es-a1-introduction-v6","es-a1-introduction-v7","es-a1-introduction-v8","es-a1-introduction-v9","es-a1-introduction-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-introduction-8","hint":"Use the yo form of hablar. Y changes before the initial i sound in inglés.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Qué idiomas hablas?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Answer a new classmate about your languages. Write a reply meaning: “I speak Spanish and English”","answers":["Hablo español e inglés","Yo hablo español e inglés"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Hablo identifies the speaker. Español e inglés uses e instead of y before the initial i sound, making the two language names easier to connect aloud.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-introduction-v1","es-a1-introduction-v2","es-a1-introduction-v3","es-a1-introduction-v4","es-a1-introduction-v5","es-a1-introduction-v6","es-a1-introduction-v7","es-a1-introduction-v8","es-a1-introduction-v9","es-a1-introduction-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-introduction-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Soy estudiante y vivo en el centro”","answers":["I am a student and I live in the centre","I'm a student and I live in the centre","I am a student and I live in the center","I'm a student and I live in the center","I am a student and live in the centre","I'm a student and live in the centre","I am a student and live in the center","I'm a student and live in the center"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Combine identity with ser, residence with vivir, and age with tener.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-introduction-v1","es-a1-introduction-v2","es-a1-introduction-v3","es-a1-introduction-v4","es-a1-introduction-v5","es-a1-introduction-v6","es-a1-introduction-v7","es-a1-introduction-v8","es-a1-introduction-v9","es-a1-introduction-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-introduction-10","hint":"Listen for the two ideas joined by y: origin and living arrangements.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Soy de Perú y vivo con mi familia","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Soy de Perú y vivo con mi familia"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: Soy de Perú y vivo con mi familia. Meaning: I am from Peru and I live with my family.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-introduction-v1","es-a1-introduction-v2","es-a1-introduction-v3","es-a1-introduction-v4","es-a1-introduction-v5","es-a1-introduction-v6","es-a1-introduction-v7","es-a1-introduction-v8","es-a1-introduction-v9","es-a1-introduction-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-introduction-11","type":"choice","answer":"There is a park where she can run","prompt":"Read for meaning. Why does Elena like her neighbourhood?","options":["There is a park where she can run","Her parents live there","She does not have to work"],"reading":{"text":"Hola, soy Elena y tengo veintidós años. Soy de Colombia, pero ahora vivo en Valencia con mi hermana. Estudio por la mañana y trabajo en un café por la tarde. Me gusta mi barrio porque hay un parque y puedo correr después de clase.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Elena says hay un parque y puedo correr después de clase. The park and the chance to run explain why she likes her neighbourhood.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-introduction-v1","es-a1-introduction-v2","es-a1-introduction-v3","es-a1-introduction-v4","es-a1-introduction-v5","es-a1-introduction-v6","es-a1-introduction-v7","es-a1-introduction-v8","es-a1-introduction-v9","es-a1-introduction-v10"]}],"description":"Write a 50-word introduction including family, home, work, routine, and hobbies. Read it aloud and ask a follow-up question."},{"id":"es-a1-errands","notes":["For a polite request use ¿Puede...?, por favor. Usted uses the same verb form as él/ella.","Some masculine nouns start with a stressed a and take el in the singular: el agua fría. The adjective remains feminine.","Worked example: Quisiera una bolsa, por favor. ¿Puedo pagar con tarjeta? —Sí, aquí. = I would like a bag, please. Can I pay by card? Yes, here. Quisiera is a useful polite request; puedo asks whether the action is possible or permitted.","Small start: Imagine buying two everyday things. Begin Quiero una botella de agua, por favor. Ask about the price or payment, then thank the shopkeeper. Change one item and repeat the exchange without reading it word for word."],"title":"A morning of errands","practice":"Role-play buying groceries and asking for directions to a pharmacy. Check a price and repeat the route to confirm.","exercises":[{"id":"es-a1-errands-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"tienda","translation":"shop"},{"word":"panadería","translation":"bakery"},{"word":"supermercado","translation":"supermarket"},{"word":"botella","translation":"bottle"},{"word":"bolsa","translation":"bag"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: a morning of errands (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"tienda: shop; panadería: bakery; supermercado: supermarket; botella: bottle; bolsa: bag","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-errands-v1","es-a1-errands-v2","es-a1-errands-v3","es-a1-errands-v4","es-a1-errands-v5"]},{"id":"es-a1-errands-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"dinero","translation":"money"},{"word":"efectivo","translation":"cash"},{"word":"tarjeta","translation":"card"},{"word":"ayuda","translation":"help"},{"word":"perdón","translation":"excuse me"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: a morning of errands (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"dinero: money; efectivo: cash; tarjeta: card; ayuda: help; perdón: excuse me","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-errands-v6","es-a1-errands-v7","es-a1-errands-v8","es-a1-errands-v9","es-a1-errands-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-errands-3","back":"bag","type":"flashcard","front":"bolsa","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["bag"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"bolsa means bag.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-errands-v5"]},{"id":"es-a1-errands-4","back":"excuse me","type":"flashcard","front":"perdón","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["excuse me"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"perdón means excuse me.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-errands-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-errands-5","type":"choice","answer":"¿Puedo pagar con tarjeta?","prompt":"You want to ask directly whether you may pay by card. Which question fits?","options":["¿Cuánto tengo que pagar?","¿Dónde puedo pagar?","¿Puedo pagar con tarjeta?"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Puedo pagar con tarjeta asks whether card payment is possible. Cuánto asks for the amount, while dónde asks for the place to pay; neither checks the payment method.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-errands-v1","es-a1-errands-v2","es-a1-errands-v3","es-a1-errands-v4","es-a1-errands-v5","es-a1-errands-v6","es-a1-errands-v7","es-a1-errands-v8","es-a1-errands-v9","es-a1-errands-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-errands-6","hint":"Agua is feminine. The adjective must stay feminine despite el agua.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["fría"],"sentence":"El agua está ___. (cold, feminine)","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"El agua está fría uses feminine fría. El appears before the stressed initial a of agua, but the noun's grammatical gender remains feminine.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-errands-v1","es-a1-errands-v2","es-a1-errands-v3","es-a1-errands-v4","es-a1-errands-v5","es-a1-errands-v6","es-a1-errands-v7","es-a1-errands-v8","es-a1-errands-v9","es-a1-errands-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-errands-7","type":"arrange","words":["por","Puede","favor","ayudarme"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “Can you help me, please?”","answers":["¿Puede ayudarme, por favor?"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"For a polite request use ¿Puede...?, por favor. Usted uses the same verb form as él/ella.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-errands-v1","es-a1-errands-v2","es-a1-errands-v3","es-a1-errands-v4","es-a1-errands-v5","es-a1-errands-v6","es-a1-errands-v7","es-a1-errands-v8","es-a1-errands-v9","es-a1-errands-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-errands-8","hint":"Use una for botella and de before what the bottle contains.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Order a bottle of water. Write a reply meaning: “I want a bottle of water”","answers":["Quiero una botella de agua","Yo quiero una botella de agua"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Agua o café?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Una botella de agua names a container and its contents. The article agrees with botella; un agua would not express the requested bottle.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-errands-v1","es-a1-errands-v2","es-a1-errands-v3","es-a1-errands-v4","es-a1-errands-v5","es-a1-errands-v6","es-a1-errands-v7","es-a1-errands-v8","es-a1-errands-v9","es-a1-errands-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-errands-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “¿Puede ayudarme, por favor?”","answers":["Can you help me, please?","Could you help me please"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"For a polite request use ¿Puede...?, por favor. Usted uses the same verb form as él/ella.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-errands-v1","es-a1-errands-v2","es-a1-errands-v3","es-a1-errands-v4","es-a1-errands-v5","es-a1-errands-v6","es-a1-errands-v7","es-a1-errands-v8","es-a1-errands-v9","es-a1-errands-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-errands-10","hint":"Listen for the purchase and payment method. This is a question about permission.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"¿Puedo pagar una botella de agua con tarjeta?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["¿Puedo pagar una botella de agua con tarjeta?"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: ¿Puedo pagar una botella de agua con tarjeta?. Meaning: Can I pay for a bottle of water by card?.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-errands-v1","es-a1-errands-v2","es-a1-errands-v3","es-a1-errands-v4","es-a1-errands-v5","es-a1-errands-v6","es-a1-errands-v7","es-a1-errands-v8","es-a1-errands-v9","es-a1-errands-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-errands-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"El supermercado está cerrado los domingos. Hoy es domingo, así que voy a la panadería de la plaza. Compro pan y una botella de agua. Pago con tarjeta porque no tengo efectivo.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"They have no cash","prompt":"Listen for meaning. Why does this person pay by card?","options":["The bakery is closed","They do not want water","They have no cash"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Pago con tarjeta porque no tengo efectivo gives the reason: no cash. The person buys the water rather than refusing it.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-errands-v1","es-a1-errands-v2","es-a1-errands-v3","es-a1-errands-v4","es-a1-errands-v5","es-a1-errands-v6","es-a1-errands-v7","es-a1-errands-v8","es-a1-errands-v9","es-a1-errands-v10"]}],"description":"Role-play buying groceries and asking for directions to a pharmacy. Check a price and repeat the route to confirm."},{"id":"es-a1-day-out","notes":["Review question words, times, transport, likes, and ir a + infinitive together.","A complete arrangement answers when, where, and how. Ask ¿Puedes repetir? if you miss a detail.","Worked example: Quedamos a las once delante del museo. Después vamos al parque. = We are meeting at eleven in front of the museum. Afterwards we are going to the park. A plan becomes clear when it includes a time, a meeting place, and a next step.","Small start: Invite someone out with ¿Vamos al museo? Agree on a time and a meeting place. Deliberately miss one detail and ask ¿Puedes repetir, por favor? Repeat the final plan in one sentence to check it.","Short practice model: El domingo vamos a ir al mercado y comer junto al río. Quedamos a las once delante del café. Vamos a pie porque el mercado está cerca. Por la mañana está nublado, pero no llueve. Después de comprar fruta vamos a pasear por el parque. Por la tarde tomamos un chocolate y volvemos a casa en autobús.","Meaning of the model: On Sunday we are going to the market and eating by the river. We meet at eleven in front of the café. We walk because the market is nearby. In the morning it is cloudy, but not raining. After buying fruit we are going for a walk in the park. In the afternoon we have a hot chocolate and return home by bus.","Check your version: Does your plan include when, where, transport, food, weather and two activities? Read it to a partner and ask them to repeat the meeting details. Use a different place or time in your own roughly sixty-word plan; check that the order is easy to follow."],"title":"Organise a day out","practice":"Plan a whole day with a partner: meeting time, transport, food, weather, and two activities. Then write the plan in 60 words.","exercises":[{"id":"es-a1-day-out-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"entrada","translation":"admission ticket"},{"word":"museo","translation":"museum"},{"word":"parque","translation":"park"},{"word":"playa","translation":"beach"},{"word":"piscina","translation":"swimming pool"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: organise a day out (1/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"entrada: admission ticket; museo: museum; parque: park; playa: beach; piscina: swimming pool","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-day-out-v1","es-a1-day-out-v2","es-a1-day-out-v3","es-a1-day-out-v4","es-a1-day-out-v5"]},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"excursión","translation":"day trip"},{"word":"repetir","translation":"to repeat"},{"word":"despacio","translation":"slowly"},{"word":"entender","translation":"to understand"},{"word":"plan","translation":"plan"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: organise a day out (2/2).","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"excursión: day trip; repetir: to repeat; despacio: slowly; entender: to understand; plan: plan","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-day-out-v6","es-a1-day-out-v7","es-a1-day-out-v8","es-a1-day-out-v9","es-a1-day-out-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-3","back":"admission ticket","type":"flashcard","front":"entrada","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["admission ticket"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"entrada means admission ticket.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-day-out-v1"]},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-4","back":"day trip","type":"flashcard","front":"excursión","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["day trip"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"excursión means day trip.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-day-out-v6"]},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-5","type":"choice","answer":"Vamos a visitar el museo","prompt":"Which sentence says what your group is going to do on the day out?","options":["Nos gusta visitar el museo","Vamos a visitar el museo","Hay un museo cerca de la estación"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Vamos a visitar uses ir a + infinitive for the plan. Hay introduces the existence of a museum; nos gusta describes a preference without saying that a visit is planned.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-day-out-v1","es-a1-day-out-v2","es-a1-day-out-v3","es-a1-day-out-v4","es-a1-day-out-v5","es-a1-day-out-v6","es-a1-day-out-v7","es-a1-day-out-v8","es-a1-day-out-v9","es-a1-day-out-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-6","hint":"Ask at what time, not just what hour. The first word is a preposition.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["A qué"],"sentence":"¿___ hora quedamos? —A las diez.","difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"¿A qué hora quedamos? asks at what time the meeting is arranged. Keep a before qué hora, and the accent in qué.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-day-out-v1","es-a1-day-out-v2","es-a1-day-out-v3","es-a1-day-out-v4","es-a1-day-out-v5","es-a1-day-out-v6","es-a1-day-out-v7","es-a1-day-out-v8","es-a1-day-out-v9","es-a1-day-out-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-7","type":"arrange","words":["autobús","museo","ir","Vamos","en","al","a"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “We are going to go to the museum by bus”","answers":["Vamos a ir al museo en autobús"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Review question words, times, transport, likes, and ir a + infinitive together.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-day-out-v1","es-a1-day-out-v2","es-a1-day-out-v3","es-a1-day-out-v4","es-a1-day-out-v5","es-a1-day-out-v6","es-a1-day-out-v7","es-a1-day-out-v8","es-a1-day-out-v9","es-a1-day-out-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-8","hint":"Make the request with poder + infinitive and specify the detail you need repeated.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—Nos vemos a las diez y cuarto en la estación.","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. You missed the time. Ask for repetition; tú or usted is welcome. Write a reply meaning: “Can you repeat the time?”","answers":["¿Puedes repetir la hora?","¿Puedes repetir la hora, por favor?","¿Puede repetir la hora?","¿Puedes decir la hora otra vez?"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Puedes repetir la hora asks for the missing detail without guessing it; puede addresses usted. Adding por favor is welcome. Repeat the time to yourself once you have checked it.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-day-out-v1","es-a1-day-out-v2","es-a1-day-out-v3","es-a1-day-out-v4","es-a1-day-out-v5","es-a1-day-out-v6","es-a1-day-out-v7","es-a1-day-out-v8","es-a1-day-out-v9","es-a1-day-out-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Vamos a ir al museo en autobús”","answers":["We are going to go to the museum by bus","we're going to go to the museum by bus"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Review question words, times, transport, likes, and ir a + infinitive together.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-day-out-v1","es-a1-day-out-v2","es-a1-day-out-v3","es-a1-day-out-v4","es-a1-day-out-v5","es-a1-day-out-v6","es-a1-day-out-v7","es-a1-day-out-v8","es-a1-day-out-v9","es-a1-day-out-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-10","hint":"Listen for the order of the two activities and keep the words después de together.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Vamos al parque después de visitar el museo","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Vamos al parque después de visitar el museo"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"You heard: Vamos al parque después de visitar el museo. Meaning: We are going to the park after visiting the museum.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-day-out-v1","es-a1-day-out-v2","es-a1-day-out-v3","es-a1-day-out-v4","es-a1-day-out-v5","es-a1-day-out-v6","es-a1-day-out-v7","es-a1-day-out-v8","es-a1-day-out-v9","es-a1-day-out-v10"]},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-conversation","type":"choice","answer":"¿Puedes repetir la hora más despacio?","prompt":"Which request helps you check the missing detail?","options":["¿Cuántos hermanos tienes?","¿Puedes repetir la hora más despacio?","¿Cuánto cuesta la camisa?"],"reading":{"text":"—Quedamos en la estación a las diez y media. —Perdona, no entiendo la hora.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Ask for repetition rather than guessing. Repetir la hora más despacio means repeat the time more slowly.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-day-out-v7","es-a1-day-out-v8"]},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-recall","hint":"Use vamos + a + infinitive. Mañana can go before or after the visit.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “We are going to visit the museum tomorrow.” Use ir a + infinitive.","answers":["Vamos a visitar el museo mañana","Mañana vamos a visitar el museo","Nosotros vamos a visitar el museo mañana","Mañana nosotros vamos a visitar el museo"],"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Vamos a visitar el museo mañana combines the plan structure ir a + infinitive with mañana. Nosotros is optional because vamos already identifies we.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-day-out-v2","es-simple-plans-v1"]},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-11","type":"choice","answer":"Walking in the park in the afternoon","prompt":"Read for meaning. Which activity depends on good weather?","options":["Taking the bus from the station","Walking in the park in the afternoon","Visiting the museum in the morning"],"reading":{"text":"El sábado vamos a visitar el museo. Quedamos a las diez en la estación y vamos en autobús. Después comemos en la plaza. Si hace buen tiempo, por la tarde podemos pasear por el parque. La entrada al museo cuesta ocho euros.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"beginner","explanation":"Si hace buen tiempo introduces the condition for pasear por el parque in the afternoon. The museum visit and the bus journey are part of the plan without that condition.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-day-out-v1","es-a1-day-out-v2","es-a1-day-out-v3","es-a1-day-out-v4","es-a1-day-out-v5","es-a1-day-out-v6","es-a1-day-out-v7","es-a1-day-out-v8","es-a1-day-out-v9","es-a1-day-out-v10"]}],"description":"Plan a whole day with a partner: meeting time, transport, food, weather, and two activities. Then write the plan in 60 words."}],"cefrLevel":"A1","objective":"Combine A1 skills to introduce yourself, handle a simple errand, and arrange a day out.","description":"A1 · Combine A1 skills to introduce yourself, handle a simple errand, and arrange a day out."},{"id":"es-a2-recent-past","title":"Experiences and recent events","lessons":[{"id":"es-perfect-regular","notes":["The present perfect is haber + participle: he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han + hablado/comido/vivido.","In much of Spain it commonly describes a period including now: hoy he trabajado. Many Latin American speakers use trabajé in this context.","Worked example: Esta semana he preparado dos cenas, pero todavía no he limpiado la cocina. = This week I have prepared two dinners, but I have not cleaned the kitchen yet. He stays before each participle; the negative no goes before he.","Small start: Make a tiny today-list: two things done and one not yet done. Begin Hoy he…; Todavía no he… . Change it into a shared list using hemos. You can use imaginary activities rather than report your real day."],"title":"What have you done today?","practice":"Describe five things you have done today and two you have not done yet. Use hoy, ya, and todavía no.","exercises":[{"id":"es-perfect-regular-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"hoy","translation":"today"},{"word":"esta semana","translation":"this week"},{"word":"ya","translation":"already"},{"word":"todavía no","translation":"not yet"},{"word":"terminar","translation":"to finish"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what have you done today? (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"hoy: today; esta semana: this week; ya: already; todavía no: not yet; terminar: to finish","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v2","es-perfect-regular-v2","es-perfect-regular-v3","es-perfect-regular-v4","es-perfect-regular-v5"]},{"id":"es-perfect-regular-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"visitar","translation":"to visit"},{"word":"preparar","translation":"to prepare"},{"word":"limpiar","translation":"to clean"},{"word":"viajar","translation":"to travel"},{"word":"recibir","translation":"to receive"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what have you done today? (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"visitar: to visit; preparar: to prepare; limpiar: to clean; viajar: to travel; recibir: to receive","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-regular-v6","es-perfect-regular-v7","es-perfect-regular-v8","es-perfect-regular-v9","es-perfect-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-regular-3","back":"this week","type":"flashcard","front":"esta semana","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["this week"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"esta semana means this week.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-regular-v2"]},{"id":"es-perfect-regular-4","back":"to prepare","type":"flashcard","front":"preparar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to prepare","prepare"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"preparar means to prepare.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-regular-v7"]},{"id":"es-perfect-regular-5","type":"choice","answer":"He comido","prompt":"Which is the present perfect of comer for yo?","options":["He comido","He comer","Soy comido"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"He comido combines he, the yo form of haber, with the participle comido. Comer is an infinitive; soy does not form this compound tense.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v2","es-perfect-regular-v2","es-perfect-regular-v3","es-perfect-regular-v4","es-perfect-regular-v5","es-perfect-regular-v6","es-perfect-regular-v7","es-perfect-regular-v8","es-perfect-regular-v9","es-perfect-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-regular-6","hint":"Use the nosotros form of haber, followed by the participle already supplied.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["hemos"],"sentence":"Esta semana ___ estudiado mucho. (nosotros)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Esta semana hemos estudiado mucho. Hemos agrees with nosotros, while estudiado stays unchanged after haber.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v2","es-perfect-regular-v2","es-perfect-regular-v3","es-perfect-regular-v4","es-perfect-regular-v5","es-perfect-regular-v6","es-perfect-regular-v7","es-perfect-regular-v8","es-perfect-regular-v9","es-perfect-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-regular-7","type":"arrange","words":["museo","visitado","Hoy","el","hemos"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “Today we have visited the museum”","answers":["Hoy hemos visitado el museo","Hemos visitado el museo hoy"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The present perfect is haber + participle: he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han + hablado/comido/vivido.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v2","es-perfect-regular-v2","es-perfect-regular-v3","es-perfect-regular-v4","es-perfect-regular-v5","es-perfect-regular-v6","es-perfect-regular-v7","es-perfect-regular-v8","es-perfect-regular-v9","es-perfect-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-regular-8","hint":"Use the yo present of haber plus the unchanged participle of terminar.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Tell a colleague that the work is finished. Write a reply meaning: “I have finished the work”","answers":["He terminado el trabajo","Yo he terminado el trabajo"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Te queda mucho trabajo?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"He terminado presents the work as complete and relevant now. Haber changes with the speaker; terminado does not change for the speaker's gender.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v2","es-perfect-regular-v2","es-perfect-regular-v3","es-perfect-regular-v4","es-perfect-regular-v5","es-perfect-regular-v6","es-perfect-regular-v7","es-perfect-regular-v8","es-perfect-regular-v9","es-perfect-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-regular-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Hoy hemos visitado el museo”","answers":["Today we have visited the museum","Today we've visited the museum","We have visited the museum today","we've visited the museum today"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The present perfect is haber + participle: he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han + hablado/comido/vivido.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v2","es-perfect-regular-v2","es-perfect-regular-v3","es-perfect-regular-v4","es-perfect-regular-v5","es-perfect-regular-v6","es-perfect-regular-v7","es-perfect-regular-v8","es-perfect-regular-v9","es-perfect-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-regular-10","hint":"Listen for the time expression and haber before the participle.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Esta semana he trabajado en casa","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Esta semana he trabajado en casa"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Esta semana he trabajado en casa. Meaning: This week I have worked at home.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v2","es-perfect-regular-v2","es-perfect-regular-v3","es-perfect-regular-v4","es-perfect-regular-v5","es-perfect-regular-v6","es-perfect-regular-v7","es-perfect-regular-v8","es-perfect-regular-v9","es-perfect-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-regular-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Esta mañana he limpiado la cocina y he preparado la comida. Mi hermana ha trabajado en el jardín. Todavía no hemos terminado, pero ya hemos hecho mucho.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"They have not finished yet","prompt":"Listen for meaning. What is still true?","options":["They have not finished yet","They have done nothing","They have both worked in an office"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Todavía no hemos terminado means they have not finished yet. Ya hemos hecho mucho makes clear they have nevertheless done a lot.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v2","es-perfect-regular-v2","es-perfect-regular-v3","es-perfect-regular-v4","es-perfect-regular-v5","es-perfect-regular-v6","es-perfect-regular-v7","es-perfect-regular-v8","es-perfect-regular-v9","es-perfect-regular-v10"]}],"description":"Describe five things you have done today and two you have not done yet. Use hoy, ya, and todavía no."},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular","notes":["Common irregular participles include hecho, dicho, visto, escrito, abierto, puesto, vuelto, roto.","With haber the participle does not agree with the subject: Ana ha escrito; ellos han escrito.","Worked example: Hemos abierto la caja y hemos visto las fotos. = We have opened the box and seen the photos. Abierto and visto are irregular participles. The plural objects do not turn them into abiertos or vistos after haber.","After haber, the participle does not agree with the object: He abierto las ventanas. With estar, an adjective can agree: Las ventanas están abiertas. The two patterns describe an action and a resulting state.","Small start: Choose three participles: hecho, visto, escrito. Build one short sentence with each, beginning He… . Retell one sentence about Ana with ha. Keep the participle unchanged as you change the person."],"title":"Seen, done, written","practice":"Tell someone about three recent messages or discoveries. Include he visto, he escrito, and hemos hecho.","exercises":[{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"hecho","translation":"done or made"},{"word":"dicho","translation":"said"},{"word":"visto","translation":"seen"},{"word":"escrito","translation":"written"},{"word":"abierto","translation":"opened"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: seen, done, written (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"hecho: done or made; dicho: said; visto: seen; escrito: written; abierto: opened","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-irregular-v1","es-perfect-irregular-v2","es-perfect-irregular-v3","es-perfect-irregular-v4","es-perfect-irregular-v5"]},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"puesto","translation":"put"},{"word":"vuelto","translation":"returned"},{"word":"roto","translation":"broken"},{"word":"mensaje","translation":"message"},{"word":"correo","translation":"email"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: seen, done, written (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"puesto: put; vuelto: returned; roto: broken; mensaje: message; correo: email","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-irregular-v6","es-perfect-irregular-v7","es-perfect-irregular-v8","es-perfect-irregular-v9","es-perfect-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-3","back":"seen","type":"flashcard","front":"visto","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["seen"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"visto means seen.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-irregular-v3"]},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-4","back":"broken","type":"flashcard","front":"roto","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["broken"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"roto means broken.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-irregular-v8"]},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-5","type":"choice","answer":"Ellas han vuelto","prompt":"Choose the correct sentence about the two women.","options":["Ellas han vueltas","Ellas son vuelto","Ellas han vuelto"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Ellas han vuelto is the present perfect. Vuelto stays unchanged after han even for two women; vueltas would not be the participle in this construction.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-irregular-v1","es-perfect-irregular-v2","es-perfect-irregular-v3","es-perfect-irregular-v4","es-perfect-irregular-v5","es-perfect-irregular-v6","es-perfect-irregular-v7","es-perfect-irregular-v8","es-perfect-irregular-v9","es-perfect-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-6","hint":"Abrir has an irregular participle after haber.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["abierto"],"sentence":"¿Has ___ la puerta? (abrir)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"¿Has abierto la puerta? uses abierto, not abrido. After haber, the participle does not change to agree with the feminine noun puerta.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-irregular-v1","es-perfect-irregular-v2","es-perfect-irregular-v3","es-perfect-irregular-v4","es-perfect-irregular-v5","es-perfect-irregular-v6","es-perfect-irregular-v7","es-perfect-irregular-v8","es-perfect-irregular-v9","es-perfect-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-7","type":"arrange","words":["correos","escrito","Ana","tres","ha"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “Ana has written three emails”","answers":["Ana ha escrito tres correos"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Common irregular participles include hecho, dicho, visto, escrito, abierto, puesto, vuelto, roto.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-irregular-v1","es-perfect-irregular-v2","es-perfect-irregular-v3","es-perfect-irregular-v4","es-perfect-irregular-v5","es-perfect-irregular-v6","es-perfect-irregular-v7","es-perfect-irregular-v8","es-perfect-irregular-v9","es-perfect-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-8","hint":"Use the nosotros form of haber and the irregular participle of ver.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Queréis ver esta película?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Answer for you and a friend who have already seen it. Write a reply meaning: “We have seen that film”","answers":["Hemos visto esa película","Nosotros hemos visto esa película"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Hemos visto gives a shared completed experience. Visto is irregular; verido is not its participle. Esa película refers back to the film being discussed.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-irregular-v1","es-perfect-irregular-v2","es-perfect-irregular-v3","es-perfect-irregular-v4","es-perfect-irregular-v5","es-perfect-irregular-v6","es-perfect-irregular-v7","es-perfect-irregular-v8","es-perfect-irregular-v9","es-perfect-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Ana ha escrito tres correos”","answers":["Ana has written three emails","Ana has written 3 emails"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Common irregular participles include hecho, dicho, visto, escrito, abierto, puesto, vuelto, roto.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-irregular-v1","es-perfect-irregular-v2","es-perfect-irregular-v3","es-perfect-irregular-v4","es-perfect-irregular-v5","es-perfect-irregular-v6","es-perfect-irregular-v7","es-perfect-irregular-v8","es-perfect-irregular-v9","es-perfect-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-10","hint":"Listen for haber and an irregular participle. Do not change the participle for a female subject.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Mi hermana ha vuelto de Lisboa","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Mi hermana ha vuelto de Lisboa"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Mi hermana ha vuelto de Lisboa. Meaning: My sister has returned from Lisbon.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-irregular-v1","es-perfect-irregular-v2","es-perfect-irregular-v3","es-perfect-irregular-v4","es-perfect-irregular-v5","es-perfect-irregular-v6","es-perfect-irregular-v7","es-perfect-irregular-v8","es-perfect-irregular-v9","es-perfect-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-11","type":"choice","answer":"Sent the photos","prompt":"Read for meaning. What has Marta not done yet?","options":["Returned from Lisbon","Written about the trip","Sent the photos"],"reading":{"text":"He recibido un correo de Marta. Ha vuelto de Lisboa y ha escrito una guía de su viaje. También ha hecho muchas fotos, pero todavía no las ha enviado.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Todavía no las ha enviado refers back to las fotos. Marta has returned and written the guide, but has not sent the photos.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-irregular-v1","es-perfect-irregular-v2","es-perfect-irregular-v3","es-perfect-irregular-v4","es-perfect-irregular-v5","es-perfect-irregular-v6","es-perfect-irregular-v7","es-perfect-irregular-v8","es-perfect-irregular-v9","es-perfect-irregular-v10"]}],"description":"Tell someone about three recent messages or discoveries. Include he visto, he escrito, and hemos hecho."},{"id":"es-life-experiences","notes":["Use ¿Has... alguna vez? for have you ever...? Nunca he... means I have never...","Alguna vez and nunca describe whether an experience has happened; they do not specify a finished date.","Worked example: —¿Has estado en Bolivia alguna vez? —Sí, pero nunca he visitado La Paz. = Have you ever been to Bolivia? Yes, but I have never visited La Paz. Alguna vez asks about experience; nunca before he makes a negative statement.","Small start: Ask two have-you-ever questions with ¿Has… alguna vez? Give one sí and one no answer. Add a short follow-up such as ¿Dónde? or ¿Con quién? You do not need a long story to keep the exchange going.","Short practice model: —¿Has viajado en avión? —Sí. —¿Has visitado Perú? —No, nunca. —¿Has probado la paella? —Sí. —¿Has dormido en un tren? —No. —¿Has hablado español en un viaje? —Sí. —¿Cuándo fue? —El año pasado, en Granada. Al principio estaba nerviosa, pero la conversación fue bien.","Meaning of the model: Have you flown? Yes. Have you visited Peru? No, never. Have you tried paella? Yes. Have you slept on a train? No. Have you spoken Spanish on a trip? Yes. When was that? Last year, in Granada. At first I was nervous, but the conversation went well.","Check your version: Ask about five experiences, then follow up one answer with when or where. Separate an experience without a finished date from its dated details. Use real or invented answers; nervous can be nervioso or nerviosa to match the speaker."],"title":"Have you ever...?","practice":"Interview someone about five experiences. Ask a follow-up question about when or where one happened.","exercises":[{"id":"es-life-experiences-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"alguna vez","translation":"ever"},{"word":"jamás","translation":"ever or never"},{"word":"experiencia","translation":"experience"},{"word":"extranjero","translation":"abroad or foreign"},{"word":"montaña","translation":"mountain"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: have you ever...? (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"alguna vez: ever; jamás: ever or never; experiencia: experience; extranjero: abroad or foreign; montaña: mountain","vocabularyIds":["es-life-experiences-v1","es-life-experiences-v2","es-life-experiences-v3","es-life-experiences-v4","es-life-experiences-v5"]},{"id":"es-life-experiences-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"probar","translation":"to try (food)"},{"word":"conocer","translation":"to meet or know"},{"word":"avión","translation":"plane"},{"word":"concierto","translation":"concert"},{"word":"aventura","translation":"adventure"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: have you ever...? (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"probar: to try (food); conocer: to meet or know; avión: plane; concierto: concert; aventura: adventure","vocabularyIds":["es-life-experiences-v6","es-life-experiences-v7","es-life-experiences-v8","es-life-experiences-v9","es-life-experiences-v10"]},{"id":"es-life-experiences-3","back":"abroad or foreign","type":"flashcard","front":"extranjero","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["abroad or foreign","abroad","foreign"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"extranjero means abroad or foreign.","vocabularyIds":["es-life-experiences-v4"]},{"id":"es-life-experiences-4","back":"concert","type":"flashcard","front":"concierto","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["concert"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"concierto means concert.","vocabularyIds":["es-life-experiences-v9"]},{"id":"es-life-experiences-5","type":"choice","answer":"Nunca he visto la nieve","prompt":"Which answer means I have never seen snow?","options":["Siempre veo la nieve","Nunca he visto la nieve","Ya he visto la nieve"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Nunca he visto la nieve means the experience has never happened. Ya means already, while siempre describes something occurring regularly.","vocabularyIds":["es-life-experiences-v1","es-life-experiences-v2","es-life-experiences-v3","es-life-experiences-v4","es-life-experiences-v5","es-life-experiences-v6","es-life-experiences-v7","es-life-experiences-v8","es-life-experiences-v9","es-life-experiences-v10"]},{"id":"es-life-experiences-6","hint":"Complete the fixed expression alguna ... for an experience at any time.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["vez"],"sentence":"¿Has estado en Chile alguna ___?","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"¿Has estado en Chile alguna vez? asks whether the experience has ever happened. Vez means an occasion; alguna vez does not name a finished date.","vocabularyIds":["es-life-experiences-v1","es-life-experiences-v2","es-life-experiences-v3","es-life-experiences-v4","es-life-experiences-v5","es-life-experiences-v6","es-life-experiences-v7","es-life-experiences-v8","es-life-experiences-v9","es-life-experiences-v10"]},{"id":"es-life-experiences-7","type":"arrange","words":["avión","viajado","Nunca","en","he"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I have never travelled by plane”","answers":["Nunca he viajado en avión","En avión nunca he viajado"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Use ¿Has... alguna vez? for have you ever...? Nunca he... means I have never...","vocabularyIds":["es-life-experiences-v1","es-life-experiences-v2","es-life-experiences-v3","es-life-experiences-v4","es-life-experiences-v5","es-life-experiences-v6","es-life-experiences-v7","es-life-experiences-v8","es-life-experiences-v9","es-life-experiences-v10"]},{"id":"es-life-experiences-8","hint":"Use has + participle and a phrase meaning ever, without adding a specific finished date.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Ask a friend about a food experience, using tú. Write a reply meaning: “Have you ever tried paella?”","answers":["¿Has probado la paella alguna vez?","¿Alguna vez has probado la paella?","¿Has probado paella alguna vez?","¿Alguna vez has probado paella?"],"reading":{"text":"—Me gusta la comida española.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Has probado asks about the person's experience. Alguna vez means ever and can appear before or after the main question. A date such as ayer would introduce a different time frame.","vocabularyIds":["es-life-experiences-v1","es-life-experiences-v2","es-life-experiences-v3","es-life-experiences-v4","es-life-experiences-v5","es-life-experiences-v6","es-life-experiences-v7","es-life-experiences-v8","es-life-experiences-v9","es-life-experiences-v10"]},{"id":"es-life-experiences-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Nunca he viajado en avión”","answers":["I have never travelled by plane","I've never travelled by plane","I have never traveled by plane","I've never traveled by plane","I have never travelled by air","I've never travelled by air","I have never traveled by air","I've never traveled by air","I have never flown on a plane","I've never flown on a plane"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Use ¿Has... alguna vez? for have you ever...? Nunca he... means I have never...","vocabularyIds":["es-life-experiences-v1","es-life-experiences-v2","es-life-experiences-v3","es-life-experiences-v4","es-life-experiences-v5","es-life-experiences-v6","es-life-experiences-v7","es-life-experiences-v8","es-life-experiences-v9","es-life-experiences-v10"]},{"id":"es-life-experiences-10","hint":"Listen for the experience question and the two-word expression for ever.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"¿Has viajado a Portugal alguna vez?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["¿Has viajado a Portugal alguna vez?"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: ¿Has viajado a Portugal alguna vez?. Meaning: Have you ever travelled to Portugal?.","vocabularyIds":["es-life-experiences-v1","es-life-experiences-v2","es-life-experiences-v3","es-life-experiences-v4","es-life-experiences-v5","es-life-experiences-v6","es-life-experiences-v7","es-life-experiences-v8","es-life-experiences-v9","es-life-experiences-v10"]},{"id":"es-life-experiences-conversation","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"—¿Has estado en Granada alguna vez? —Sí, he estado dos veces.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"¿Has visitado la Alhambra?","prompt":"Listen to the conversation. Which follow-up asks about a specific experience there?","options":["¿Cuántos años tiene tu hermana?","¿Has visitado la Alhambra?","¿Qué vas a visitar mañana?"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Has visitado asks about an experience in Granada using the present perfect, rather than changing to a future plan.","vocabularyIds":["es-life-experiences-v1","es-family-v3"]},{"id":"es-life-experiences-recall","hint":"Bring back voy a + infinitive for a plan; en casa means at home.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “Tomorrow I am going to study at home.” Use ir a + infinitive.","answers":["Mañana voy a estudiar en casa","Voy a estudiar en casa mañana","Yo voy a estudiar en casa mañana","Mañana yo voy a estudiar en casa"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Mañana voy a estudiar en casa states a plan. The conjugated verb is voy, followed by a and the infinitive estudiar. Adding yo or moving mañana does not change the plan.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v1","es-regular-present-v2","casa"]},{"id":"es-life-experiences-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"—¿Has viajado al extranjero alguna vez? —Sí, he estado en Portugal y en Francia. —¿Y has probado la comida portuguesa? —Sí, me ha gustado mucho. Nunca he viajado fuera de Europa.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Travelling outside Europe","prompt":"Listen for meaning. Which experience has this person not had?","options":["Trying Portuguese food","Travelling outside Europe","Visiting Portugal"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Nunca he viajado fuera de Europa rules out travel outside Europe. Portugal, France, and Portuguese food are experiences the speaker has had.","vocabularyIds":["es-life-experiences-v1","es-life-experiences-v2","es-life-experiences-v3","es-life-experiences-v4","es-life-experiences-v5","es-life-experiences-v6","es-life-experiences-v7","es-life-experiences-v8","es-life-experiences-v9","es-life-experiences-v10"]}],"description":"Interview someone about five experiences. Ask a follow-up question about when or where one happened."}],"cefrLevel":"A2","objective":"Use the present perfect, irregular participles, and expressions of experience.","description":"A2 · Use the present perfect, irregular participles, and expressions of experience."},{"id":"es-a2-finished-past","title":"Finished events in the past","lessons":[{"id":"es-preterite-regular","notes":["The preterite places events in a finished period: ayer, el lunes pasado. Hablar → hablé, hablaste, habló, hablamos, hablasteis, hablaron.","Comer/vivir use -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron. Accents distinguish hablo from habló.","Worked example: El sábado estudié en casa; mis amigos cenaron fuera. = On Saturday I studied at home; my friends ate out. Estudié is yo in the preterite, while cenaron is ellos. The accent in estudié and the ending -aron help identify these past-tense forms.","Small start: Choose three finished actions from an imaginary weekend. Begin Ayer… or El sábado pasado… . Say one as yo and one as nosotros. Check the written accent in forms such as compré and cenó."],"title":"Yesterday and last week","practice":"Write six sentences about last weekend with specific times. Include actions by yo, nosotros, and ellos.","exercises":[{"id":"es-preterite-regular-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"ayer","translation":"yesterday"},{"word":"anoche","translation":"last night"},{"word":"la semana pasada","translation":"last week"},{"word":"el año pasado","translation":"last year"},{"word":"comprar","translation":"to buy"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: yesterday and last week (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"ayer: yesterday; anoche: last night; la semana pasada: last week; el año pasado: last year; comprar: to buy","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-regular-v1","es-preterite-regular-v2","es-preterite-regular-v3","es-preterite-regular-v4","es-preterite-regular-v5"]},{"id":"es-preterite-regular-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"cenar","translation":"to have dinner"},{"word":"llegar","translation":"to arrive"},{"word":"salir","translation":"to leave"},{"word":"pasar","translation":"to spend (time)"},{"word":"vacaciones","translation":"holidays"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: yesterday and last week (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"cenar: to have dinner; llegar: to arrive; salir: to leave; pasar: to spend (time); vacaciones: holidays","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-regular-v6","es-preterite-regular-v7","es-preterite-regular-v8","es-preterite-regular-v9","es-preterite-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-preterite-regular-3","back":"to buy","type":"flashcard","front":"comprar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to buy","buy"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"comprar means to buy.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-regular-v5"]},{"id":"es-preterite-regular-4","back":"holidays","type":"flashcard","front":"vacaciones","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["holidays","vacation","vacations"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"vacaciones means holidays.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-preterite-regular-5","type":"choice","answer":"Comí","prompt":"Which form means I ate in a completed past period?","options":["Comí","Como","Comía"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Comí is the first-person preterite of comer for a completed event. Como is present; comía is imperfect and presents an activity or habit differently.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-regular-v1","es-preterite-regular-v2","es-preterite-regular-v3","es-preterite-regular-v4","es-preterite-regular-v5","es-preterite-regular-v6","es-preterite-regular-v7","es-preterite-regular-v8","es-preterite-regular-v9","es-preterite-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-preterite-regular-6","hint":"Anoche is a finished time. Conjugate cenar for Ana in the preterite.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["cenó"],"sentence":"Anoche Ana ___ en casa. (cenar)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Anoche Ana cenó en casa. Cenó takes -ó for él/ella in the preterite of an -ar verb; ceno without the accent means I dine in the present.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-regular-v1","es-preterite-regular-v2","es-preterite-regular-v3","es-preterite-regular-v4","es-preterite-regular-v5","es-preterite-regular-v6","es-preterite-regular-v7","es-preterite-regular-v8","es-preterite-regular-v9","es-preterite-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-preterite-regular-7","type":"arrange","words":["un","Ayer","libro","compré"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “Yesterday I bought a book”","answers":["Ayer compré un libro","Compré un libro ayer"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The preterite places events in a finished period: ayer, el lunes pasado. Hablar → hablé, hablaste, habló, hablamos, hablasteis, hablaron.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-regular-v1","es-preterite-regular-v2","es-preterite-regular-v3","es-preterite-regular-v4","es-preterite-regular-v5","es-preterite-regular-v6","es-preterite-regular-v7","es-preterite-regular-v8","es-preterite-regular-v9","es-preterite-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-preterite-regular-8","hint":"The finished period is last week. Use the nosotros preterite of visitar.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Qué hicisteis la semana pasada?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Answer about a trip you took together. Write a reply meaning: “Last week we visited Granada”","answers":["La semana pasada visitamos Granada","Visitamos Granada la semana pasada"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"La semana pasada fixes a completed past period. Visitamos can also be a present form, but this time phrase makes the past meaning clear.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-regular-v1","es-preterite-regular-v2","es-preterite-regular-v3","es-preterite-regular-v4","es-preterite-regular-v5","es-preterite-regular-v6","es-preterite-regular-v7","es-preterite-regular-v8","es-preterite-regular-v9","es-preterite-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-preterite-regular-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Ayer compré un libro”","answers":["Yesterday I bought a book","I bought a book yesterday"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The preterite places events in a finished period: ayer, el lunes pasado. Hablar → hablé, hablaste, habló, hablamos, hablasteis, hablaron.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-regular-v1","es-preterite-regular-v2","es-preterite-regular-v3","es-preterite-regular-v4","es-preterite-regular-v5","es-preterite-regular-v6","es-preterite-regular-v7","es-preterite-regular-v8","es-preterite-regular-v9","es-preterite-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-preterite-regular-10","hint":"Listen for the finished time period and the nosotros verb ending.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Anoche cenamos en una plaza","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Anoche cenamos en una plaza"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Anoche cenamos en una plaza. Meaning: Last night we had dinner in a square.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-regular-v1","es-preterite-regular-v2","es-preterite-regular-v3","es-preterite-regular-v4","es-preterite-regular-v5","es-preterite-regular-v6","es-preterite-regular-v7","es-preterite-regular-v8","es-preterite-regular-v9","es-preterite-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-preterite-regular-11","type":"choice","answer":"In the afternoon","prompt":"Read for meaning. When did they buy the book?","options":["In the afternoon","Before arriving","On Sunday morning"],"reading":{"text":"El sábado viajamos a Granada. Llegamos a las diez, visitamos el centro y comimos en una plaza. Por la tarde compré un libro y después volvimos a casa.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Por la tarde compré un libro explicitly places the purchase in the afternoon. They had already arrived that morning.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-regular-v1","es-preterite-regular-v2","es-preterite-regular-v3","es-preterite-regular-v4","es-preterite-regular-v5","es-preterite-regular-v6","es-preterite-regular-v7","es-preterite-regular-v8","es-preterite-regular-v9","es-preterite-regular-v10"]}],"description":"Write six sentences about last weekend with specific times. Include actions by yo, nosotros, and ellos."},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular","notes":["Ser and ir share preterite forms: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron. Context tells the meaning.","Other common stems: tener → tuve; estar → estuve; hacer → hice/hizo; poder → pude; decir → dije.","Worked example: Ayer tuve tiempo, fui al centro e hice la compra. = Yesterday I had time, went to the centre, and did the shopping. Tuve and hice have irregular stems; fui can belong to ir or ser, with the surrounding sentence identifying the meaning.","Small start: Tell a three-step yesterday using tuve, fui, and hice. Add a place to fui so the journey is clear. Try changing yo to nosotros: tuvimos, fuimos, hicimos. You can keep the rest of the story very short."],"title":"Went, had, did","practice":"Tell a short story using fui, tuve, hice, and pude. Make clear when it happened and how it ended.","exercises":[{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"fui","translation":"I went or I was"},{"word":"tuve","translation":"I had"},{"word":"hice","translation":"I did or made"},{"word":"estuve","translation":"I was (temporary)"},{"word":"pude","translation":"I was able to"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: went, had, did (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"fui: I went or I was; tuve: I had; hice: I did or made; estuve: I was (temporary); pude: I was able to","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-irregular-v1","es-preterite-irregular-v2","es-preterite-irregular-v3","es-preterite-irregular-v4","es-preterite-irregular-v5"]},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"dije","translation":"I said"},{"word":"traje","translation":"I brought"},{"word":"supe","translation":"I found out"},{"word":"problema","translation":"problem"},{"word":"suerte","translation":"luck"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: went, had, did (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"dije: I said; traje: I brought; supe: I found out; problema: problem; suerte: luck","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-irregular-v6","es-preterite-irregular-v7","es-preterite-irregular-v8","es-preterite-irregular-v9","es-preterite-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-3","back":"I went or I was","type":"flashcard","front":"fui","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["I went or I was","I went","I was"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"fui means I went or I was.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-irregular-v1"]},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-4","back":"I said","type":"flashcard","front":"dije","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["I said"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"dije means I said.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-irregular-v6"]},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-5","type":"choice","answer":"Fui a la estación","prompt":"Which sentence uses fui to mean I went?","options":["Fui muy tímido de niño","Fui el primero de la clase","Fui a la estación"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Fui a la estación describes movement to a place, so fui comes from ir. Fui can also come from ser; the surrounding words establish the meaning.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-irregular-v1","es-preterite-irregular-v2","es-preterite-irregular-v3","es-preterite-irregular-v4","es-preterite-irregular-v5","es-preterite-irregular-v6","es-preterite-irregular-v7","es-preterite-irregular-v8","es-preterite-irregular-v9","es-preterite-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-6","hint":"Hacer changes its stem in the preterite; the third-person spelling also changes.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["hizo"],"sentence":"Ana ___ una tarta ayer. (hacer)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Ana hizo una tarta ayer. Hizo is the él/ella preterite of hacer; it uses z before o, unlike hice for yo.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-irregular-v1","es-preterite-irregular-v2","es-preterite-irregular-v3","es-preterite-irregular-v4","es-preterite-irregular-v5","es-preterite-irregular-v6","es-preterite-irregular-v7","es-preterite-irregular-v8","es-preterite-irregular-v9","es-preterite-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-7","type":"arrange","words":["al","Ayer","teatro","fuimos"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “Yesterday we went to the theatre”","answers":["Ayer fuimos al teatro","Fuimos al teatro ayer"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Ser and ir share preterite forms: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron. Context tells the meaning.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-irregular-v1","es-preterite-irregular-v2","es-preterite-irregular-v3","es-preterite-irregular-v4","es-preterite-irregular-v5","es-preterite-irregular-v6","es-preterite-irregular-v7","es-preterite-irregular-v8","es-preterite-irregular-v9","es-preterite-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-8","hint":"Use the irregular yo preterite of poder, followed by comprar.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Explain that you were unable to buy the tickets. Write a reply meaning: “I could not buy the tickets”","answers":["No pude comprar las entradas","No pude comprar los billetes","No pude comprar los boletos"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Compraste las entradas para el concierto?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"No pude comprar describes the unsuccessful attempt on that occasion. Pude is preterite; puedo would describe the present rather than answer the past question.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-irregular-v1","es-preterite-irregular-v2","es-preterite-irregular-v3","es-preterite-irregular-v4","es-preterite-irregular-v5","es-preterite-irregular-v6","es-preterite-irregular-v7","es-preterite-irregular-v8","es-preterite-irregular-v9","es-preterite-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Ayer fuimos al teatro”","answers":["Yesterday we went to the theatre","Yesterday we went to the theater","We went to the theatre yesterday","We went to the theater yesterday"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Ser and ir share preterite forms: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron. Context tells the meaning.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-irregular-v1","es-preterite-irregular-v2","es-preterite-irregular-v3","es-preterite-irregular-v4","es-preterite-irregular-v5","es-preterite-irregular-v6","es-preterite-irregular-v7","es-preterite-irregular-v8","es-preterite-irregular-v9","es-preterite-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-10","hint":"Listen for the irregular past form of tener, then what the problem involved.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Ayer mi hermana tuvo un problema con el coche","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Ayer mi hermana tuvo un problema con el coche"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Ayer mi hermana tuvo un problema con el coche. Meaning: Yesterday my sister had a problem with the car.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-irregular-v1","es-preterite-irregular-v2","es-preterite-irregular-v3","es-preterite-irregular-v4","es-preterite-irregular-v5","es-preterite-irregular-v6","es-preterite-irregular-v7","es-preterite-irregular-v8","es-preterite-irregular-v9","es-preterite-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Ayer tuve un problema con el coche. Fui a la estación, pero no pude llegar a tiempo. Al final, mi hermana me llevó al trabajo. Tuve suerte.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Their sister drove them","prompt":"Listen for meaning. How did this person finally get to work?","options":["They took the train","They repaired the car immediately","Their sister drove them"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Mi hermana me llevó al trabajo explains how the person finally arrived. The missed train and car problem were not the successful solution.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-irregular-v1","es-preterite-irregular-v2","es-preterite-irregular-v3","es-preterite-irregular-v4","es-preterite-irregular-v5","es-preterite-irregular-v6","es-preterite-irregular-v7","es-preterite-irregular-v8","es-preterite-irregular-v9","es-preterite-irregular-v10"]}],"description":"Tell a short story using fui, tuve, hice, and pude. Make clear when it happened and how it ended."},{"id":"es-past-sequence","notes":["Use primero, luego, después, al final to sequence completed events.","Verbs can change spelling to preserve sound: llegar → llegué; empezar → empecé; buscar → busqué.","Worked example: Primero preparé la maleta; luego salí, pero volví porque olvidé las llaves. = First I packed the suitcase; then I went out, but returned because I forgot the keys. Primero/luego order events, while porque explains a reason.","Small start: Tell a short journey in three steps: Primero…; Luego…; Al final… . Add one small problem and its reason with porque. Read it aloud once, then retell it using only the three linking words as reminders.","Short practice model: Ayer viajé a Córdoba. Primero llegué a la estación y compré un billete. Luego busqué el andén, pero el tren salió con retraso. Después llamé a mi amiga para avisarla. Al final llegué una hora tarde. Mi amiga me esperó y cenamos juntas cerca de la estación.","Meaning of the model: Yesterday I travelled to Córdoba. First I reached the station and bought a ticket. Then I looked for the platform, but the train left late. Afterwards I called my friend to let her know. In the end I arrived an hour late. She waited for me and we had dinner together near the station.","Check your version: Can someone put at least four events in order from your account? Include one problem and its outcome. Check the accents in yo preterites such as llegué, compré and busqué. Retell it aloud with different journey details rather than memorising this draft."],"title":"Tell a journey in order","practice":"Give a one-minute account of a journey with four events in order, one problem, and the outcome.","exercises":[{"id":"es-past-sequence-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"primero","translation":"first"},{"word":"luego","translation":"then"},{"word":"al final","translation":"in the end"},{"word":"de repente","translation":"suddenly"},{"word":"equipaje","translation":"luggage"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: tell a journey in order (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"primero: first; luego: then; al final: in the end; de repente: suddenly; equipaje: luggage","vocabularyIds":["es-past-sequence-v1","es-past-sequence-v2","es-past-sequence-v3","es-past-sequence-v4","es-past-sequence-v5"]},{"id":"es-past-sequence-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"maleta","translation":"suitcase"},{"word":"retraso","translation":"delay"},{"word":"perder","translation":"to lose or miss"},{"word":"encontrar","translation":"to find"},{"word":"reservar","translation":"to book"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: tell a journey in order (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"maleta: suitcase; retraso: delay; perder: to lose or miss; encontrar: to find; reservar: to book","vocabularyIds":["es-past-sequence-v6","es-past-sequence-v7","es-past-sequence-v8","es-past-sequence-v9","es-past-sequence-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-sequence-3","back":"then","type":"flashcard","front":"luego","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["then"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"luego means then.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-sequence-v2"]},{"id":"es-past-sequence-4","back":"delay","type":"flashcard","front":"retraso","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["delay"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"retraso means delay.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-sequence-v7"]},{"id":"es-past-sequence-5","type":"choice","answer":"Al final","prompt":"Which expression signals the final event?","options":["Antes de empezar","Al final","Primero"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Al final introduces the outcome or final event. Primero opens a sequence, and antes de empezar places something before the beginning.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-sequence-v1","es-past-sequence-v2","es-past-sequence-v3","es-past-sequence-v4","es-past-sequence-v5","es-past-sequence-v6","es-past-sequence-v7","es-past-sequence-v8","es-past-sequence-v9","es-past-sequence-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-sequence-6","hint":"Use the yo preterite of buscar. Keep the same consonant sound before é.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["busqué"],"sentence":"Ayer ___ mis llaves. (buscar, yo)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Ayer busqué mis llaves. Buscar changes c to qu before the -é ending so that the consonant keeps its sound; busqué also needs the accent.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-sequence-v1","es-past-sequence-v2","es-past-sequence-v3","es-past-sequence-v4","es-past-sequence-v5","es-past-sequence-v6","es-past-sequence-v7","es-past-sequence-v8","es-past-sequence-v9","es-past-sequence-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-sequence-7","type":"arrange","words":["habitación","reservé","y","un","Primero","una","luego","hotel","busqué"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “First I looked for a hotel and then I booked a room”","answers":["Primero busqué un hotel y luego reservé una habitación","Primero busqué un hotel y reservé una habitación luego"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Use primero, luego, después, al final to sequence completed events.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-sequence-v1","es-past-sequence-v2","es-past-sequence-v3","es-past-sequence-v4","es-past-sequence-v5","es-past-sequence-v6","es-past-sequence-v7","es-past-sequence-v8","es-past-sequence-v9","es-past-sequence-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-sequence-8","hint":"Connect the two completed events with porque. Watch the accents in the yo preterites.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—La clase empezó a las nueve. ¿Por qué llegaste tarde?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Explain the cause of your late arrival. Write a reply meaning: “I arrived late because I missed the bus”","answers":["Llegué tarde porque perdí el autobús","Llegué tarde porque perdí el bus"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Llegué gives the late arrival and perdí gives its cause. Porque introduces the explanation; por qué belongs to the question. Both yo preterites carry an accent.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-sequence-v1","es-past-sequence-v2","es-past-sequence-v3","es-past-sequence-v4","es-past-sequence-v5","es-past-sequence-v6","es-past-sequence-v7","es-past-sequence-v8","es-past-sequence-v9","es-past-sequence-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-sequence-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Primero busqué un hotel y luego reservé una habitación”","answers":["First I looked for a hotel and then I booked a room","First I looked for a hotel then I booked a room","First I looked for a hotel and then booked a room"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Use primero, luego, después, al final to sequence completed events.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-sequence-v1","es-past-sequence-v2","es-past-sequence-v3","es-past-sequence-v4","es-past-sequence-v5","es-past-sequence-v6","es-past-sequence-v7","es-past-sequence-v8","es-past-sequence-v9","es-past-sequence-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-sequence-10","hint":"Follow the sequence markers. Busqué needs its written accent and qu spelling.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Primero compré el billete y luego busqué el andén","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Primero compré el billete y luego busqué el andén"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Primero compré el billete y luego busqué el andén. Meaning: First I bought the ticket and then I looked for the platform.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-sequence-v1","es-past-sequence-v2","es-past-sequence-v3","es-past-sequence-v4","es-past-sequence-v5","es-past-sequence-v6","es-past-sequence-v7","es-past-sequence-v8","es-past-sequence-v9","es-past-sequence-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-sequence-conversation","type":"choice","answer":"¿Llegaste tarde porque perdiste el autobús?","prompt":"Which question checks the reason for the delay?","options":["¿Dónde compras los billetes normalmente?","¿Llegaste tarde porque perdiste el autobús?","¿Vas a perder el autobús mañana?"],"reading":{"text":"—Ayer llegué tarde. —¿Qué pasó? —Perdí el autobús y fui a pie.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Porque connects the missed bus to arriving late. Both llegaste and perdiste describe finished events yesterday.","vocabularyIds":["es-transport-v2","es-reflexive-routine-v8"]},{"id":"es-past-sequence-recall","hint":"Use hemos + participle. Hacer fotos takes the irregular participle hecho.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “This week we have taken lots of photos.” Use the present perfect, haber + participle.","answers":["Esta semana hemos hecho muchas fotos","Hemos hecho muchas fotos esta semana","Esta semana hemos tomado muchas fotos","Hemos tomado muchas fotos esta semana","Esta semana hemos sacado muchas fotos","Hemos sacado muchas fotos esta semana","Nosotros hemos hecho muchas fotos esta semana"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Esta semana hemos hecho muchas fotos uses haber + participle. Hecho stays unchanged after hemos despite the plural fotos. Tomar fotos and sacar fotos are also common ways to express taking photos.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-regular-v2","es-perfect-irregular-v1"]},{"id":"es-past-sequence-11","type":"choice","answer":"The train departed late","prompt":"Read for meaning. Why did the traveller arrive at eight instead of seven?","options":["The traveller went to the wrong platform","The train departed late","Buying the ticket took an extra hour"],"reading":{"text":"Primero llegué a la estación. Luego compré un billete y busqué el andén. El tren salió con retraso. Al final llegué a Madrid a las ocho, una hora más tarde de lo previsto.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"A las ocho, una hora más tarde de lo previsto implies an expected arrival at seven. El tren salió con retraso gives the cause. Buying a ticket and finding the platform are earlier steps, not stated causes of delay.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-sequence-v1","es-past-sequence-v2","es-past-sequence-v3","es-past-sequence-v4","es-past-sequence-v5","es-past-sequence-v6","es-past-sequence-v7","es-past-sequence-v8","es-past-sequence-v9","es-past-sequence-v10"]}],"description":"Give a one-minute account of a journey with four events in order, one problem, and the outcome."}],"cefrLevel":"A2","objective":"Use the preterite to describe completed actions and sequence a journey.","description":"A2 · Use the preterite to describe completed actions and sequence a journey."},{"id":"es-a2-imperfect","title":"How things used to be","lessons":[{"id":"es-imperfect-habits","notes":["Use the imperfect for past habits: hablaba, hablabas, hablaba, hablábamos, hablabais, hablaban.","For -er/-ir verbs use -ía: comía, vivía. Todos los días and de pequeño often introduce habits.","Worked example: De niño jugaba fuera y leía por la noche. = As a child I used to play outside and read at night. Jugaba and leía describe routines without counting completed occasions. Leía needs its accent to keep the vowels in separate syllables.","Small start: Describe two childhood routines for yourself or an invented person. Begin De pequeño/a… . Use an -aba verb and an -ía verb, then add one negative routine. Keep specific one-off events for the preterite."],"title":"When I was little","practice":"Describe your childhood routine in six sentences. Include school, food, games, and a repeated family activity.","exercises":[{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"infancia","translation":"childhood"},{"word":"de pequeño","translation":"as a child"},{"word":"antes","translation":"formerly"},{"word":"cada día","translation":"each day"},{"word":"colegio","translation":"school"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: when i was little (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"infancia: childhood; de pequeño: as a child; antes: formerly; cada día: each day; colegio: school","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-habits-v1","es-imperfect-habits-v2","es-imperfect-habits-v3","es-imperfect-habits-v4","es-imperfect-habits-v5"]},{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"patio","translation":"playground"},{"word":"dibujos animados","translation":"cartoons"},{"word":"juguete","translation":"toy"},{"word":"jugar","translation":"to play"},{"word":"merendar","translation":"to have an afternoon snack"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: when i was little (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"patio: playground; dibujos animados: cartoons; juguete: toy; jugar: to play; merendar: to have an afternoon snack","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-habits-v6","es-imperfect-habits-v7","es-imperfect-habits-v8","es-imperfect-habits-v9","es-imperfect-habits-v10"]},{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-3","back":"formerly","type":"flashcard","front":"antes","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["formerly","previously","before"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"antes means formerly.","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-habits-v3"]},{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-4","back":"toy","type":"flashcard","front":"juguete","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["toy"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"juguete means toy.","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-habits-v8"]},{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-5","type":"choice","answer":"Todos los días jugaba con mi hermano","prompt":"Which sentence describes a repeated childhood habit?","options":["Todos los días jugaba con mi hermano","Ayer jugué con mi hermano","Mañana jugaré con mi hermano"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Todos los días jugaba con mi hermano presents a repeated childhood habit in the imperfect. Ayer jugué singles out a completed occasion; jugaré is future.","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-habits-v1","es-imperfect-habits-v2","es-imperfect-habits-v3","es-imperfect-habits-v4","es-imperfect-habits-v5","es-imperfect-habits-v6","es-imperfect-habits-v7","es-imperfect-habits-v8","es-imperfect-habits-v9","es-imperfect-habits-v10"]},{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-6","hint":"De niño introduces a childhood habit. Use the imperfect yo form of leer.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["leía"],"sentence":"De niño ___ mucho. (leer, yo)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"De niño leía mucho. The imperfect of leer uses -ía; the accent separates the vowels. Leí would describe a completed reading event.","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-habits-v1","es-imperfect-habits-v2","es-imperfect-habits-v3","es-imperfect-habits-v4","es-imperfect-habits-v5","es-imperfect-habits-v6","es-imperfect-habits-v7","es-imperfect-habits-v8","es-imperfect-habits-v9","es-imperfect-habits-v10"]},{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-7","type":"arrange","words":["el","jugaba","De","parque","en","pequeña"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “As a child I used to play in the park”","answers":["De pequeña jugaba en el parque","Jugaba en el parque de pequeña"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Use the imperfect for past habits: hablaba, hablabas, hablaba, hablábamos, hablabais, hablaban.","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-habits-v1","es-imperfect-habits-v2","es-imperfect-habits-v3","es-imperfect-habits-v4","es-imperfect-habits-v5","es-imperfect-habits-v6","es-imperfect-habits-v7","es-imperfect-habits-v8","es-imperfect-habits-v9","es-imperfect-habits-v10"]},{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-8","hint":"Use the nosotros imperfect and contrast lejos with cerca.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Answer about where your family used to live. Write a reply meaning: “We used to live near the school”","answers":["Antes vivíamos cerca del colegio"],"reading":{"text":"—De pequeños, ¿vivíais lejos del colegio?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Antes vivíamos describes an earlier living situation, rather than one completed move. Cerca del colegio answers the location question and uses de + el = del.","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-habits-v1","es-imperfect-habits-v2","es-imperfect-habits-v3","es-imperfect-habits-v4","es-imperfect-habits-v5","es-imperfect-habits-v6","es-imperfect-habits-v7","es-imperfect-habits-v8","es-imperfect-habits-v9","es-imperfect-habits-v10"]},{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “De pequeña jugaba en el parque”","answers":["As a child I used to play in the park","When I was little I used to play in the park","As a child I played in the park","I used to play in the park when I was little"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Use the imperfect for past habits: hablaba, hablabas, hablaba, hablábamos, hablabais, hablaban.","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-habits-v1","es-imperfect-habits-v2","es-imperfect-habits-v3","es-imperfect-habits-v4","es-imperfect-habits-v5","es-imperfect-habits-v6","es-imperfect-habits-v7","es-imperfect-habits-v8","es-imperfect-habits-v9","es-imperfect-habits-v10"]},{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-10","hint":"Listen for the childhood setting and the accented imperfect ending.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"De niño leía en casa de mi abuela","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["De niño leía en casa de mi abuela"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: De niño leía en casa de mi abuela. Meaning: As a child I used to read at my grandmother's house.","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-habits-v1","es-imperfect-habits-v2","es-imperfect-habits-v3","es-imperfect-habits-v4","es-imperfect-habits-v5","es-imperfect-habits-v6","es-imperfect-habits-v7","es-imperfect-habits-v8","es-imperfect-habits-v9","es-imperfect-habits-v10"]},{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"De niño vivía en un pueblo pequeño. Todos los días iba al colegio a pie y jugaba en el patio. Por las tardes merendaba con mi abuelo y escuchaba sus historias.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Having a snack and listening to the grandfather’s stories","prompt":"Listen for meaning. Which activity belonged to the narrator’s regular afternoons?","options":["Having a snack and listening to the grandfather’s stories","Walking to school and playing in the schoolyard","Having a snack and telling stories to the grandfather"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Por las tardes merendaba con mi abuelo y escuchaba sus historias describes the afternoon habit. School and the playground belong to the daily school routine; the grandfather tells the stories, not the child.","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-habits-v1","es-imperfect-habits-v2","es-imperfect-habits-v3","es-imperfect-habits-v4","es-imperfect-habits-v5","es-imperfect-habits-v6","es-imperfect-habits-v7","es-imperfect-habits-v8","es-imperfect-habits-v9","es-imperfect-habits-v10"]}],"description":"Describe your childhood routine in six sentences. Include school, food, games, and a repeated family activity."},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular","notes":["The three irregular imperfect verbs are ser → era, ir → iba, ver → veía.","Use era for past characteristics and estaba for past states or locations: era tímida; estaba nerviosa.","Worked example: Antes íbamos al río; era tranquilo y veíamos peces. = We used to go to the river; it was peaceful and we saw fish. Ir, ser, and ver have the imperfect forms íbamos, era, and veíamos rather than regular invented forms.","Small start: Describe an imaginary old school or neighbourhood. Start Era… and add Íbamos…; Veíamos… . Focus on these three irregular verbs first. Add one comparison with the present only after the description feels comfortable."],"title":"Was, went, saw","practice":"Describe your old school or home. Explain what it was like, where it was, and how you travelled there.","exercises":[{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"era","translation":"I was or he/she was"},{"word":"iba","translation":"I used to go"},{"word":"veía","translation":"I used to see"},{"word":"pueblo","translation":"village"},{"word":"campo","translation":"countryside"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: was, went, saw (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"era: I was or he/she was; iba: I used to go; veía: I used to see; pueblo: village; campo: countryside","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-irregular-v1","es-imperfect-irregular-v2","es-imperfect-irregular-v3","es-imperfect-irregular-v4","es-imperfect-irregular-v5"]},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"vecino","translation":"neighbour"},{"word":"tímido","translation":"shy"},{"word":"divertido","translation":"fun"},{"word":"ruidoso","translation":"noisy"},{"word":"antiguo","translation":"old or former"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: was, went, saw (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"vecino: neighbour; tímido: shy; divertido: fun; ruidoso: noisy; antiguo: old or former","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-irregular-v6","es-imperfect-irregular-v7","es-imperfect-irregular-v8","es-imperfect-irregular-v9","es-imperfect-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-3","back":"village","type":"flashcard","front":"pueblo","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["village"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"pueblo means village.","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-irregular-v4"]},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-4","back":"noisy","type":"flashcard","front":"ruidoso","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["noisy"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"ruidoso means noisy.","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-irregular-v9"]},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-5","type":"choice","answer":"Íbamos","prompt":"Choose the correct imperfect form of ir for nosotros.","options":["Fuimos","Iremos","Íbamos"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Íbamos is the nosotros imperfect of ir for a habitual or background past journey. Fuimos is preterite; iremos is future.","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-irregular-v1","es-imperfect-irregular-v2","es-imperfect-irregular-v3","es-imperfect-irregular-v4","es-imperfect-irregular-v5","es-imperfect-irregular-v6","es-imperfect-irregular-v7","es-imperfect-irregular-v8","es-imperfect-irregular-v9","es-imperfect-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-6","hint":"Ver is irregular in the imperfect. The subject is yo, introduced by de niña.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["veía"],"sentence":"De niña ___ la televisión con mi abuela. (ver, yo)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"De niña veía la televisión con mi abuela. Veía is the imperfect of ver and keeps e before the -ía ending; vio would be a completed event.","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-irregular-v1","es-imperfect-irregular-v2","es-imperfect-irregular-v3","es-imperfect-irregular-v4","es-imperfect-irregular-v5","es-imperfect-irregular-v6","es-imperfect-irregular-v7","es-imperfect-irregular-v8","es-imperfect-irregular-v9","es-imperfect-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-7","type":"arrange","words":["era","Mi","pequeño","colegio"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “My school was small”","answers":["Mi colegio era pequeño"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The three irregular imperfect verbs are ser → era, ir → iba, ver → veía.","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-irregular-v1","es-imperfect-irregular-v2","es-imperfect-irregular-v3","es-imperfect-irregular-v4","es-imperfect-irregular-v5","es-imperfect-irregular-v6","es-imperfect-irregular-v7","es-imperfect-irregular-v8","es-imperfect-irregular-v9","es-imperfect-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-8","hint":"Ir has an irregular imperfect. Use the nosotros form and keep its written accent.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Adónde ibais de vacaciones cuando erais pequeños?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Answer about your family's regular summer holidays. Write a reply meaning: “We used to go to the beach every summer”","answers":["Íbamos a la playa cada verano"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Íbamos describes repeated trips. Cada verano makes the repeated period explicit; fuimos would instead present a completed trip or bounded series from another viewpoint.","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-irregular-v1","es-imperfect-irregular-v2","es-imperfect-irregular-v3","es-imperfect-irregular-v4","es-imperfect-irregular-v5","es-imperfect-irregular-v6","es-imperfect-irregular-v7","es-imperfect-irregular-v8","es-imperfect-irregular-v9","es-imperfect-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Mi colegio era pequeño”","answers":["My school was small"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The three irregular imperfect verbs are ser → era, ir → iba, ver → veía.","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-irregular-v1","es-imperfect-irregular-v2","es-imperfect-irregular-v3","es-imperfect-irregular-v4","es-imperfect-irregular-v5","es-imperfect-irregular-v6","es-imperfect-irregular-v7","es-imperfect-irregular-v8","es-imperfect-irregular-v9","es-imperfect-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-10","hint":"Listen for the recurring day and the accented nosotros form of ir.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Los domingos íbamos al pueblo en bicicleta","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Los domingos íbamos al pueblo en bicicleta"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Los domingos íbamos al pueblo en bicicleta. Meaning: On Sundays we used to go to the village by bicycle.","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-irregular-v1","es-imperfect-irregular-v2","es-imperfect-irregular-v3","es-imperfect-irregular-v4","es-imperfect-irregular-v5","es-imperfect-irregular-v6","es-imperfect-irregular-v7","es-imperfect-irregular-v8","es-imperfect-irregular-v9","es-imperfect-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-11","type":"choice","answer":"Small with a garden","prompt":"Read for meaning. What was the old house like?","options":["Large without a garden","In the middle of a city","Small with a garden"],"reading":{"text":"Mi antigua casa era pequeña, pero tenía un jardín. Estaba cerca del campo. Los fines de semana íbamos en bicicleta al pueblo y veíamos a nuestros amigos.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Mi antigua casa era pequeña, pero tenía un jardín gives both details: the house was small and had a garden. The countryside location is separate.","vocabularyIds":["es-imperfect-irregular-v1","es-imperfect-irregular-v2","es-imperfect-irregular-v3","es-imperfect-irregular-v4","es-imperfect-irregular-v5","es-imperfect-irregular-v6","es-imperfect-irregular-v7","es-imperfect-irregular-v8","es-imperfect-irregular-v9","es-imperfect-irregular-v10"]}],"description":"Describe your old school or home. Explain what it was like, where it was, and how you travelled there."},{"id":"es-past-background","notes":["The imperfect describes ongoing background: hacía frío, llovía, eran las ocho.","Estaba + gerund describes an action in progress: estaba leyendo. Use -ando for -ar and -iendo for most -er/-ir verbs.","Worked example: Hacía frío y las calles estaban vacías. Yo estaba esperando el autobús. = It was cold and the streets were empty. I was waiting for the bus. The imperfect sets the scene; estaba + gerund highlights an action in progress.","Small start: Set a scene in three details: the time or weather, a place, and what someone was doing. Begin Eran las… or Hacía… . Stop before adding the main event; this first step is just the background.","Short practice model: Eran las ocho y hacía frío. Estábamos en una estación pequeña. Mi hermana leía una revista y yo estaba buscando los billetes. Había pocas personas. Un hombre esperaba junto a la puerta y dos niños hablaban con su madre. Todo parecía tranquilo.","Meaning of the model: It was eight and it was cold. We were in a small station. My sister was reading a magazine and I was looking for the tickets. There were few people. A man was waiting by the door and two children were talking to their mother. Everything seemed quiet.","Check your version: Give the time, weather, place and people before adding the main event. Have you used at least four imperfect forms for the scene? Check that estaba + gerund describes an activity in progress. Now invent an event that could interrupt this scene."],"title":"Set the scene","practice":"Set the scene for a story: time, weather, location, people, and what they were doing. Use at least four imperfect verbs.","exercises":[{"id":"es-past-background-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"llovía","translation":"it was raining"},{"word":"hacía frío","translation":"it was cold"},{"word":"estaba leyendo","translation":"I was reading"},{"word":"mientras","translation":"while"},{"word":"oscuro","translation":"dark"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: set the scene (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"llovía: it was raining; hacía frío: it was cold; estaba leyendo: I was reading; mientras: while; oscuro: dark","vocabularyIds":["es-past-background-v1","es-past-background-v2","es-past-background-v3","es-past-background-v4","es-past-background-v5"]},{"id":"es-past-background-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"callejón","translation":"alley"},{"word":"ruido","translation":"noise"},{"word":"luz","translation":"light"},{"word":"silencio","translation":"silence"},{"word":"esperar","translation":"to wait"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: set the scene (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"callejón: alley; ruido: noise; luz: light; silencio: silence; esperar: to wait","vocabularyIds":["es-past-background-v6","es-past-background-v7","es-past-background-v8","es-past-background-v9","es-past-background-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-background-3","back":"dark","type":"flashcard","front":"oscuro","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["dark"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"oscuro means dark.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-background-v5"]},{"id":"es-past-background-4","back":"to wait","type":"flashcard","front":"esperar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to wait","wait"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"esperar means to wait.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-background-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-background-5","type":"choice","answer":"Hacía frío y la calle estaba vacía","prompt":"Set the ongoing scene before a sudden event: it was cold and the street was empty. Which sentence fits?","options":["De pronto sonó el teléfono","Hacía frío y la calle estaba vacía","Hizo frío y la calle se vació"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Hacía and estaba present the weather and empty street as ongoing background. Se vació presents a change, the street becoming empty, and sonó introduces a particular event. These are different viewpoints, not rules that every past description must use one tense.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-background-v1","es-past-background-v2","es-past-background-v3","es-past-background-v4","es-past-background-v5","es-past-background-v6","es-past-background-v7","es-past-background-v8","es-past-background-v9","es-past-background-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-background-6","hint":"An action was in progress. Choose the imperfect form of estar for mi hermana.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["estaba"],"sentence":"Mientras yo estudiaba, mi hermana ___ durmiendo.","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Mi hermana estaba durmiendo presents the sleeping as ongoing background. Estaba goes before the gerund durmiendo; es would not form this past continuous expression.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-background-v1","es-past-background-v2","es-past-background-v3","es-past-background-v4","es-past-background-v5","es-past-background-v6","es-past-background-v7","es-past-background-v8","es-past-background-v9","es-past-background-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-background-7","type":"arrange","words":["llovía","ocho","Eran","y","las"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “It was eight o'clock and it was raining”","answers":["Eran las ocho y llovía"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The imperfect describes ongoing background: hacía frío, llovía, eran las ocho.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-background-v1","es-past-background-v2","es-past-background-v3","es-past-background-v4","es-past-background-v5","es-past-background-v6","es-past-background-v7","es-past-background-v8","es-past-background-v9","es-past-background-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-background-8","hint":"Use estar in the imperfect plus the gerund of leer, then give the room.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Describe what you were doing at that moment. Write a reply meaning: “I was reading in the living room”","answers":["Estaba leyendo en el salón","Yo estaba leyendo en el salón"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Qué hacías cuando sonó el teléfono?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Estaba leyendo is the activity in progress when the phone rang. Leyendo is the gerund of leer; en el salón supplies the setting without moving the story to a new event.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-background-v1","es-past-background-v2","es-past-background-v3","es-past-background-v4","es-past-background-v5","es-past-background-v6","es-past-background-v7","es-past-background-v8","es-past-background-v9","es-past-background-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-background-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Eran las ocho y llovía”","answers":["It was eight o'clock and it was raining","It was eight and it was raining","It was 8 o’clock and it was raining"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The imperfect describes ongoing background: hacía frío, llovía, eran las ocho.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-background-v1","es-past-background-v2","es-past-background-v3","es-past-background-v4","es-past-background-v5","es-past-background-v6","es-past-background-v7","es-past-background-v8","es-past-background-v9","es-past-background-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-background-10","hint":"Listen for two nosotros imperfect endings. Both written forms carry an accent.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Mientras esperábamos, hablábamos del tiempo","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Mientras esperábamos, hablábamos del tiempo"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Mientras esperábamos, hablábamos del tiempo. Meaning: While we were waiting, we were talking about the weather.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-background-v1","es-past-background-v2","es-past-background-v3","es-past-background-v4","es-past-background-v5","es-past-background-v6","es-past-background-v7","es-past-background-v8","es-past-background-v9","es-past-background-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-background-conversation","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"—¿Cómo era tu barrio de pequeño? —Era tranquilo y había un parque cerca de casa.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"¿Ibas al parque todos los días?","prompt":"Listen to the conversation. Which question continues the conversation about childhood habits?","options":["¿A qué hora llegaste ayer?","¿Ibas al parque todos los días?","¿Has reservado un hotel para mañana?"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Ibas and todos los días ask about a repeated childhood activity. Ayer would introduce a particular finished event.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-introduction-v7","es-a1-day-out-v3"]},{"id":"es-past-background-recall","hint":"Ayer sets a finished past event. Use the yo preterite of comprar and keep its accent.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “Yesterday I bought a book for my sister.”","answers":["Ayer compré un libro para mi hermana","Compré un libro para mi hermana ayer","Yo compré un libro para mi hermana ayer","Ayer yo compré un libro para mi hermana"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Ayer compré un libro para mi hermana describes a completed purchase. Compré is past; compro is present. Para mi hermana identifies who the book is for.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-regular-v1","es-preterite-regular-v5","libro","es-family-v3"]},{"id":"es-past-background-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Eran las nueve y hacía frío. Estaba esperando el autobús con dos vecinos. Las tiendas estaban cerradas y casi no había coches. Mientras esperábamos, hablábamos del tiempo.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Waiting for a bus and talking","prompt":"Listen for meaning. What were the neighbours doing?","options":["Driving through heavy traffic","Waiting for a bus and talking","Shopping in open shops"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Estaba esperando el autobús con dos vecinos and mientras esperábamos, hablábamos del tiempo show waiting and talking together. The shops were closed.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-background-v1","es-past-background-v2","es-past-background-v3","es-past-background-v4","es-past-background-v5","es-past-background-v6","es-past-background-v7","es-past-background-v8","es-past-background-v9","es-past-background-v10"]}],"description":"Set the scene for a story: time, weather, location, people, and what they were doing. Use at least four imperfect verbs."}],"cefrLevel":"A2","objective":"Describe childhood, repeated past habits, and the background to events.","description":"A2 · Describe childhood, repeated past habits, and the background to events."},{"id":"es-a2-past-stories","title":"Stories with two past tenses","lessons":[{"id":"es-past-interruption","notes":["Use the imperfect for an action in progress and the preterite for an interrupting event: Dormía cuando sonó el teléfono.","Mientras often introduces background; cuando can introduce the event that happened during it.","Worked example: Estudiaba cuando se apagó la luz. = I was studying when the light went out. Estudiaba presents the ongoing background; se apagó introduces the bounded event that interrupts it. The distinction comes from how the events are presented.","Small start: Choose one ongoing activity and one interruption. Start Estaba cocinando cuando… . Retell it beginning Cuando… instead. Keep the tense of each event rather than changing it just because the clause moves."],"title":"What happened next?","practice":"Tell a story about an interruption using estaba..., cuando..., and al final. Include how you felt.","exercises":[{"id":"es-past-interruption-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"sonar","translation":"to ring"},{"word":"llamar","translation":"to call"},{"word":"caerse","translation":"to fall"},{"word":"romperse","translation":"to break"},{"word":"ocurrir","translation":"to happen"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what happened next? (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"sonar: to ring; llamar: to call; caerse: to fall; romperse: to break; ocurrir: to happen","vocabularyIds":["es-past-interruption-v1","es-past-interruption-v2","es-past-interruption-v3","es-past-interruption-v4","es-past-interruption-v5"]},{"id":"es-past-interruption-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"interrumpir","translation":"to interrupt"},{"word":"entonces","translation":"then"},{"word":"golpe","translation":"knock or blow"},{"word":"sorpresa","translation":"surprise"},{"word":"asustado","translation":"frightened"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what happened next? (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"interrumpir: to interrupt; entonces: then; golpe: knock or blow; sorpresa: surprise; asustado: frightened","vocabularyIds":["es-past-interruption-v6","es-past-interruption-v7","es-past-interruption-v8","es-past-interruption-v9","es-past-interruption-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-interruption-3","back":"to ring","type":"flashcard","front":"sonar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to ring","ring"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"sonar means to ring.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-interruption-v1"]},{"id":"es-past-interruption-4","back":"to interrupt","type":"flashcard","front":"interrumpir","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to interrupt","interrupt"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"interrumpir means to interrupt.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-interruption-v6"]},{"id":"es-past-interruption-5","type":"choice","answer":"Paseaba cuando empezó a llover","prompt":"Rain began while you were already out for a walk. Which sentence gives that background and new event?","options":["Paseaba cuando empezó a llover","Empezó a llover y después salí a pasear","Paseaba por allí todos los días cuando era niño"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Paseaba is the walk already in progress; empezó introduces the beginning of the rain. Después salí puts the walk after the rain began, while todos los días describes a repeated childhood habit.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-interruption-v1","es-past-interruption-v2","es-past-interruption-v3","es-past-interruption-v4","es-past-interruption-v5","es-past-interruption-v6","es-past-interruption-v7","es-past-interruption-v8","es-past-interruption-v9","es-past-interruption-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-interruption-6","hint":"Reading was already in progress. Ana's arrival is the completed event.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["llegó"],"sentence":"Estaba leyendo cuando ___ Ana. (llegar)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Estaba leyendo cuando llegó Ana combines an ongoing background with a specific arrival. Llegó is the third-person preterite; the accent distinguishes it from llego.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-interruption-v1","es-past-interruption-v2","es-past-interruption-v3","es-past-interruption-v4","es-past-interruption-v5","es-past-interruption-v6","es-past-interruption-v7","es-past-interruption-v8","es-past-interruption-v9","es-past-interruption-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-interruption-7","type":"arrange","words":["teléfono","sonó","Dormía","el","cuando"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I was sleeping when the phone rang”","answers":["Dormía cuando sonó el teléfono","Cuando sonó el teléfono dormía"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Use the imperfect for an action in progress and the preterite for an interrupting event: Dormía cuando sonó el teléfono.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-interruption-v1","es-past-interruption-v2","es-past-interruption-v3","es-past-interruption-v4","es-past-interruption-v5","es-past-interruption-v6","es-past-interruption-v7","es-past-interruption-v8","es-past-interruption-v9","es-past-interruption-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-interruption-8","hint":"Use an imperfect for the background activity and a preterite for the arrival.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Qué pasó mientras preparabas la cena?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Describe the interruption to your cooking. Write a reply meaning: “While I was cooking, my brother arrived”","answers":["Mientras cocinaba, llegó mi hermano","Mi hermano llegó mientras cocinaba","Mientras estaba cocinando, llegó mi hermano"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Mientras cocinaba gives the ongoing background. Llegó mi hermano is the completed arrival within it. Reversing the clause order can preserve the same sequence.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-interruption-v1","es-past-interruption-v2","es-past-interruption-v3","es-past-interruption-v4","es-past-interruption-v5","es-past-interruption-v6","es-past-interruption-v7","es-past-interruption-v8","es-past-interruption-v9","es-past-interruption-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-interruption-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Dormía cuando sonó el teléfono”","answers":["I was sleeping when the phone rang","I was asleep when the phone rang"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Use the imperfect for an action in progress and the preterite for an interrupting event: Dormía cuando sonó el teléfono.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-interruption-v1","es-past-interruption-v2","es-past-interruption-v3","es-past-interruption-v4","es-past-interruption-v5","es-past-interruption-v6","es-past-interruption-v7","es-past-interruption-v8","es-past-interruption-v9","es-past-interruption-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-interruption-10","hint":"Distinguish the ongoing activity from the event introduced by cuando.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Estaba estudiando cuando llegó mi hermana","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Estaba estudiando cuando llegó mi hermana"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Estaba estudiando cuando llegó mi hermana. Meaning: I was studying when my sister arrived.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-interruption-v1","es-past-interruption-v2","es-past-interruption-v3","es-past-interruption-v4","es-past-interruption-v5","es-past-interruption-v6","es-past-interruption-v7","es-past-interruption-v8","es-past-interruption-v9","es-past-interruption-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-interruption-11","type":"choice","answer":"The phone rang, the narrator turned off the stove, then went to help","prompt":"Read for meaning. Which sequence matches the interruption?","options":["The phone rang, the narrator turned off the stove, then went to help","The narrator turned off the stove, went to help, then the phone rang","The phone rang, the narrator finished cooking, then went to help"],"reading":{"text":"Ayer estaba cocinando cuando sonó el teléfono. Era mi vecino: había un problema en su casa. Apagué el fuego y fui a ayudarlo. Al final no pasó nada grave.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Estaba cocinando is the activity in progress when sonó el teléfono interrupts it. Apagué el fuego y fui a ayudarlo then gives the order: turn off the stove and go to help, without first finishing the meal.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-interruption-v1","es-past-interruption-v2","es-past-interruption-v3","es-past-interruption-v4","es-past-interruption-v5","es-past-interruption-v6","es-past-interruption-v7","es-past-interruption-v8","es-past-interruption-v9","es-past-interruption-v10"]}],"description":"Tell a story about an interruption using estaba..., cuando..., and al final. Include how you felt."},{"id":"es-past-changes","notes":["Compare habitual past and present with antes... pero ahora...","For a specific completed change use the preterite: el año pasado me mudé. For the earlier situation use vivía.","Worked example: Antes trabajaba lejos. En junio cambié de empleo y ahora trabajo cerca. = I used to work far away. In June I changed jobs and now work nearby. The imperfect describes the old situation; cambié marks the change; trabajo gives the present.","Small start: Choose one harmless or invented change: a home, hobby, or routine. Build three lines with Antes…; Un día…; Ahora… . Use the middle line to explain what happened, rather than simply listing two different situations."],"title":"Before and after","practice":"Describe three ways your life has changed. Give the earlier situation, when it changed, and the situation now.","exercises":[{"id":"es-past-changes-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"mudarse","translation":"to move house"},{"word":"cambiar","translation":"to change"},{"word":"empezar de nuevo","translation":"to start again"},{"word":"dejar","translation":"to stop or leave"},{"word":"seguir","translation":"to continue"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: before and after (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"mudarse: to move house; cambiar: to change; empezar de nuevo: to start again; dejar: to stop or leave; seguir: to continue","vocabularyIds":["es-past-changes-v1","es-past-changes-v2","es-past-changes-v3","es-past-changes-v4","es-past-changes-v5"]},{"id":"es-past-changes-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"ahora","translation":"now"},{"word":"entrenar","translation":"to train"},{"word":"costumbre","translation":"habit"},{"word":"cambio","translation":"change"},{"word":"etapa","translation":"stage of life"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: before and after (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"ahora: now; entrenar: to train; costumbre: habit; cambio: change; etapa: stage of life","vocabularyIds":["es-past-changes-v6","es-past-changes-v7","es-past-changes-v8","es-past-changes-v9","es-past-changes-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-changes-3","back":"to change","type":"flashcard","front":"cambiar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to change","change"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"cambiar means to change.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-changes-v2"]},{"id":"es-past-changes-4","back":"to train","type":"flashcard","front":"entrenar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to train","train"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"entrenar means to train.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-changes-v7"]},{"id":"es-past-changes-5","type":"choice","answer":"En mayo me mudé a Valencia","prompt":"Which phrase introduces a completed move?","options":["Siempre me mudaba a Valencia","Antes vivía en Valencia","En mayo me mudé a Valencia"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"En mayo me mudé a Valencia states a move in a bounded past period. Vivía describes an earlier situation; siempre me mudaba would present repeated moves.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-changes-v1","es-past-changes-v2","es-past-changes-v3","es-past-changes-v4","es-past-changes-v5","es-past-changes-v6","es-past-changes-v7","es-past-changes-v8","es-past-changes-v9","es-past-changes-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-changes-6","hint":"Antes describes the earlier habit. Use the yo imperfect of beber.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["bebía"],"sentence":"Antes no ___ café, pero ahora sí. (beber, yo)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Antes no bebía café, pero ahora sí contrasts an old habit with the present. Bebía needs the accent in -ía; bebí would refer to a completed drinking event.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-changes-v1","es-past-changes-v2","es-past-changes-v3","es-past-changes-v4","es-past-changes-v5","es-past-changes-v6","es-past-changes-v7","es-past-changes-v8","es-past-changes-v9","es-past-changes-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-changes-7","type":"arrange","words":["ciudad","en","ahora","campo","en","Antes","la","vivo","pero","el","vivía"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I used to live in the countryside, but now I live in the city”","answers":["Antes vivía en el campo, pero ahora vivo en la ciudad","Antes vivía en el campo pero vivo en la ciudad ahora"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Compare habitual past and present with antes... pero ahora...","vocabularyIds":["es-past-changes-v1","es-past-changes-v2","es-past-changes-v3","es-past-changes-v4","es-past-changes-v5","es-past-changes-v6","es-past-changes-v7","es-past-changes-v8","es-past-changes-v9","es-past-changes-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-changes-8","hint":"Use the yo preterite of mudarse and include the finished year reference.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Explain your move to Seville. Write a reply meaning: “Last year I moved to Seville”","answers":["El año pasado me mudé a Sevilla","Me mudé a Sevilla el año pasado"],"reading":{"text":"—Antes vivías en Madrid. ¿Cuándo cambiaste de ciudad?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Me mudé describes the completed move, with me belonging to mudarse. El año pasado can come before or after the event; Sevilla is the destination after a.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-changes-v1","es-past-changes-v2","es-past-changes-v3","es-past-changes-v4","es-past-changes-v5","es-past-changes-v6","es-past-changes-v7","es-past-changes-v8","es-past-changes-v9","es-past-changes-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-changes-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Antes vivía en el campo, pero ahora vivo en la ciudad”","answers":["I used to live in the countryside, but now I live in the city","I used to live in the country but now I live in the city"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Compare habitual past and present with antes... pero ahora...","vocabularyIds":["es-past-changes-v1","es-past-changes-v2","es-past-changes-v3","es-past-changes-v4","es-past-changes-v5","es-past-changes-v6","es-past-changes-v7","es-past-changes-v8","es-past-changes-v9","es-past-changes-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-changes-10","hint":"Listen for the contrast between antes and ahora, and the change in verb tense.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Antes trabajaba lejos, pero ahora trabajo en casa","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Antes trabajaba lejos, pero ahora trabajo en casa"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Antes trabajaba lejos, pero ahora trabajo en casa. Meaning: I used to work far away, but now I work at home.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-changes-v1","es-past-changes-v2","es-past-changes-v3","es-past-changes-v4","es-past-changes-v5","es-past-changes-v6","es-past-changes-v7","es-past-changes-v8","es-past-changes-v9","es-past-changes-v10"]},{"id":"es-past-changes-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Antes trabajaba en una oficina lejos de casa. El año pasado cambié de trabajo. Ahora trabajo desde casa y tengo más tiempo para mi familia. Sin embargo, echo de menos a mis antiguos compañeros.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Former colleagues","prompt":"Listen for meaning. What does the narrator miss?","options":["The long journey to work","Working from home","Former colleagues"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Echo de menos a mis antiguos compañeros means the narrator misses former colleagues. Working from home is the new arrangement, not what is missed.","vocabularyIds":["es-past-changes-v1","es-past-changes-v2","es-past-changes-v3","es-past-changes-v4","es-past-changes-v5","es-past-changes-v6","es-past-changes-v7","es-past-changes-v8","es-past-changes-v9","es-past-changes-v10"]}],"description":"Describe three ways your life has changed. Give the earlier situation, when it changed, and the situation now."},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite","notes":["A finished time such as ayer or en 2020 normally takes the preterite. Experiences without a finished date can use the present perfect.","Usage varies: Latin American Spanish often uses the preterite where Spain uses the present perfect. Learn both and keep time expressions consistent.","Worked example: He visitado Quito dos veces; la última vez fui en 2022. = I have visited Quito twice; the last time I went was in 2022. The first clause reports experience without a finished date; the second places a visit in a finished year.","Small start: Give one experience with He… and a dated follow-up with Fui… or Visité… . Use an imagined trip if useful. Notice the time frame; regional usage also varies, especially when the period includes today.","Short practice model: He estado en Portugal dos veces. La primera vez fui en 2022 con mi hermana. Visitamos Lisboa, probamos comida portuguesa y paseamos por el centro. El segundo viaje fue más corto. Me gustó mucho la ciudad y quiero volver. No he visitado todavía el norte del país.","Meaning of the model: I have been to Portugal twice. The first time I went in 2022 with my sister. We visited Lisbon, tried Portuguese food and walked around the centre. The second trip was shorter. I really liked the city and want to return. I have not visited the north of the country yet.","Check your version: Start with an experience, then add a finished date and details. Does each time expression fit your chosen viewpoint? Notice he estado beside fui en 2022. Regional usage differs; focus on making the experience and its dated details clear, using an invented trip if you prefer."],"title":"Choose the time frame","practice":"Report one experience, then give its date and details. Compare He estado en... with Fui a... el año pasado.","exercises":[{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"el mes pasado","translation":"last month"},{"word":"este mes","translation":"this month"},{"word":"en 2020","translation":"in 2020"},{"word":"últimamente","translation":"lately"},{"word":"recientemente","translation":"recently"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: choose the time frame (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"el mes pasado: last month; este mes: this month; en 2020: in 2020; últimamente: lately; recientemente: recently","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-or-preterite-v1","es-perfect-or-preterite-v2","es-perfect-or-preterite-v3","es-perfect-or-preterite-v4","es-perfect-or-preterite-v5"]},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"fecha","translation":"date"},{"word":"recuerdo","translation":"memory"},{"word":"historia","translation":"story"},{"word":"vez","translation":"time or occasion"},{"word":"todavía","translation":"still or yet"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: choose the time frame (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"fecha: date; recuerdo: memory; historia: story; vez: time or occasion; todavía: still or yet","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-or-preterite-v6","es-perfect-or-preterite-v7","es-perfect-or-preterite-v8","es-perfect-or-preterite-v9","es-perfect-or-preterite-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-3","back":"in 2020","type":"flashcard","front":"en 2020","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["in 2020"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"en 2020 means in 2020.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-or-preterite-v3"]},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-4","back":"story","type":"flashcard","front":"historia","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["story"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"historia means story.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-or-preterite-v8"]},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-5","type":"choice","answer":"Visité Lima en 2020","prompt":"Which sentence clearly refers to a finished date?","options":["Estoy visitando Lima","Visité Lima en 2020","He visitado Lima alguna vez"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Visité Lima en 2020 names a finished date. Alguna vez leaves the date unspecified, while estoy visitando describes an activity in progress.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-or-preterite-v1","es-perfect-or-preterite-v2","es-perfect-or-preterite-v3","es-perfect-or-preterite-v4","es-perfect-or-preterite-v5","es-perfect-or-preterite-v6","es-perfect-or-preterite-v7","es-perfect-or-preterite-v8","es-perfect-or-preterite-v9","es-perfect-or-preterite-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-6","hint":"The year 2020 is a finished time period. Use the yo preterite of viajar.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["viajé"],"sentence":"En 2020 ___ a Perú. (viajar, yo)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"En 2020 viajé a Perú uses the preterite for that finished date. The accent in viajé marks the past yo form; viajo is present.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-or-preterite-v1","es-perfect-or-preterite-v2","es-perfect-or-preterite-v3","es-perfect-or-preterite-v4","es-perfect-or-preterite-v5","es-perfect-or-preterite-v6","es-perfect-or-preterite-v7","es-perfect-or-preterite-v8","es-perfect-or-preterite-v9","es-perfect-or-preterite-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-7","type":"arrange","words":["al","Ayer","médico","fui"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “Yesterday I went to the doctor”","answers":["Ayer fui al médico","Fui al médico ayer"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"A finished time such as ayer or en 2020 normally takes the preterite. Experiences without a finished date can use the present perfect.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-or-preterite-v1","es-perfect-or-preterite-v2","es-perfect-or-preterite-v3","es-perfect-or-preterite-v4","es-perfect-or-preterite-v5","es-perfect-or-preterite-v6","es-perfect-or-preterite-v7","es-perfect-or-preterite-v8","es-perfect-or-preterite-v9","es-perfect-or-preterite-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-8","hint":"Use a present-perfect experience and a phrase meaning twice.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Conoces Perú?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Answer with the number of visits, without naming a finished date. Write a reply meaning: “I have been to Peru twice”","answers":["He estado en Perú dos veces","He visitado Perú dos veces","He ido a Perú dos veces"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"He estado en Perú dos veces reports experience up to now. It answers the question without placing either visit in a specific finished year.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-or-preterite-v1","es-perfect-or-preterite-v2","es-perfect-or-preterite-v3","es-perfect-or-preterite-v4","es-perfect-or-preterite-v5","es-perfect-or-preterite-v6","es-perfect-or-preterite-v7","es-perfect-or-preterite-v8","es-perfect-or-preterite-v9","es-perfect-or-preterite-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Ayer fui al médico”","answers":["Yesterday I went to the doctor","I went to the doctor yesterday"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"A finished time such as ayer or en 2020 normally takes the preterite. Experiences without a finished date can use the present perfect.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-or-preterite-v1","es-perfect-or-preterite-v2","es-perfect-or-preterite-v3","es-perfect-or-preterite-v4","es-perfect-or-preterite-v5","es-perfect-or-preterite-v6","es-perfect-or-preterite-v7","es-perfect-or-preterite-v8","es-perfect-or-preterite-v9","es-perfect-or-preterite-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-10","hint":"Listen for the finished year and the first-person past ending.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Visité Lima con mi familia en 2020","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Visité Lima con mi familia en 2020"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Visité Lima con mi familia en 2020. Meaning: I visited Lima with my family in 2020.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-or-preterite-v1","es-perfect-or-preterite-v2","es-perfect-or-preterite-v3","es-perfect-or-preterite-v4","es-perfect-or-preterite-v5","es-perfect-or-preterite-v6","es-perfect-or-preterite-v7","es-perfect-or-preterite-v8","es-perfect-or-preterite-v9","es-perfect-or-preterite-v10"]},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-conversation","type":"choice","answer":"Fui en 2020.","prompt":"Which answer supplies the requested finished date?","options":["Voy a ir el año que viene.","Fui en 2020.","Nunca he estado allí."],"reading":{"text":"—¿Has estado en Perú? —Sí, dos veces. —¿Cuándo fue la primera vez?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The follow-up asks when the first visit happened. En 2020 gives a finished date; fui puts the event in that past period.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-or-preterite-v9"]},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-recall","hint":"Use iba for the repeated childhood journey, not fue for a single completed trip.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “As a child, my sister used to go to school on foot.” Use ir in the imperfect.","answers":["De niña mi hermana iba al colegio a pie","Mi hermana iba al colegio a pie de niña","De pequeña mi hermana iba al colegio a pie","Mi hermana de niña iba al colegio a pie"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"De niña mi hermana iba al colegio a pie recalls a routine with the imperfect iba. A pie means on foot; al combines a + el before colegio.","vocabularyIds":["es-family-v3","es-irregular-present-v1","es-imperfect-habits-v5","es-transport-v9"]},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-11","type":"choice","answer":"In 2020","prompt":"Read for meaning. When did the first trip happen?","options":["Yesterday","In 2020","This month"],"reading":{"text":"He estado en Perú dos veces. La primera vez fui en 2020 con mi familia. Visitamos Lima y luego viajamos a Cusco. Este mes he hablado con unos amigos peruanos y quiero volver.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"La primera vez fui en 2020 explicitly dates the first visit. Este mes describes a recent conversation with friends, not that first trip.","vocabularyIds":["es-perfect-or-preterite-v1","es-perfect-or-preterite-v2","es-perfect-or-preterite-v3","es-perfect-or-preterite-v4","es-perfect-or-preterite-v5","es-perfect-or-preterite-v6","es-perfect-or-preterite-v7","es-perfect-or-preterite-v8","es-perfect-or-preterite-v9","es-perfect-or-preterite-v10"]}],"description":"Report one experience, then give its date and details. Compare He estado en... with Fui a... el año pasado."}],"cefrLevel":"A2","objective":"Combine completed events with background, describe changes, and choose past time frames.","description":"A2 · Combine completed events with background, describe changes, and choose past time frames."},{"id":"es-a2-plans-obligations","title":"Plans, obligations, and duration","lessons":[{"id":"es-future-arrangements","notes":["The present can describe a scheduled future event with a time expression: mañana salgo a las ocho.","Ir a + infinitive describes intentions. Dentro de una semana means in a week's time.","Worked example: El jueves tengo una cita; salgo del trabajo a las cuatro. = On Thursday I have an appointment; I leave work at four. Present-tense verbs can describe a future arrangement when the time expression makes the future reference clear.","Small start: Put one appointment into a two-line diary. Start El viernes tengo… . Say what you do before or after it. Ask someone to confirm the day and time so that the arrangement is clear to both people."],"title":"What's happening tomorrow?","practice":"Make a three-day plan including travel, an appointment, and free time. Ask someone whether the arrangements suit them.","exercises":[{"id":"es-future-arrangements-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"dentro de","translation":"in (a period from now)"},{"word":"la próxima semana","translation":"next week"},{"word":"pasado mañana","translation":"the day after tomorrow"},{"word":"cita","translation":"appointment"},{"word":"horario","translation":"timetable"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what's happening tomorrow? (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"dentro de: in (a period from now); la próxima semana: next week; pasado mañana: the day after tomorrow; cita: appointment; horario: timetable","vocabularyIds":["es-future-arrangements-v1","es-future-arrangements-v2","es-future-arrangements-v3","es-future-arrangements-v4","es-future-arrangements-v5"]},{"id":"es-future-arrangements-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"agenda","translation":"diary or planner"},{"word":"confirmar","translation":"to confirm"},{"word":"cancelar","translation":"to cancel"},{"word":"organizar","translation":"to organise"},{"word":"disponible","translation":"available"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what's happening tomorrow? (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"agenda: diary or planner; confirmar: to confirm; cancelar: to cancel; organizar: to organise; disponible: available","vocabularyIds":["es-future-arrangements-v6","es-future-arrangements-v7","es-future-arrangements-v8","es-future-arrangements-v9","es-future-arrangements-v10"]},{"id":"es-future-arrangements-3","back":"appointment","type":"flashcard","front":"cita","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["appointment"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"cita means appointment.","vocabularyIds":["es-future-arrangements-v4"]},{"id":"es-future-arrangements-4","back":"to organise","type":"flashcard","front":"organizar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to organise","to organize","organise","organize"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"organizar means to organise.","vocabularyIds":["es-future-arrangements-v9"]},{"id":"es-future-arrangements-5","type":"choice","answer":"Pasado mañana","prompt":"Which phrase means the day after tomorrow?","options":["Pasado mañana","Antes de ayer","La semana pasada"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Pasado mañana is the day after tomorrow. Antes de ayer is the day before yesterday, and la semana pasada is last week.","vocabularyIds":["es-future-arrangements-v1","es-future-arrangements-v2","es-future-arrangements-v3","es-future-arrangements-v4","es-future-arrangements-v5","es-future-arrangements-v6","es-future-arrangements-v7","es-future-arrangements-v8","es-future-arrangements-v9","es-future-arrangements-v10"]},{"id":"es-future-arrangements-6","hint":"Use the expression for a period measured forward from now.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["dentro"],"sentence":"La reunión es ___ de dos días. (in)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"La reunión es dentro de dos días means the meeting is in two days. Dentro de looks forward; hace dos días would place it two days ago.","vocabularyIds":["es-future-arrangements-v1","es-future-arrangements-v2","es-future-arrangements-v3","es-future-arrangements-v4","es-future-arrangements-v5","es-future-arrangements-v6","es-future-arrangements-v7","es-future-arrangements-v8","es-future-arrangements-v9","es-future-arrangements-v10"]},{"id":"es-future-arrangements-7","type":"arrange","words":["ocho","a","Mañana","las","salgo"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “Tomorrow I leave at eight”","answers":["Mañana salgo a las ocho","Salgo a las ocho mañana","A las ocho salgo mañana"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The present can describe a scheduled future event with a time expression: mañana salgo a las ocho.","vocabularyIds":["es-future-arrangements-v1","es-future-arrangements-v2","es-future-arrangements-v3","es-future-arrangements-v4","es-future-arrangements-v5","es-future-arrangements-v6","es-future-arrangements-v7","es-future-arrangements-v8","es-future-arrangements-v9","es-future-arrangements-v10"]},{"id":"es-future-arrangements-8","hint":"Use ir a + infinitive for the plan and para for the intended day.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Explain the restaurant arrangement for your group. Write a reply meaning: “We are going to book a table for Friday”","answers":["Vamos a reservar una mesa para el viernes"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Qué vais a hacer para la cena del viernes?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Vamos a reservar gives the group's plan. Una mesa is what you will book, and para el viernes specifies the day the booking is for.","vocabularyIds":["es-future-arrangements-v1","es-future-arrangements-v2","es-future-arrangements-v3","es-future-arrangements-v4","es-future-arrangements-v5","es-future-arrangements-v6","es-future-arrangements-v7","es-future-arrangements-v8","es-future-arrangements-v9","es-future-arrangements-v10"]},{"id":"es-future-arrangements-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Mañana salgo a las ocho”","answers":["Tomorrow I leave at eight","I leave at eight tomorrow","Tomorrow I am leaving at eight","Tomorrow I'm leaving at eight"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The present can describe a scheduled future event with a time expression: mañana salgo a las ocho.","vocabularyIds":["es-future-arrangements-v1","es-future-arrangements-v2","es-future-arrangements-v3","es-future-arrangements-v4","es-future-arrangements-v5","es-future-arrangements-v6","es-future-arrangements-v7","es-future-arrangements-v8","es-future-arrangements-v9","es-future-arrangements-v10"]},{"id":"es-future-arrangements-10","hint":"Listen for the two-word day expression before the scheduled event.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Pasado mañana tenemos una reunión a las nueve","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Pasado mañana tenemos una reunión a las nueve"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Pasado mañana tenemos una reunión a las nueve. Meaning: The day after tomorrow we have a meeting at nine.","vocabularyIds":["es-future-arrangements-v1","es-future-arrangements-v2","es-future-arrangements-v3","es-future-arrangements-v4","es-future-arrangements-v5","es-future-arrangements-v6","es-future-arrangements-v7","es-future-arrangements-v8","es-future-arrangements-v9","es-future-arrangements-v10"]},{"id":"es-future-arrangements-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"El jueves tengo una cita a las nueve. Después voy a trabajar hasta las cinco. El viernes vamos a cenar con unos amigos, pero todavía tenemos que reservar una mesa.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Booking a table","prompt":"Listen for meaning. What still needs to be done?","options":["Booking a table","Cancelling the appointment","Buying train tickets"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Todavía tenemos que reservar una mesa states the unfinished task. The appointment on Thursday is already arranged; Friday's dinner table is not.","vocabularyIds":["es-future-arrangements-v1","es-future-arrangements-v2","es-future-arrangements-v3","es-future-arrangements-v4","es-future-arrangements-v5","es-future-arrangements-v6","es-future-arrangements-v7","es-future-arrangements-v8","es-future-arrangements-v9","es-future-arrangements-v10"]}],"description":"Make a three-day plan including travel, an appointment, and free time. Ask someone whether the arrangements suit them."},{"id":"es-obligations","notes":["Tener que + infinitive expresses personal obligation. Hay que + infinitive gives a general requirement.","No hay que can express lack of necessity; no se puede clearly expresses prohibition. Deber + infinitive gives advice or duty.","Worked example: Hay que llevar el billete, pero no se puede entrar con comida. = You need to bring the ticket, but you cannot enter with food. Hay que states a general requirement; no se puede states a restriction. No tienes que means you do not have to, rather than you must not.","Small start: Invent rules for a quiet study room. Give one requirement with hay que and one restriction with no se puede. Add something optional with no tienes que. Check that optional and forbidden remain different messages."],"title":"Have to, should, mustn't","practice":"Explain the rules for a library or shared flat. Distinguish an obligation, a recommendation, and something prohibited.","exercises":[{"id":"es-obligations-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"tener que","translation":"to have to"},{"word":"hay que","translation":"it is necessary to"},{"word":"deber","translation":"should or must"},{"word":"permitido","translation":"allowed"},{"word":"prohibido","translation":"prohibited"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: have to, should, mustn't (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"tener que: to have to; hay que: it is necessary to; deber: should or must; permitido: allowed; prohibido: prohibited","vocabularyIds":["es-obligations-v1","es-obligations-v2","es-obligations-v3","es-obligations-v4","es-obligations-v5"]},{"id":"es-obligations-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"norma","translation":"rule"},{"word":"silencio","translation":"silence"},{"word":"basura","translation":"rubbish"},{"word":"reciclar","translation":"to recycle"},{"word":"respetar","translation":"to respect"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: have to, should, mustn't (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"norma: rule; silencio: silence; basura: rubbish; reciclar: to recycle; respetar: to respect","vocabularyIds":["es-obligations-v6","es-past-background-v9","es-obligations-v8","es-obligations-v9","es-obligations-v10"]},{"id":"es-obligations-3","back":"prohibited","type":"flashcard","front":"prohibido","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["prohibited","forbidden"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"prohibido means prohibited.","vocabularyIds":["es-obligations-v5"]},{"id":"es-obligations-4","back":"to respect","type":"flashcard","front":"respetar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to respect","respect"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"respetar means to respect.","vocabularyIds":["es-obligations-v10"]},{"id":"es-obligations-5","type":"choice","answer":"No se pueden hacer fotos","prompt":"Which sentence clearly prohibits taking photos?","options":["No hace falta hacer fotos","No tengo que hacer fotos","No se pueden hacer fotos"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"No se pueden hacer fotos clearly prohibits photos. No hace falta and no tengo que remove an obligation; they do not necessarily forbid the activity.","vocabularyIds":["es-obligations-v1","es-obligations-v2","es-obligations-v3","es-obligations-v4","es-obligations-v5","es-obligations-v6","es-past-background-v9","es-obligations-v8","es-obligations-v9","es-obligations-v10"]},{"id":"es-obligations-6","hint":"A personal obligation uses tener + a linking word + infinitive.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["que"],"sentence":"Tengo ___ terminar el informe hoy.","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Tengo que terminar el informe hoy uses tener que + infinitive for an obligation. The verb tener is conjugated; terminar remains an infinitive.","vocabularyIds":["es-obligations-v1","es-obligations-v2","es-obligations-v3","es-obligations-v4","es-obligations-v5","es-obligations-v6","es-past-background-v9","es-obligations-v8","es-obligations-v9","es-obligations-v10"]},{"id":"es-obligations-7","type":"arrange","words":["normas","respetar","Hay","las","que"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “It is necessary to respect the rules”","answers":["Hay que respetar las normas"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Tener que + infinitive expresses personal obligation. Hay que + infinitive gives a general requirement.","vocabularyIds":["es-obligations-v1","es-obligations-v2","es-obligations-v3","es-obligations-v4","es-obligations-v5","es-obligations-v6","es-past-background-v9","es-obligations-v8","es-obligations-v9","es-obligations-v10"]},{"id":"es-obligations-8","hint":"Use no se puede plus an infinitive for a general prohibition.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Puedo fumar aquí?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Explain the restriction at this location. Write a reply meaning: “Smoking is not allowed here”","answers":["No se puede fumar aquí","Aquí no se puede fumar"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"No se puede fumar aquí states that smoking is prohibited here. No tienes que fumar would mean that smoking is unnecessary, which would not communicate the restriction.","vocabularyIds":["es-obligations-v1","es-obligations-v2","es-obligations-v3","es-obligations-v4","es-obligations-v5","es-obligations-v6","es-past-background-v9","es-obligations-v8","es-obligations-v9","es-obligations-v10"]},{"id":"es-obligations-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Hay que respetar las normas”","answers":["It is necessary to respect the rules","it's necessary to respect the rules"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Tener que + infinitive expresses personal obligation. Hay que + infinitive gives a general requirement.","vocabularyIds":["es-obligations-v1","es-obligations-v2","es-obligations-v3","es-obligations-v4","es-obligations-v5","es-obligations-v6","es-past-background-v9","es-obligations-v8","es-obligations-v9","es-obligations-v10"]},{"id":"es-obligations-10","hint":"Listen for the impersonal obligation and the infinitives. The final los refers to the computers.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Hay que reservar los ordenadores antes de usarlos","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Hay que reservar los ordenadores antes de usarlos"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Hay que reservar los ordenadores antes de usarlos. Meaning: It is necessary to book the computers before using them.","vocabularyIds":["es-obligations-v1","es-obligations-v2","es-obligations-v3","es-obligations-v4","es-obligations-v5","es-obligations-v6","es-past-background-v9","es-obligations-v8","es-obligations-v9","es-obligations-v10"]},{"id":"es-obligations-11","type":"choice","answer":"Book it","prompt":"Read for meaning. What must students do before using a computer?","options":["Buy food","Speak loudly","Book it"],"reading":{"text":"En esta biblioteca hay que hablar en voz baja. No se puede comer en las salas. Los estudiantes pueden usar los ordenadores, pero tienen que reservarlos antes.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Pueden usar los ordenadores, pero tienen que reservarlos antes makes booking a prerequisite. Food and loud speech are prohibited rather than required.","vocabularyIds":["es-obligations-v1","es-obligations-v2","es-obligations-v3","es-obligations-v4","es-obligations-v5","es-obligations-v6","es-past-background-v9","es-obligations-v8","es-obligations-v9","es-obligations-v10"]}],"description":"Explain the rules for a library or shared flat. Distinguish an obligation, a recommendation, and something prohibited."},{"id":"es-duration","notes":["Desde + starting point: desde enero. Desde hace + duration: desde hace dos meses.","Hace dos años que estudio español and Llevo dos años estudiando español both describe a continuing activity.","Worked example: Vivo aquí desde marzo; llevo seis meses trabajando cerca. = I have lived here since March; I have been working nearby for six months. Desde introduces a starting point; llevar + period + gerund measures a situation still continuing.","For a situation continuing now, Spanish can use the present where English uses have been: Estudio desde enero; Estudio desde hace tres meses; Llevo tres meses estudiando. Desde gives a starting point; desde hace gives an elapsed period.","Small start: Choose a real or invented ongoing activity. Say when it began with desde, then how long it has continued with desde hace or llevo… . Keep the duration consistent with the starting point you chose.","Short practice model: Estamos en octubre. Vivo en Málaga desde febrero. Llevo ocho meses aprendiendo guitarra con una amiga. Estudio español desde hace dos años y trabajo en una cafetería desde hace cuatro meses. Mi amiga estudia conmigo desde junio. Practicamos un poco cada día.","Meaning of the model: It is October. I have lived in Málaga since February. I have been learning guitar with a friend for eight months. I have studied Spanish for two years and worked in a café for four months. My friend has studied with me since June. We practise a little each day.","Check your version: Use desde with a starting point and desde hace with a duration. Include one ongoing activity with llevo + duration + gerund. Do your dates and durations make sense together? Change the activities and dates, keeping continuing activities in the present rather than automatically using a past tense."],"title":"Since when and for how long?","practice":"Say how long you have lived, studied, worked, or practised a hobby. Give starting dates with desde and durations with desde hace.","exercises":[{"id":"es-duration-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"desde","translation":"since or from"},{"word":"desde hace","translation":"for (continuing duration)"},{"word":"llevar","translation":"to have spent (time)"},{"word":"durante","translation":"during or for"},{"word":"mes","translation":"month"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: since when and for how long? (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"desde: since or from; desde hace: for (continuing duration); llevar: to have spent (time); durante: during or for; mes: month","vocabularyIds":["es-duration-v1","es-duration-v2","es-duration-v3","es-duration-v4","es-duration-v5"]},{"id":"es-duration-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"semana","translation":"week"},{"word":"año","translation":"year"},{"word":"empezar","translation":"to start"},{"word":"continuar","translation":"to continue"},{"word":"hace","translation":"ago (with a period)"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: since when and for how long? (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"semana: week; año: year; empezar: to start; continuar: to continue; hace: ago (with a period)","vocabularyIds":["es-duration-v6","es-duration-v7","es-duration-v8","es-duration-v9","es-duration-v10"]},{"id":"es-duration-3","back":"since or from","type":"flashcard","front":"desde","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["since or from","since","from"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"desde means since or from.","vocabularyIds":["es-duration-v1"]},{"id":"es-duration-4","back":"week","type":"flashcard","front":"semana","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["week"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"semana means week.","vocabularyIds":["es-duration-v6"]},{"id":"es-duration-5","type":"choice","answer":"Desde marzo","prompt":"Which phrase gives a starting date?","options":["Durante tres meses","Desde marzo","Desde hace tres meses"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Desde marzo gives the starting point. Desde hace tres meses gives elapsed duration; durante tres meses describes a period rather than its starting date.","vocabularyIds":["es-duration-v1","es-duration-v2","es-duration-v3","es-duration-v4","es-duration-v5","es-duration-v6","es-duration-v7","es-duration-v8","es-duration-v9","es-duration-v10"]},{"id":"es-duration-6","hint":"The three months are an elapsed period, not a starting date.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["hace"],"sentence":"Trabajo aquí desde ___ tres meses.","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Trabajo aquí desde hace tres meses uses desde hace with an elapsed period. A starting date would use desde alone, as in desde enero.","vocabularyIds":["es-duration-v1","es-duration-v2","es-duration-v3","es-duration-v4","es-duration-v5","es-duration-v6","es-duration-v7","es-duration-v8","es-duration-v9","es-duration-v10"]},{"id":"es-duration-7","type":"arrange","words":["desde","Vivo","enero","aquí"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I have lived here since January”","answers":["Vivo aquí desde enero","Desde enero vivo aquí"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Desde + starting point: desde enero. Desde hace + duration: desde hace dos meses.","vocabularyIds":["es-duration-v1","es-duration-v2","es-duration-v3","es-duration-v4","es-duration-v5","es-duration-v6","es-duration-v7","es-duration-v8","es-duration-v9","es-duration-v10"]},{"id":"es-duration-8","hint":"Use present + desde hace, or llevar + duration + gerund, for an ongoing activity.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Describe an activity that started two years ago and continues now. Write a reply meaning: “I have been studying Spanish for two years”","answers":["Estudio español desde hace dos años","Llevo dos años estudiando español","Hace dos años que estudio español"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Cuánto tiempo llevas estudiando español?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Estudio español desde hace dos años keeps the activity in the present because it continues. Llevo dos años estudiando español expresses the same duration; estudié would not by itself say it is still continuing.","vocabularyIds":["es-duration-v1","es-duration-v2","es-duration-v3","es-duration-v4","es-duration-v5","es-duration-v6","es-duration-v7","es-duration-v8","es-duration-v9","es-duration-v10"]},{"id":"es-duration-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Vivo aquí desde enero”","answers":["I have lived here since January","I've lived here since January","I have been living here since January","I've been living here since January"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Desde + starting point: desde enero. Desde hace + duration: desde hace dos meses.","vocabularyIds":["es-duration-v1","es-duration-v2","es-duration-v3","es-duration-v4","es-duration-v5","es-duration-v6","es-duration-v7","es-duration-v8","es-duration-v9","es-duration-v10"]},{"id":"es-duration-10","hint":"Listen for the duration before the gerund. The activity is continuing now.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Llevo seis meses trabajando en un café","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Llevo seis meses trabajando en un café"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Llevo seis meses trabajando en un café. Meaning: I have been working in a café for six months.","vocabularyIds":["es-duration-v1","es-duration-v2","es-duration-v3","es-duration-v4","es-duration-v5","es-duration-v6","es-duration-v7","es-duration-v8","es-duration-v9","es-duration-v10"]},{"id":"es-duration-conversation","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"—¿Desde cuándo estudias español? —Desde enero. —¿Y qué vas a hacer este verano?","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Voy a hacer un curso en julio.","prompt":"Listen to the conversation. Which answer gives a future plan rather than another duration?","options":["Llevo tres meses estudiando.","Voy a hacer un curso en julio.","Estudio español desde enero."],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The conversation moves from duration to a plan. Voy a hacer answers what the speaker is going to do this summer.","vocabularyIds":["es-duration-v1"]},{"id":"es-duration-recall","hint":"The visit is a completed event, fui; the illness is background, estaba. Either speaker gender is possible.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “Yesterday I went to the doctor because I was ill.” Use ir for the completed visit and estar for the background condition.","answers":["Ayer fui al médico porque estaba enfermo","Ayer fui al médico porque estaba enferma","Fui al médico ayer porque estaba enfermo","Fui al médico ayer porque estaba enferma","Yo fui al médico ayer porque estaba enfermo","Yo fui al médico ayer porque estaba enferma"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Ayer fui al médico porque estaba enfermo/enferma uses the preterite for the visit and the imperfect for the background condition. Enfermo and enferma are both accepted because the speaker's gender is unspecified.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-regular-v1","es-irregular-present-v1","es-questions-v7"]},{"id":"es-duration-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Clara vive en Zaragoza desde septiembre. Estudia español desde hace seis meses y lleva tres meses trabajando en un café. Quiere quedarse otro año para seguir aprendiendo.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Three months","prompt":"Listen for meaning. How long has Clara worked in the café?","options":["One year","Three months","Six months"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Lleva tres meses trabajando en un café gives the work duration. Six months refers to studying Spanish, and another year is her hoped-for future stay.","vocabularyIds":["es-duration-v1","es-duration-v2","es-duration-v3","es-duration-v4","es-duration-v5","es-duration-v6","es-duration-v7","es-duration-v8","es-duration-v9","es-duration-v10"]}],"description":"Say how long you have lived, studied, worked, or practised a hobby. Give starting dates with desde and durations with desde hace."}],"cefrLevel":"A2","objective":"Discuss arrangements, explain obligations, and say how long activities have continued.","description":"A2 · Discuss arrangements, explain obligations, and say how long activities have continued."},{"id":"es-a2-pronouns","title":"Making sentences flow","lessons":[{"id":"es-direct-objects","notes":["Direct object pronouns replace what receives the action: lo/la/los/las. El libro → lo leo; las cartas → las escribo.","Put pronouns before a conjugated verb or attach them to an infinitive: lo quiero comprar / quiero comprarlo.","Worked example: ¿Compras el pan? —Sí, lo compro. ¿Compras las revistas? —Sí, las compro. = Are you buying the bread? Yes, I am. Are you buying the magazines? Yes, I am. Lo/las takes the noun's gender and number; it goes before a conjugated verb.","English it does not identify a noun's grammatical gender. Lo replaces a masculine singular noun and la a feminine singular noun. If the prompt gives no antecedent, either gender may make sense; if it says el libro, use lo.","Small start: Choose two objects with different gender or number. Ask ¿Tienes…? and answer Sí, lo/la/los/las tengo. Say the noun first so the pronoun has a clear reference. Then try a negative answer with no before the pronoun."],"title":"I bought it","practice":"Describe five objects, then replace each noun with lo, la, los, or las. Try both pronoun positions with querer.","exercises":[{"id":"es-direct-objects-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"lo","translation":"it or him (direct object)"},{"word":"la","translation":"it or her (direct object)"},{"word":"los","translation":"them (masculine direct object)"},{"word":"las","translation":"them (feminine direct object)"},{"word":"comprarlo","translation":"to buy it (masculine)"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: i bought it (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"lo: it or him (direct object); la: it or her (direct object); los: them (masculine direct object); las: them (feminine direct object); comprarlo: to buy it (masculine)","vocabularyIds":["es-direct-objects-v1","es-direct-objects-v2","es-direct-objects-v3","es-direct-objects-v4","es-direct-objects-v5"]},{"id":"es-direct-objects-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"llaves","translation":"keys"},{"word":"revista","translation":"magazine"},{"word":"periódico","translation":"newspaper"},{"word":"regalo","translation":"gift"},{"word":"buscar","translation":"to look for"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: i bought it (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"llaves: keys; revista: magazine; periódico: newspaper; regalo: gift; buscar: to look for","vocabularyIds":["es-direct-objects-v6","es-direct-objects-v7","es-direct-objects-v8","es-direct-objects-v9","es-direct-objects-v10"]},{"id":"es-direct-objects-3","back":"it or her (direct object)","type":"flashcard","front":"la","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["it or her (direct object)","it","her"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"la means it or her (direct object).","vocabularyIds":["es-direct-objects-v2"]},{"id":"es-direct-objects-4","back":"magazine","type":"flashcard","front":"revista","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["magazine"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"revista means magazine.","vocabularyIds":["es-direct-objects-v7"]},{"id":"es-direct-objects-5","type":"choice","answer":"Lo compro","prompt":"Replace el libro in Compro el libro.","options":["Lo compro","La compro","Le compro"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Lo compro replaces masculine singular el libro with lo. La would replace a feminine object; le is not the pronoun for this book.","vocabularyIds":["es-direct-objects-v1","es-direct-objects-v2","es-direct-objects-v3","es-direct-objects-v4","es-direct-objects-v5","es-direct-objects-v6","es-direct-objects-v7","es-direct-objects-v8","es-direct-objects-v9","es-direct-objects-v10"]},{"id":"es-direct-objects-6","hint":"Replace las llaves with a direct object pronoun of the same gender and number.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["las"],"sentence":"¿Tienes las llaves? —Sí, ___ tengo.","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Sí, las tengo uses las for the feminine plural llaves. Los would be masculine plural; le or les would mark a recipient rather than the keys.","vocabularyIds":["es-direct-objects-v1","es-direct-objects-v2","es-direct-objects-v3","es-direct-objects-v4","es-direct-objects-v5","es-direct-objects-v6","es-direct-objects-v7","es-direct-objects-v8","es-direct-objects-v9","es-direct-objects-v10"]},{"id":"es-direct-objects-7","type":"arrange","words":["mañana","por","la","La","la","leo","revista"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I read the magazine in the morning”","answers":["La revista la leo por la mañana"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Direct object pronouns replace what receives the action: lo/la/los/las. El libro → lo leo; las cartas → las escribo.","vocabularyIds":["es-direct-objects-v1","es-direct-objects-v2","es-direct-objects-v3","es-direct-objects-v4","es-direct-objects-v5","es-direct-objects-v6","es-direct-objects-v7","es-direct-objects-v8","es-direct-objects-v9","es-direct-objects-v10"]},{"id":"es-direct-objects-8","hint":"Choose lo for the book or la for the shirt. Attach it to comprar, or put it before quiero.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—Este libro y esta camisa están en venta. ¿Cuál te interesa?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Choose el libro or la camisa. Replace your chosen item with a pronoun. Write a reply meaning: “I want to buy it”","answers":["Quiero comprarlo","Lo quiero comprar","Quiero comprarla","La quiero comprar"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Lo replaces el libro; la replaces la camisa. Quiero comprarlo and lo quiero comprar use the same pronoun in two positions. With la, the reply selects the shirt instead.","vocabularyIds":["es-direct-objects-v1","es-direct-objects-v2","es-direct-objects-v3","es-direct-objects-v4","es-direct-objects-v5","es-direct-objects-v6","es-direct-objects-v7","es-direct-objects-v8","es-direct-objects-v9","es-direct-objects-v10"]},{"id":"es-direct-objects-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “La revista la leo por la mañana”","answers":["I read the magazine in the morning","I read the magazine in the mornings"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Direct object pronouns replace what receives the action: lo/la/los/las. El libro → lo leo; las cartas → las escribo.","vocabularyIds":["es-direct-objects-v1","es-direct-objects-v2","es-direct-objects-v3","es-direct-objects-v4","es-direct-objects-v5","es-direct-objects-v6","es-direct-objects-v7","es-direct-objects-v8","es-direct-objects-v9","es-direct-objects-v10"]},{"id":"es-direct-objects-10","hint":"Listen for the repeated feminine plural reference and the transport phrase.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Las revistas las leo en el tren","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Las revistas las leo en el tren"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Las revistas las leo en el tren. Meaning: I read the magazines on the train.","vocabularyIds":["es-direct-objects-v1","es-direct-objects-v2","es-direct-objects-v3","es-direct-objects-v4","es-direct-objects-v5","es-direct-objects-v6","es-direct-objects-v7","es-direct-objects-v8","es-direct-objects-v9","es-direct-objects-v10"]},{"id":"es-direct-objects-11","type":"choice","answer":"The new book","prompt":"Read for meaning. What has the narrator not started yet?","options":["The new book","The train journey","The two magazines"],"reading":{"text":"He comprado dos revistas. Las leo en el tren y después las dejo en casa. También tengo un libro nuevo, pero todavía no lo he empezado.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Todavía no lo he empezado refers to un libro nuevo. The magazines have already been read on the train, so they are not the unstarted item.","vocabularyIds":["es-direct-objects-v1","es-direct-objects-v2","es-direct-objects-v3","es-direct-objects-v4","es-direct-objects-v5","es-direct-objects-v6","es-direct-objects-v7","es-direct-objects-v8","es-direct-objects-v9","es-direct-objects-v10"]}],"description":"Describe five objects, then replace each noun with lo, la, los, or las. Try both pronoun positions with querer."},{"id":"es-indirect-objects","notes":["Indirect object pronouns indicate the recipient: me, te, le, nos, os, les. Le doy un libro a Ana.","Use personal a before a specific person as a direct object: veo a Marta. There is no personal a with ordinary objects.","Worked example: Le cuento la noticia a Marta; les cuento la noticia a mis padres. = I tell Marta the news; I tell my parents the news. Le/les marks the recipient. The repeated a-phrase identifies who receives the information.","Small start: Choose a message and two possible recipients. Begin Le escribo a… and Les escribo a… . Ask ¿A quién? and answer with the a-phrase. Keep the thing sent separate from the person receiving it."],"title":"Who is it for?","practice":"Describe giving, telling, sending, or showing something to four people. Include a sentence with personal a.","exercises":[{"id":"es-indirect-objects-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"le","translation":"to him or her"},{"word":"les","translation":"to them"},{"word":"dar","translation":"to give"},{"word":"enviar","translation":"to send"},{"word":"contar","translation":"to tell"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: who is it for? (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"le: to him or her; les: to them; dar: to give; enviar: to send; contar: to tell","vocabularyIds":["es-indirect-objects-v1","es-indirect-objects-v2","es-indirect-objects-v3","es-indirect-objects-v4","es-indirect-objects-v5"]},{"id":"es-indirect-objects-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"mostrar","translation":"to show"},{"word":"prestar","translation":"to lend"},{"word":"destinatario","translation":"recipient"},{"word":"paquete","translation":"parcel"},{"word":"postal","translation":"postcard"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: who is it for? (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"mostrar: to show; prestar: to lend; destinatario: recipient; paquete: parcel; postal: postcard","vocabularyIds":["es-indirect-objects-v6","es-indirect-objects-v7","es-indirect-objects-v8","es-indirect-objects-v9","es-indirect-objects-v10"]},{"id":"es-indirect-objects-3","back":"to give","type":"flashcard","front":"dar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to give","give"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"dar means to give.","vocabularyIds":["es-indirect-objects-v3"]},{"id":"es-indirect-objects-4","back":"recipient","type":"flashcard","front":"destinatario","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["recipient"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"destinatario means recipient.","vocabularyIds":["es-indirect-objects-v8"]},{"id":"es-indirect-objects-5","type":"choice","answer":"Veo a mi profesor","prompt":"Which sentence uses personal a for the person being seen, rather than marking a recipient or a destination?","options":["Escribo a mi profesor","Voy a casa de mi profesor","Veo a mi profesor"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"In veo a mi profesor, the teacher is the direct object, the person seen, so this is personal a. In escribo a mi profesor the teacher is the recipient; in voy a casa, a introduces the destination. The same preposition has different functions.","vocabularyIds":["es-indirect-objects-v1","es-indirect-objects-v2","es-indirect-objects-v3","es-indirect-objects-v4","es-indirect-objects-v5","es-indirect-objects-v6","es-indirect-objects-v7","es-indirect-objects-v8","es-indirect-objects-v9","es-indirect-objects-v10"]},{"id":"es-indirect-objects-6","hint":"The recipients are mis padres, more than one person.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["les"],"sentence":"A mis padres ___ cuento todo.","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"A mis padres les cuento todo uses plural les for the recipients. Le would indicate a single recipient; los would be a different kind of object pronoun.","vocabularyIds":["es-indirect-objects-v1","es-indirect-objects-v2","es-indirect-objects-v3","es-indirect-objects-v4","es-indirect-objects-v5","es-indirect-objects-v6","es-indirect-objects-v7","es-indirect-objects-v8","es-indirect-objects-v9","es-indirect-objects-v10"]},{"id":"es-indirect-objects-7","type":"arrange","words":["abuela","a","una","Le","mi","postal","envío"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I send my grandmother a postcard”","answers":["Le envío una postal a mi abuela","A mi abuela le envío una postal"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Indirect object pronouns indicate the recipient: me, te, le, nos, os, les. Le doy un libro a Ana.","vocabularyIds":["es-indirect-objects-v1","es-indirect-objects-v2","es-indirect-objects-v3","es-indirect-objects-v4","es-indirect-objects-v5","es-indirect-objects-v6","es-indirect-objects-v7","es-indirect-objects-v8","es-indirect-objects-v9","es-indirect-objects-v10"]},{"id":"es-indirect-objects-8","hint":"Use the yo form of ver, personal a before Marta, and the phrase for every day.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Explain how often you see Marta. Write a reply meaning: “I see Marta every day”","answers":["Veo a Marta todos los días","Yo veo a Marta todos los días"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Ves a Marta a menudo?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Veo a Marta answers about seeing a named person. This a is the personal a with a direct object; it does not make Marta an indirect recipient such as the person receiving a gift.","vocabularyIds":["es-indirect-objects-v1","es-indirect-objects-v2","es-indirect-objects-v3","es-indirect-objects-v4","es-indirect-objects-v5","es-indirect-objects-v6","es-indirect-objects-v7","es-indirect-objects-v8","es-indirect-objects-v9","es-indirect-objects-v10"]},{"id":"es-indirect-objects-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Le envío una postal a mi abuela”","answers":["I send my grandmother a postcard","I send a postcard to my grandmother","I send my grandma a postcard"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Indirect object pronouns indicate the recipient: me, te, le, nos, os, les. Le doy un libro a Ana.","vocabularyIds":["es-indirect-objects-v1","es-indirect-objects-v2","es-indirect-objects-v3","es-indirect-objects-v4","es-indirect-objects-v5","es-indirect-objects-v6","es-indirect-objects-v7","es-indirect-objects-v8","es-indirect-objects-v9","es-indirect-objects-v10"]},{"id":"es-indirect-objects-10","hint":"Listen for the recipient and the pronoun before envío. Keep the accent in envío.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"A mi hermana le envío un paquete","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["A mi hermana le envío un paquete"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: A mi hermana le envío un paquete. Meaning: I send my sister a parcel.","vocabularyIds":["es-indirect-objects-v1","es-indirect-objects-v2","es-indirect-objects-v3","es-indirect-objects-v4","es-indirect-objects-v5","es-indirect-objects-v6","es-indirect-objects-v7","es-indirect-objects-v8","es-indirect-objects-v9","es-indirect-objects-v10"]},{"id":"es-indirect-objects-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Le he enviado un paquete a mi hermano. A mis padres les he escrito un correo. Esta tarde veo a mi abuela y le llevo unas flores.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"The grandmother","prompt":"Listen for meaning. Who will receive flowers?","options":["The brother","The parents","The grandmother"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Veo a mi abuela y le llevo unas flores identifies the grandmother as the flowers' recipient. The brother gets a parcel; the parents get an email.","vocabularyIds":["es-indirect-objects-v1","es-indirect-objects-v2","es-indirect-objects-v3","es-indirect-objects-v4","es-indirect-objects-v5","es-indirect-objects-v6","es-indirect-objects-v7","es-indirect-objects-v8","es-indirect-objects-v9","es-indirect-objects-v10"]}],"description":"Describe giving, telling, sending, or showing something to four people. Include a sentence with personal a."},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns","notes":["When le or les comes before lo/la/los/las, it changes to se: le doy el libro → se lo doy.","The indirect pronoun comes first: me lo, te la, nos los. Se lo doy a Ana clarifies who receives it.","Worked example: Le doy las fotos a Julia → Se las doy. = I give Julia the photos → I give them to her. Le becomes se before las; las still refers to the feminine plural photos. Se alone does not tell us the recipient's identity.","Se does not identify the recipient on its own: se lo envío can mean I send it to him, her, or them. Add a Ana or a mis padres when needed. Los and las still agree with the objects being sent.","Small start: Choose el libro or las llaves and name a recipient. Say the full sentence with le or les, then replace the object with lo or las. Change le/les to se and keep the recipient named when the reference might be unclear.","Short practice model: —¿Le prestas el libro a Ana? —Sí, se lo presto hoy. —¿Y la revista? ¿Me la dejas hasta mañana? —Claro. También tengo los billetes del viaje. —¿Cuándo me los envías? —Te los envío esta tarde.","Meaning of the model: Are you lending Ana the book? Yes, I am lending it to her today. And the magazine? Can you let me have it until tomorrow? Of course. I also have the travel tickets. When will you send them to me? I will send them to you this afternoon.","Check your version: Can you name the recipient and object behind each pronoun? Lo refers to the book, la to the magazine and los to the tickets. Keep the recipient first, and change le to se before lo. Try new objects, making their gender and number explicit before replacing them."],"title":"Give it to them","practice":"Role-play lending a book and sending photos. Use se lo, me la, and te los, and clarify the recipient when needed.","exercises":[{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"se lo","translation":"it to him/her/them (masculine)"},{"word":"se la","translation":"it to him/her/them (feminine)"},{"word":"me lo","translation":"it to me (masculine)"},{"word":"te los","translation":"them to you (masculine)"},{"word":"devolver","translation":"to give back"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: give it to them (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"se lo: it to him/her/them (masculine); se la: it to him/her/them (feminine); me lo: it to me (masculine); te los: them to you (masculine); devolver: to give back","vocabularyIds":["es-combined-pronouns-v1","es-combined-pronouns-v2","es-combined-pronouns-v3","es-combined-pronouns-v4","es-combined-pronouns-v5"]},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"mandar","translation":"to send"},{"word":"explicar","translation":"to explain"},{"word":"contraseña","translation":"password"},{"word":"documento","translation":"document"},{"word":"foto","translation":"photo"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: give it to them (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"mandar: to send; explicar: to explain; contraseña: password; documento: document; foto: photo","vocabularyIds":["es-combined-pronouns-v6","es-combined-pronouns-v7","es-combined-pronouns-v8","es-combined-pronouns-v9","es-combined-pronouns-v10"]},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-3","back":"them to you (masculine)","type":"flashcard","front":"te los","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["them to you (masculine)","them to you"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"te los means them to you (masculine).","vocabularyIds":["es-combined-pronouns-v4"]},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-4","back":"document","type":"flashcard","front":"documento","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["document"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"documento means document.","vocabularyIds":["es-combined-pronouns-v9"]},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-5","type":"choice","answer":"Se los mando","prompt":"Replace Les mando los documentos with pronouns.","options":["Los se mando","Se los mando","Les los mando"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Se los mando replaces les with se before los. Keep recipient first, then objects: se los, rather than los se or les los.","vocabularyIds":["es-combined-pronouns-v1","es-combined-pronouns-v2","es-combined-pronouns-v3","es-combined-pronouns-v4","es-combined-pronouns-v5","es-combined-pronouns-v6","es-combined-pronouns-v7","es-combined-pronouns-v8","es-combined-pronouns-v9","es-combined-pronouns-v10"]},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-6","hint":"Le changes form before the direct object pronoun la.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["Se"],"sentence":"Le doy la llave a Ana. → ___ la doy.","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Se la doy replaces le doy la llave a Ana. Le becomes se before la; the indirect object pronoun stays before the direct object pronoun.","vocabularyIds":["es-combined-pronouns-v1","es-combined-pronouns-v2","es-combined-pronouns-v3","es-combined-pronouns-v4","es-combined-pronouns-v5","es-combined-pronouns-v6","es-combined-pronouns-v7","es-combined-pronouns-v8","es-combined-pronouns-v9","es-combined-pronouns-v10"]},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-7","type":"arrange","words":["Ana","doy","se","El","a","lo","libro"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I give the book to Ana”","answers":["El libro se lo doy a Ana"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"When le or les comes before lo/la/los/las, it changes to se: le doy el libro → se lo doy.","vocabularyIds":["es-combined-pronouns-v1","es-combined-pronouns-v2","es-combined-pronouns-v3","es-combined-pronouns-v4","es-combined-pronouns-v5","es-combined-pronouns-v6","es-combined-pronouns-v7","es-combined-pronouns-v8","es-combined-pronouns-v9","es-combined-pronouns-v10"]},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-8","hint":"Use las for the photos or los for the tickets. Keep the recipient te before that object pronoun.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Qué me envías mañana, las fotos o los billetes?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Choose las fotos or los billetes. Reply to one friend, using tú. Write a reply meaning: “I will send them to you tomorrow”","answers":["Te las envío mañana","Mañana te las envío","Te los envío mañana","Mañana te los envío","Te las enviaré mañana","Te los enviaré mañana"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Te identifies the friend receiving the items. Las selects las fotos; los selects los billetes. Envío with mañana gives a future arrangement; enviaré also expresses the future. Keep the written accent in either form.","vocabularyIds":["es-combined-pronouns-v1","es-combined-pronouns-v2","es-combined-pronouns-v3","es-combined-pronouns-v4","es-combined-pronouns-v5","es-combined-pronouns-v6","es-combined-pronouns-v7","es-combined-pronouns-v8","es-combined-pronouns-v9","es-combined-pronouns-v10"]},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “El libro se lo doy a Ana”","answers":["I give the book to Ana","I give Ana the book"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"When le or les comes before lo/la/los/las, it changes to se: le doy el libro → se lo doy.","vocabularyIds":["es-combined-pronouns-v1","es-combined-pronouns-v2","es-combined-pronouns-v3","es-combined-pronouns-v4","es-combined-pronouns-v5","es-combined-pronouns-v6","es-combined-pronouns-v7","es-combined-pronouns-v8","es-combined-pronouns-v9","es-combined-pronouns-v10"]},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-10","hint":"Listen for two pronouns together. The noun and recipient clarify what they stand for.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Las fotos se las mando a mi hermana","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Las fotos se las mando a mi hermana"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Las fotos se las mando a mi hermana. Meaning: I send the photos to my sister.","vocabularyIds":["es-combined-pronouns-v1","es-combined-pronouns-v2","es-combined-pronouns-v3","es-combined-pronouns-v4","es-combined-pronouns-v5","es-combined-pronouns-v6","es-combined-pronouns-v7","es-combined-pronouns-v8","es-combined-pronouns-v9","es-combined-pronouns-v10"]},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-conversation","type":"choice","answer":"Se refers to Ana; las refers to the photos.","prompt":"What do se and las refer to in the reply?","options":["Both pronouns refer to the afternoon.","Se refers to Ana; las refers to the photos.","Se refers to the photos; las refers to Ana."],"reading":{"text":"—¿Le has enviado las fotos a Ana? —Todavía no. Se las envío esta tarde.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Le becomes se before las. The recipient Ana comes first as se; the feminine plural object las fotos becomes las.","vocabularyIds":[]},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-recall","hint":"Use has + leído. The accent in leído marks the separate vowel and remains significant.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “Have you read Ana's email?” Ask one friend, using tú and the present perfect.","answers":["¿Has leído el correo de Ana?","¿Tú has leído el correo de Ana?","¿Has leído el correo electrónico de Ana?"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"¿Has leído el correo de Ana? uses the present perfect for tú. Spanish expresses Ana's email as el correo de Ana. Leído needs its written accent.","vocabularyIds":["es-regular-present-v7","es-perfect-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-11","type":"choice","answer":"Tomorrow","prompt":"Read for meaning. When will Marta show the photos to her brother?","options":["This morning","Tomorrow","Yesterday"],"reading":{"text":"Marta necesita las fotos del viaje. Se las envío esta tarde. Su hermano también quiere verlas, así que Marta se las va a enseñar mañana.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Marta se las va a enseñar mañana states when she shows the photos to her brother. Esta tarde is when the narrator sends them to Marta.","vocabularyIds":["es-combined-pronouns-v1","es-combined-pronouns-v2","es-combined-pronouns-v3","es-combined-pronouns-v4","es-combined-pronouns-v5","es-combined-pronouns-v6","es-combined-pronouns-v7","es-combined-pronouns-v8","es-combined-pronouns-v9","es-combined-pronouns-v10"]}],"description":"Role-play lending a book and sending photos. Use se lo, me la, and te los, and clarify the recipient when needed."}],"cefrLevel":"A2","objective":"Use direct and indirect object pronouns, personal a, and combined pronouns.","description":"A2 · Use direct and indirect object pronouns, personal a, and combined pronouns."},{"id":"es-a2-comparisons","title":"Comparisons and choices","lessons":[{"id":"es-comparatives","notes":["Use más/menos + adjective + que and tan + adjective + como.","Bueno/malo have irregular comparatives mejor/peor. Use mayor/menor for age in many comparisons.","Worked example: Esta ruta es más corta que la otra, pero el autobús es tan rápido como el tren. = This route is shorter than the other, but the bus is as fast as the train. Más… que compares a difference; tan… como expresses equality.","Small start: Compare two imaginary ways to reach a place. Use más… que for one feature and tan… como for another. Finish with Prefiero… porque… . You can choose simple features such as caro, rápido, and cómodo."],"title":"Better, bigger, closer","practice":"Compare two places to live using rent, size, location, and transport. Give three reasons for your choice.","exercises":[{"id":"es-comparatives-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"mejor","translation":"better"},{"word":"peor","translation":"worse"},{"word":"más que","translation":"more than"},{"word":"menos que","translation":"less than"},{"word":"tan como","translation":"as ... as"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: better, bigger, closer (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"mejor: better; peor: worse; más que: more than; menos que: less than; tan como: as ... as","vocabularyIds":["es-comparatives-v1","es-comparatives-v2","es-comparatives-v3","es-comparatives-v4","es-comparatives-v5"]},{"id":"es-comparatives-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"grande","translation":"big"},{"word":"pequeño","translation":"small"},{"word":"cómodo","translation":"comfortable"},{"word":"rápido","translation":"fast"},{"word":"lento","translation":"slow"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: better, bigger, closer (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"grande: big; pequeño: small; cómodo: comfortable; rápido: fast; lento: slow","vocabularyIds":["es-comparatives-v6","es-comparatives-v7","es-comparatives-v8","es-comparatives-v9","es-comparatives-v10"]},{"id":"es-comparatives-3","back":"as ... as","type":"flashcard","front":"tan como","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["as ... as"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"tan como means as ... as.","vocabularyIds":["es-comparatives-v5"]},{"id":"es-comparatives-4","back":"slow","type":"flashcard","front":"lento","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["slow"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"lento means slow.","vocabularyIds":["es-comparatives-v10"]},{"id":"es-comparatives-5","type":"choice","answer":"Es tan cómodo como el otro","prompt":"Choose the correct equality comparison.","options":["Es tan cómodo como el otro","Es tan cómodo que el otro","Es más cómodo como el otro"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Tan cómodo como compares equality: as comfortable as. Más cómodo que compares a difference; mixing tan with que does not express this equality pattern.","vocabularyIds":["es-comparatives-v1","es-comparatives-v2","es-comparatives-v3","es-comparatives-v4","es-comparatives-v5","es-comparatives-v6","es-comparatives-v7","es-comparatives-v8","es-comparatives-v9","es-comparatives-v10"]},{"id":"es-comparatives-6","hint":"Use the irregular comparative of bueno, rather than adding más.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["mejor"],"sentence":"Este café es ___ que aquel. (better)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Este café es mejor que aquel uses mejor for better. In this comparison, más bueno is not the target form taught for better.","vocabularyIds":["es-comparatives-v1","es-comparatives-v2","es-comparatives-v3","es-comparatives-v4","es-comparatives-v5","es-comparatives-v6","es-comparatives-v7","es-comparatives-v8","es-comparatives-v9","es-comparatives-v10"]},{"id":"es-comparatives-7","type":"arrange","words":["el","rápido","es","El","autobús","que","más","tren"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “The train is faster than the bus”","answers":["El tren es más rápido que el autobús"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Use más/menos + adjective + que and tan + adjective + como.","vocabularyIds":["es-comparatives-v1","es-comparatives-v2","es-comparatives-v3","es-comparatives-v4","es-comparatives-v5","es-comparatives-v6","es-comparatives-v7","es-comparatives-v8","es-comparatives-v9","es-comparatives-v10"]},{"id":"es-comparatives-8","hint":"Use tan + adjective + como to express equality.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Compare the two flats as equal in size. Write a reply meaning: “This flat is as big as the other one”","answers":["Este piso es tan grande como el otro","Este apartamento es tan grande como el otro"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Este piso tiene el mismo tamaño que el otro?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Tan grande como says the flats are equal in size. Más grande que would say this flat is larger, reversing the requested comparison.","vocabularyIds":["es-comparatives-v1","es-comparatives-v2","es-comparatives-v3","es-comparatives-v4","es-comparatives-v5","es-comparatives-v6","es-comparatives-v7","es-comparatives-v8","es-comparatives-v9","es-comparatives-v10"]},{"id":"es-comparatives-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “El tren es más rápido que el autobús”","answers":["The train is faster than the bus","The train is quicker than the bus"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Use más/menos + adjective + que and tan + adjective + como.","vocabularyIds":["es-comparatives-v1","es-comparatives-v2","es-comparatives-v3","es-comparatives-v4","es-comparatives-v5","es-comparatives-v6","es-comparatives-v7","es-comparatives-v8","es-comparatives-v9","es-comparatives-v10"]},{"id":"es-comparatives-10","hint":"Listen for the adjective and que. Keep the accent in más.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Este tren es más lento que el otro","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Este tren es más lento que el otro"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Este tren es más lento que el otro. Meaning: This train is slower than the other one.","vocabularyIds":["es-comparatives-v1","es-comparatives-v2","es-comparatives-v3","es-comparatives-v4","es-comparatives-v5","es-comparatives-v6","es-comparatives-v7","es-comparatives-v8","es-comparatives-v9","es-comparatives-v10"]},{"id":"es-comparatives-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"El piso del centro es más pequeño y más caro que el de las afueras. Sin embargo, está más cerca del trabajo. Ana prefiere el del centro porque puede ir andando.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"She can walk to work","prompt":"Listen for meaning. Why does Ana prefer the central flat?","options":["She can walk to work","It is bigger","It is cheaper"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Ana prefiere el del centro porque puede ir andando gives walking to work as the reason. The central flat is explicitly smaller and more expensive.","vocabularyIds":["es-comparatives-v1","es-comparatives-v2","es-comparatives-v3","es-comparatives-v4","es-comparatives-v5","es-comparatives-v6","es-comparatives-v7","es-comparatives-v8","es-comparatives-v9","es-comparatives-v10"]}],"description":"Compare two places to live using rent, size, location, and transport. Give three reasons for your choice."},{"id":"es-superlatives","notes":["Use el/la/los/las + más/menos + adjective for a relative superlative: la ciudad más bonita.","El mejor and la peor use irregular forms. Muy bonito and bonitísimo express a high degree without comparing a group.","Worked example: Es la tienda más pequeña del centro, pero tiene el mejor pan. = It is the smallest shop in the centre, but it has the best bread. La tienda más pequeña compares the shop with a group; mejor already means better/best, so do not add más.","Small start: Recommend a place with Es el/la… más… de… . Add a second reason with tiene or está. Name the comparison group, such as del barrio, so the listener knows what your recommendation is being compared with."],"title":"The best option","practice":"Recommend the best café, cheapest shop, and most interesting place in your town. Explain each recommendation.","exercises":[{"id":"es-superlatives-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"el mejor","translation":"the best (masculine)"},{"word":"la peor","translation":"the worst (feminine)"},{"word":"el más barato","translation":"the cheapest (masculine)"},{"word":"la más bonita","translation":"the prettiest (feminine)"},{"word":"interesante","translation":"interesting"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: the best option (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"el mejor: the best (masculine); la peor: the worst (feminine); el más barato: the cheapest (masculine); la más bonita: the prettiest (feminine); interesante: interesting","vocabularyIds":["es-superlatives-v1","es-superlatives-v2","es-superlatives-v3","es-superlatives-v4","es-superlatives-v5"]},{"id":"es-superlatives-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"recomendación","translation":"recommendation"},{"word":"opción","translation":"option"},{"word":"calidad","translation":"quality"},{"word":"servicio","translation":"service"},{"word":"excelente","translation":"excellent"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: the best option (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"recomendación: recommendation; opción: option; calidad: quality; servicio: service; excelente: excellent","vocabularyIds":["es-superlatives-v6","es-superlatives-v7","es-superlatives-v8","es-superlatives-v9","es-superlatives-v10"]},{"id":"es-superlatives-3","back":"the best (masculine)","type":"flashcard","front":"el mejor","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["the best (masculine)","the best"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"el mejor means the best (masculine).","vocabularyIds":["es-superlatives-v1"]},{"id":"es-superlatives-4","back":"recommendation","type":"flashcard","front":"recomendación","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["recommendation"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"recomendación means recommendation.","vocabularyIds":["es-superlatives-v6"]},{"id":"es-superlatives-5","type":"choice","answer":"El mejor hotel","prompt":"Choose the phrase meaning the best hotel in a group, rather than a better hotel or the nearest hotel.","options":["Un hotel mejor","El hotel más cercano","El mejor hotel"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"El mejor hotel selects the best hotel from the comparison group. Un hotel mejor means a better hotel without identifying the best; el hotel más cercano compares distance, not overall quality.","vocabularyIds":["es-superlatives-v1","es-superlatives-v2","es-superlatives-v3","es-superlatives-v4","es-superlatives-v5","es-superlatives-v6","es-superlatives-v7","es-superlatives-v8","es-superlatives-v9","es-superlatives-v10"]},{"id":"es-superlatives-6","hint":"The city is compared with every other city in the region. Add the superlative marker.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["más"],"sentence":"Es la ciudad ___ bonita de la región. (most)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Es la ciudad más bonita de la región uses la + noun + más + adjective to identify the highest degree within the stated group.","vocabularyIds":["es-superlatives-v1","es-superlatives-v2","es-superlatives-v3","es-superlatives-v4","es-superlatives-v5","es-superlatives-v6","es-superlatives-v7","es-superlatives-v8","es-superlatives-v9","es-superlatives-v10"]},{"id":"es-superlatives-7","type":"arrange","words":["barrio","barato","restaurante","Es","del","más","el"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “It is the cheapest restaurant in the neighbourhood”","answers":["Es el restaurante más barato del barrio"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Use el/la/los/las + más/menos + adjective for a relative superlative: la ciudad más bonita.","vocabularyIds":["es-superlatives-v1","es-superlatives-v2","es-superlatives-v3","es-superlatives-v4","es-superlatives-v5","es-superlatives-v6","es-superlatives-v7","es-superlatives-v8","es-superlatives-v9","es-superlatives-v10"]},{"id":"es-superlatives-8","hint":"Use mejor without adding más. Opción is feminine.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—Hemos comparado tres opciones. ¿Cuál recomiendas?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Recommend the option you are indicating. Write a reply meaning: “This is the best option”","answers":["Esta es la mejor opción"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Esta identifies the indicated option, and la mejor compares it with the alternatives. Mejor already expresses better or best; más mejor is not needed.","vocabularyIds":["es-superlatives-v1","es-superlatives-v2","es-superlatives-v3","es-superlatives-v4","es-superlatives-v5","es-superlatives-v6","es-superlatives-v7","es-superlatives-v8","es-superlatives-v9","es-superlatives-v10"]},{"id":"es-superlatives-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Es el restaurante más barato del barrio”","answers":["It is the cheapest restaurant in the neighbourhood","it's the cheapest restaurant in the neighbourhood","It is the cheapest restaurant in the neighborhood","it's the cheapest restaurant in the neighborhood","It is the least expensive restaurant in the neighbourhood","it's the least expensive restaurant in the neighbourhood","It is the least expensive restaurant in the neighborhood","it's the least expensive restaurant in the neighborhood"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Use el/la/los/las + más/menos + adjective for a relative superlative: la ciudad más bonita.","vocabularyIds":["es-superlatives-v1","es-superlatives-v2","es-superlatives-v3","es-superlatives-v4","es-superlatives-v5","es-superlatives-v6","es-superlatives-v7","es-superlatives-v8","es-superlatives-v9","es-superlatives-v10"]},{"id":"es-superlatives-10","hint":"Listen for the article and the group introduced by de.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Es el hotel más barato de la ciudad","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Es el hotel más barato de la ciudad"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Es el hotel más barato de la ciudad. Meaning: It is the cheapest hotel in the city.","vocabularyIds":["es-superlatives-v1","es-superlatives-v2","es-superlatives-v3","es-superlatives-v4","es-superlatives-v5","es-superlatives-v6","es-superlatives-v7","es-superlatives-v8","es-superlatives-v9","es-superlatives-v10"]},{"id":"es-superlatives-11","type":"choice","answer":"The one by the station","prompt":"Read for meaning. Which restaurant is recommended for a special dinner?","options":["The cheapest one","All three equally","The one by the station"],"reading":{"text":"Hemos probado tres restaurantes. El de la plaza es el más barato, pero el servicio es lento. El de la estación tiene la mejor comida. Para una cena especial, recomiendo el de la estación.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Recomiendo el de la estación picks the restaurant by the station for a special dinner because it has the best food. The cheapest one is by the square.","vocabularyIds":["es-superlatives-v1","es-superlatives-v2","es-superlatives-v3","es-superlatives-v4","es-superlatives-v5","es-superlatives-v6","es-superlatives-v7","es-superlatives-v8","es-superlatives-v9","es-superlatives-v10"]}],"description":"Recommend the best café, cheapest shop, and most interesting place in your town. Explain each recommendation."},{"id":"es-quantities","notes":["Mucho/poco/demasiado agree with nouns: muchas personas, poca agua. Bastante becomes bastantes before plural nouns.","Algo and nada mean something and nothing. No tengo nada uses the normal Spanish double negative.","Worked example: No hay nadie en casa y no queda nada de pan. Tenemos pocas manzanas. = Nobody is at home and there is no bread left. We have few apples. Nadie refers to people; nada refers to things; pocas agrees with manzanas.","Small start: Make an imaginary kitchen inventory. Begin Hay mucho/a…; Hay pocos/as…; No hay nada de… . Add No hay nadie… about a place. Say which noun each quantity describes before checking its ending.","Short practice model: Para la fiesta tenemos bastante comida y demasiadas bolsas. Hay algo de fruta, pero no queda nada de pan. Tenemos pocas bebidas. Voy a comprar agua y pan. No hace falta comprar más platos: hay suficientes para todos. ¿Puedes traer zumo? Así tenemos algo sin azúcar.","Meaning of the model: For the party we have enough food and too many bags. There is some fruit, but no bread is left. We have few drinks. I am going to buy water and bread. We do not need more plates: there are enough for everyone. Can you bring juice? Then we have something without sugar.","Check your version: Include something, nothing, too many and enough, then decide what to buy or bring. Check agreement with comida, bolsas and bebidas. If you remove the shopping list, can a partner infer what is missing from your description? Invent different party supplies for your version."],"title":"Enough, too much, any","practice":"Describe what you have enough of and what you need for a party. Include something, nothing, too many, and enough.","exercises":[{"id":"es-quantities-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"algo","translation":"something"},{"word":"nada","translation":"nothing"},{"word":"alguien","translation":"someone"},{"word":"nadie","translation":"nobody"},{"word":"demasiado","translation":"too much"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: enough, too much, any (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"algo: something; nada: nothing; alguien: someone; nadie: nobody; demasiado: too much","vocabularyIds":["es-quantities-v1","es-quantities-v2","es-quantities-v3","es-quantities-v4","es-quantities-v5"]},{"id":"es-quantities-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"bastante","translation":"enough or quite a lot"},{"word":"poco","translation":"little or few"},{"word":"mucho","translation":"much or many"},{"word":"suficiente","translation":"sufficient"},{"word":"cantidad","translation":"quantity"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: enough, too much, any (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"bastante: enough or quite a lot; poco: little or few; mucho: much or many; suficiente: sufficient; cantidad: quantity","vocabularyIds":["es-quantities-v6","es-quantities-v7","es-quantities-v8","es-quantities-v9","es-quantities-v10"]},{"id":"es-quantities-3","back":"nothing","type":"flashcard","front":"nada","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["nothing"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"nada means nothing.","vocabularyIds":["es-quantities-v2"]},{"id":"es-quantities-4","back":"little or few","type":"flashcard","front":"poco","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["little or few","little","few"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"poco means little or few.","vocabularyIds":["es-quantities-v7"]},{"id":"es-quantities-5","type":"choice","answer":"Hay demasiadas personas","prompt":"Choose the correct agreement.","options":["Hay demasiados personas","Hay demasiadas personas","Hay demasiado personas"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Demasiadas agrees with feminine plural personas. Demasiado is masculine singular; demasiados is masculine plural.","vocabularyIds":["es-quantities-v1","es-quantities-v2","es-quantities-v3","es-quantities-v4","es-quantities-v5","es-quantities-v6","es-quantities-v7","es-quantities-v8","es-quantities-v9","es-quantities-v10"]},{"id":"es-quantities-6","hint":"The gap means nothing. A negative word may follow no in Spanish.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["nada"],"sentence":"No tengo ___ para comer. (nothing)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"No tengo nada para comer is a normal Spanish negative construction. No before the verb and nada after it work together rather than cancelling each other out.","vocabularyIds":["es-quantities-v1","es-quantities-v2","es-quantities-v3","es-quantities-v4","es-quantities-v5","es-quantities-v6","es-quantities-v7","es-quantities-v8","es-quantities-v9","es-quantities-v10"]},{"id":"es-quantities-7","type":"arrange","words":["la","nadie","No","oficina","en","hay"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “There is nobody in the office”","answers":["No hay nadie en la oficina"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Mucho/poco/demasiado agree with nouns: muchas personas, poca agua. Bastante becomes bastantes before plural nouns.","vocabularyIds":["es-quantities-v1","es-quantities-v2","es-quantities-v3","es-quantities-v4","es-quantities-v5","es-quantities-v6","es-quantities-v7","es-quantities-v8","es-quantities-v9","es-quantities-v10"]},{"id":"es-quantities-8","hint":"Use the nosotros form of tener and agree the quantity word with bolsas.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. You are packing for a trip. Explain the problem with the number of bags. Write a reply meaning: “We have too many bags”","answers":["Tenemos demasiadas bolsas","Nosotros tenemos demasiadas bolsas"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Podemos llevar todo esto sin ayuda?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Demasiadas bolsas means too many bags, rather than merely many. Demasiadas is feminine plural to agree with bolsas; tenemos includes the speaker in the group.","vocabularyIds":["es-quantities-v1","es-quantities-v2","es-quantities-v3","es-quantities-v4","es-quantities-v5","es-quantities-v6","es-quantities-v7","es-quantities-v8","es-quantities-v9","es-quantities-v10"]},{"id":"es-quantities-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “No hay nadie en la oficina”","answers":["There is nobody in the office","Nobody is in the office","No one is in the office","There is no one in the office"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Mucho/poco/demasiado agree with nouns: muchas personas, poca agua. Bastante becomes bastantes before plural nouns.","vocabularyIds":["es-quantities-v1","es-quantities-v2","es-quantities-v3","es-quantities-v4","es-quantities-v5","es-quantities-v6","es-quantities-v7","es-quantities-v8","es-quantities-v9","es-quantities-v10"]},{"id":"es-quantities-10","hint":"Listen for the contrast and the quantities that agree with each noun.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Tenemos mucha comida, pero pocas bebidas","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Tenemos mucha comida, pero pocas bebidas"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Tenemos mucha comida, pero pocas bebidas. Meaning: We have a lot of food, but few drinks.","vocabularyIds":["es-quantities-v1","es-quantities-v2","es-quantities-v3","es-quantities-v4","es-quantities-v5","es-quantities-v6","es-quantities-v7","es-quantities-v8","es-quantities-v9","es-quantities-v10"]},{"id":"es-quantities-conversation","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"—Este hotel es más barato, pero está lejos. —El otro está al lado de la estación.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Prefiero el otro porque está más cerca de la estación.","prompt":"Listen to the conversation. Which reply justifies a preference using both pieces of information?","options":["Este hotel es más caro que el otro.","Prefiero el otro porque está más cerca de la estación.","Los dos hoteles están al lado de la estación."],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The second hotel is closer to the station. Porque gives a reason; the other replies contradict information in the conversation.","vocabularyIds":["es-clothes-v10","es-transport-v4"]},{"id":"es-quantities-recall","hint":"The keys are las llaves: replace that feminine plural object with las before tengo.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “Yes, I have them.” Answer the question using a direct-object pronoun.","answers":["Sí, las tengo","Sí, yo las tengo","Sí, las tengo yo"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Tienes las llaves?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Sí, las tengo answers about las llaves. Las refers to the keys and goes before tengo. Sí needs an accent when it means yes; si means if.","vocabularyIds":["es-direct-objects-v6","si"]},{"id":"es-quantities-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Para la fiesta tenemos bastante comida, pero pocas bebidas. No hay nada sin azúcar. Voy a comprar agua y zumo porque vienen muchas personas.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"More drinks","prompt":"Listen for meaning. What needs to be bought?","options":["Fewer plates","More drinks","More sugary food"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The party has bastante comida but pocas bebidas. Buying water and juice addresses the shortage of drinks, not a shortage of food.","vocabularyIds":["es-quantities-v1","es-quantities-v2","es-quantities-v3","es-quantities-v4","es-quantities-v5","es-quantities-v6","es-quantities-v7","es-quantities-v8","es-quantities-v9","es-quantities-v10"]}],"description":"Describe what you have enough of and what you need for a party. Include something, nothing, too many, and enough."}],"cefrLevel":"A2","objective":"Compare options, use superlatives, and discuss quantities and preferences.","description":"A2 · Compare options, use superlatives, and discuss quantities and preferences."},{"id":"es-a2-health-services","title":"Health and everyday services","lessons":[{"id":"es-symptoms","notes":["Doler works like gustar: me duele la cabeza, me duelen los pies.","Use tener for common symptoms: tengo fiebre/tos; use estar for a state: estoy mareado.","Worked example: Me duele una rodilla, pero no me duelen los brazos. = One knee hurts, but my arms do not hurt. Duele/duelen agrees with the body part. Spanish commonly uses the article, such as la or los, rather than a possessive in this pattern.","Small start: Practise an invented appointment conversation. Say one symptom with me duele or me duelen and when it started with desde. Ask ¿Desde cuándo? in the other role. This is language practice; you can keep the scenario fictional."],"title":"How are you feeling?","practice":"Role-play describing three symptoms and how long you have had them. Ask for an appointment and clarify the time.","exercises":[{"id":"es-symptoms-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"cabeza","translation":"head"},{"word":"garganta","translation":"throat"},{"word":"espalda","translation":"back"},{"word":"estómago","translation":"stomach"},{"word":"fiebre","translation":"fever"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: how are you feeling? (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"cabeza: head; garganta: throat; espalda: back; estómago: stomach; fiebre: fever","vocabularyIds":["es-symptoms-v1","es-symptoms-v2","es-symptoms-v3","es-symptoms-v4","es-symptoms-v5"]},{"id":"es-symptoms-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"tos","translation":"cough"},{"word":"dolor","translation":"pain"},{"word":"mareado","translation":"dizzy"},{"word":"doler","translation":"to hurt"},{"word":"enfermo","translation":"ill"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: how are you feeling? (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"tos: cough; dolor: pain; mareado: dizzy; doler: to hurt; enfermo: ill","vocabularyIds":["es-symptoms-v6","es-symptoms-v7","es-symptoms-v8","es-symptoms-v9","es-symptoms-v10"]},{"id":"es-symptoms-3","back":"back","type":"flashcard","front":"espalda","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["back"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"espalda means back.","vocabularyIds":["es-symptoms-v3"]},{"id":"es-symptoms-4","back":"dizzy","type":"flashcard","front":"mareado","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["dizzy"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"mareado means dizzy.","vocabularyIds":["es-symptoms-v8"]},{"id":"es-symptoms-5","type":"choice","answer":"Estoy mareado","prompt":"Which sentence describes dizziness?","options":["Estoy mareado","Soy mareado","Tengo mareado"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Estoy mareado describes a current physical state with estar. Soy mareado or tengo mareado does not express I feel dizzy in this pattern.","vocabularyIds":["es-symptoms-v1","es-symptoms-v2","es-symptoms-v3","es-symptoms-v4","es-symptoms-v5","es-symptoms-v6","es-symptoms-v7","es-symptoms-v8","es-symptoms-v9","es-symptoms-v10"]},{"id":"es-symptoms-6","hint":"With doler, the body part controls the verb. Los pies is plural.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["duelen"],"sentence":"Me ___ los pies.","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Me duelen los pies uses duelen to agree with plural pies. Me identifies the person affected, just as me does not control singular or plural with gustar.","vocabularyIds":["es-symptoms-v1","es-symptoms-v2","es-symptoms-v3","es-symptoms-v4","es-symptoms-v5","es-symptoms-v6","es-symptoms-v7","es-symptoms-v8","es-symptoms-v9","es-symptoms-v10"]},{"id":"es-symptoms-7","type":"arrange","words":["la","Me","garganta","duele"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “My throat hurts”","answers":["Me duele la garganta"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Doler works like gustar: me duele la cabeza, me duelen los pies.","vocabularyIds":["es-symptoms-v1","es-symptoms-v2","es-symptoms-v3","es-symptoms-v4","es-symptoms-v5","es-symptoms-v6","es-symptoms-v7","es-symptoms-v8","es-symptoms-v9","es-symptoms-v10"]},{"id":"es-symptoms-8","hint":"Use tener with fiebre and desde with the starting day.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Qué le pasa y desde cuándo?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. In an imagined appointment, describe the symptom and its starting point. Write a reply meaning: “I have had a fever since yesterday”","answers":["Tengo fiebre desde ayer","Desde ayer tengo fiebre"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Tengo fiebre describes the symptom, and desde ayer says when it began. Desde hace would instead introduce a duration such as dos días, not the starting word ayer.","vocabularyIds":["es-symptoms-v1","es-symptoms-v2","es-symptoms-v3","es-symptoms-v4","es-symptoms-v5","es-symptoms-v6","es-symptoms-v7","es-symptoms-v8","es-symptoms-v9","es-symptoms-v10"]},{"id":"es-symptoms-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Me duele la garganta”","answers":["My throat hurts","I have a sore throat"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Doler works like gustar: me duele la cabeza, me duelen los pies.","vocabularyIds":["es-symptoms-v1","es-symptoms-v2","es-symptoms-v3","es-symptoms-v4","es-symptoms-v5","es-symptoms-v6","es-symptoms-v7","es-symptoms-v8","es-symptoms-v9","es-symptoms-v10"]},{"id":"es-symptoms-10","hint":"Listen for the body part and the starting time of the discomfort.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Me duele la cabeza desde anoche","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Me duele la cabeza desde anoche"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Me duele la cabeza desde anoche. Meaning: I have had a headache since last night.","vocabularyIds":["es-symptoms-v1","es-symptoms-v2","es-symptoms-v3","es-symptoms-v4","es-symptoms-v5","es-symptoms-v6","es-symptoms-v7","es-symptoms-v8","es-symptoms-v9","es-symptoms-v10"]},{"id":"es-symptoms-11","type":"choice","answer":"A fever","prompt":"Read for meaning. Which symptom does this person not have?","options":["A fever","A sore throat","A cough"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Qué le pasa? —Me duele la garganta y tengo tos desde ayer. —¿Tiene fiebre? —No. Quiero pedir una cita para mañana por la mañana.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The person reports a sore throat and cough, then answers No to ¿Tiene fiebre? The missing symptom is a fever.","vocabularyIds":["es-symptoms-v1","es-symptoms-v2","es-symptoms-v3","es-symptoms-v4","es-symptoms-v5","es-symptoms-v6","es-symptoms-v7","es-symptoms-v8","es-symptoms-v9","es-symptoms-v10"]}],"description":"Role-play describing three symptoms and how long you have had them. Ask for an appointment and clarify the time."},{"id":"es-appointments","notes":["For requests use quisiera or me gustaría as polite fixed expressions: quisiera cambiar mi cita.","Para + infinitive explains purpose: llamo para confirmar. State your name, date, time, and reason clearly.","Worked example: Llamo para anular mi cita del lunes. ¿Tiene algo el miércoles? = I am calling to cancel my Monday appointment. Do you have anything on Wednesday? Para + infinitive states the purpose of the call; the day identifies the appointment.","Small start: Take two roles. First request a change with Llamo para cambiar… . Offer one time, decline it politely, and agree on another. Repeat the final day and time aloud so both speakers have the same arrangement."],"title":"Book and change an appointment","practice":"Book an appointment, then phone to change it. Confirm the new date and time and spell your surname if necessary.","exercises":[{"id":"es-appointments-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"pedir cita","translation":"to make an appointment"},{"word":"consulta","translation":"consultation"},{"word":"recepción","translation":"reception"},{"word":"seguro","translation":"insurance"},{"word":"urgente","translation":"urgent"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: book and change an appointment (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"pedir cita: to make an appointment; consulta: consultation; recepción: reception; seguro: insurance; urgente: urgent","vocabularyIds":["es-appointments-v1","es-appointments-v2","es-appointments-v3","es-appointments-v4","es-appointments-v5"]},{"id":"es-appointments-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"disponibilidad","translation":"availability"},{"word":"aplazar","translation":"to postpone"},{"word":"adelantar","translation":"to bring forward"},{"word":"confirmación","translation":"confirmation"},{"word":"apuntar","translation":"to note down"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: book and change an appointment (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"disponibilidad: availability; aplazar: to postpone; adelantar: to bring forward; confirmación: confirmation; apuntar: to note down","vocabularyIds":["es-appointments-v6","es-appointments-v7","es-appointments-v8","es-appointments-v9","es-appointments-v10"]},{"id":"es-appointments-3","back":"insurance","type":"flashcard","front":"seguro","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["insurance"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"seguro means insurance.","vocabularyIds":["es-appointments-v4"]},{"id":"es-appointments-4","back":"confirmation","type":"flashcard","front":"confirmación","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["confirmation"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"confirmación means confirmation.","vocabularyIds":["es-appointments-v9"]},{"id":"es-appointments-5","type":"choice","answer":"¿Podemos cambiar la cita al martes?","prompt":"You cannot attend on Monday and want Tuesday instead. Which request asks to reschedule?","options":["¿Puede confirmar mi cita del lunes?","Quisiera anular la cita sin reservar otra","¿Podemos cambiar la cita al martes?"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Cambiar la cita al martes asks to move the appointment to Tuesday. Confirmar leaves Monday in place; anular ... sin reservar otra cancels without requesting the replacement you want.","vocabularyIds":["es-appointments-v1","es-appointments-v2","es-appointments-v3","es-appointments-v4","es-appointments-v5","es-appointments-v6","es-appointments-v7","es-appointments-v8","es-appointments-v9","es-appointments-v10"]},{"id":"es-appointments-6","hint":"The infinitive confirmar expresses the purpose of calling.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["para"],"sentence":"Llamo ___ confirmar la hora. (in order to)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Llamo para confirmar la hora uses para + infinitive for in order to. The same speaker both calls and confirms.","vocabularyIds":["es-appointments-v1","es-appointments-v2","es-appointments-v3","es-appointments-v4","es-appointments-v5","es-appointments-v6","es-appointments-v7","es-appointments-v8","es-appointments-v9","es-appointments-v10"]},{"id":"es-appointments-7","type":"arrange","words":["cita","cambiar","Llamo","mi","para"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I am calling to change my appointment”","answers":["Llamo para cambiar mi cita"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"For requests use quisiera or me gustaría as polite fixed expressions: quisiera cambiar mi cita.","vocabularyIds":["es-appointments-v1","es-appointments-v2","es-appointments-v3","es-appointments-v4","es-appointments-v5","es-appointments-v6","es-appointments-v7","es-appointments-v8","es-appointments-v9","es-appointments-v10"]},{"id":"es-appointments-8","hint":"Use quisiera or me gustaría for the request, and para for the requested day.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Make a polite appointment request. Write a reply meaning: “I would like an appointment for tomorrow”","answers":["Quisiera una cita para mañana","Me gustaría una cita para mañana","Querría una cita para mañana"],"reading":{"text":"—Buenos días. ¿Para qué día quiere la cita?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Quisiera una cita is a polite request rather than a statement that an appointment is already booked. Para mañana specifies the desired day.","vocabularyIds":["es-appointments-v1","es-appointments-v2","es-appointments-v3","es-appointments-v4","es-appointments-v5","es-appointments-v6","es-appointments-v7","es-appointments-v8","es-appointments-v9","es-appointments-v10"]},{"id":"es-appointments-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Llamo para cambiar mi cita”","answers":["I am calling to change my appointment","I'm calling to change my appointment","I am phoning to change my appointment","I'm phoning to change my appointment"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"For requests use quisiera or me gustaría as polite fixed expressions: quisiera cambiar mi cita.","vocabularyIds":["es-appointments-v1","es-appointments-v2","es-appointments-v3","es-appointments-v4","es-appointments-v5","es-appointments-v6","es-appointments-v7","es-appointments-v8","es-appointments-v9","es-appointments-v10"]},{"id":"es-appointments-10","hint":"Listen for the proposed new day and time of day.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"¿Podemos cambiar la cita al jueves por la mañana?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["¿Podemos cambiar la cita al jueves por la mañana?"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: ¿Podemos cambiar la cita al jueves por la mañana?. Meaning: Can we change the appointment to Thursday morning?.","vocabularyIds":["es-appointments-v1","es-appointments-v2","es-appointments-v3","es-appointments-v4","es-appointments-v5","es-appointments-v6","es-appointments-v7","es-appointments-v8","es-appointments-v9","es-appointments-v10"]},{"id":"es-appointments-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Tenía una cita el lunes a las cuatro, pero ahora trabajo esa tarde. He llamado para cambiarla. En recepción me han dado una nueva cita el martes a las nueve.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Tuesday at nine","prompt":"Listen for meaning. When is the new appointment?","options":["Monday at four","Tuesday at four","Tuesday at nine"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"La nueva cita is el martes a las nueve. Monday at four is the original appointment, which conflicts with work.","vocabularyIds":["es-appointments-v1","es-appointments-v2","es-appointments-v3","es-appointments-v4","es-appointments-v5","es-appointments-v6","es-appointments-v7","es-appointments-v8","es-appointments-v9","es-appointments-v10"]}],"description":"Book an appointment, then phone to change it. Confirm the new date and time and spell your surname if necessary."},{"id":"es-service-requests","notes":["¿Podría...? makes a polite service request; ¿Puede repetirlo más despacio? asks for clarification.","Use acabar de + infinitive for a very recent event: acabo de perder las llaves.","Worked example: Acabo de llegar y la calefacción no funciona. ¿Podría revisarla? = I have just arrived and the heating is not working. Could you check it? Acabar de + infinitive places an event just before now; podría makes a polite request.","Small start: Describe one imaginary problem with a room or device. Begin No funciona… or Acabo de perder… . Ask for one specific action with ¿Podría…? Take the other role and confirm what help is being requested.","Short practice model: —Buenos días. La calefacción de mi habitación no funciona. ¿Podría mandar a alguien? —El técnico puede venir mañana a las diez. —Perdone, ¿puede repetir la hora más despacio? —A las diez de la mañana. —De acuerdo. Mañana a las diez voy a estar en mi habitación. Gracias.","Meaning of the model: Good morning. The heating in my room is not working. Could you send someone? The technician can come tomorrow at ten. Sorry, could you repeat the time more slowly? At ten in the morning. All right. Tomorrow at ten I am going to be in my room. Thank you.","Check your version: Name the problem, ask for an action and request repetition once. Repeat the agreed time or solution to check it. Keep usted consistent in this formal exchange. Swap roles and invent a different small problem; a successful request makes the next step clear."],"title":"Ask for practical help","practice":"Explain a small practical problem to a receptionist. Ask for help, request repetition, and confirm the solution.","exercises":[{"id":"es-service-requests-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"acabar de","translation":"to have just"},{"word":"avería","translation":"breakdown"},{"word":"reparar","translation":"to repair"},{"word":"grifo","translation":"tap"},{"word":"calefacción","translation":"heating"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: ask for practical help (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"acabar de: to have just; avería: breakdown; reparar: to repair; grifo: tap; calefacción: heating","vocabularyIds":["es-service-requests-v1","es-service-requests-v2","es-service-requests-v3","es-service-requests-v4","es-service-requests-v5"]},{"id":"es-service-requests-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"enchufe","translation":"socket"},{"word":"funcionar","translation":"to work or function"},{"word":"encender","translation":"to switch on"},{"word":"apagar","translation":"to switch off"},{"word":"técnico","translation":"technician"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: ask for practical help (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"enchufe: socket; funcionar: to work or function; encender: to switch on; apagar: to switch off; técnico: technician","vocabularyIds":["es-service-requests-v6","es-service-requests-v7","es-service-requests-v8","es-service-requests-v9","es-service-requests-v10"]},{"id":"es-service-requests-3","back":"heating","type":"flashcard","front":"calefacción","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["heating"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"calefacción means heating.","vocabularyIds":["es-service-requests-v5"]},{"id":"es-service-requests-4","back":"technician","type":"flashcard","front":"técnico","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["technician"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"técnico means technician.","vocabularyIds":["es-service-requests-v10"]},{"id":"es-service-requests-5","type":"choice","answer":"Acabo de llamar al técnico","prompt":"You finished calling the technician a moment ago. Which sentence presents the call as just completed?","options":["Voy a llamar al técnico","Acabo de llamar al técnico","Estoy llamando al técnico"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Acabo de + infinitive presents a very recent completed action. Estoy llamando describes a call in progress; voy a llamar gives a plan for a call that has not yet happened.","vocabularyIds":["es-service-requests-v1","es-service-requests-v2","es-service-requests-v3","es-service-requests-v4","es-service-requests-v5","es-service-requests-v6","es-service-requests-v7","es-service-requests-v8","es-service-requests-v9","es-service-requests-v10"]},{"id":"es-service-requests-6","hint":"Use the present form of funcionar for singular la calefacción.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["funciona"],"sentence":"La calefacción no ___. (function)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"La calefacción no funciona describes the heating not working. Funciona agrees with the singular subject; no goes immediately before the conjugated verb.","vocabularyIds":["es-service-requests-v1","es-service-requests-v2","es-service-requests-v3","es-service-requests-v4","es-service-requests-v5","es-service-requests-v6","es-service-requests-v7","es-service-requests-v8","es-service-requests-v9","es-service-requests-v10"]},{"id":"es-service-requests-7","type":"arrange","words":["llaves","perder","Acabo","las","de"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I have just lost the keys”","answers":["Acabo de perder las llaves"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"¿Podría...? makes a polite service request; ¿Puede repetirlo más despacio? asks for clarification.","vocabularyIds":["es-service-requests-v1","es-service-requests-v2","es-service-requests-v3","es-service-requests-v4","es-service-requests-v5","es-service-requests-v6","es-service-requests-v7","es-service-requests-v8","es-service-requests-v9","es-service-requests-v10"]},{"id":"es-service-requests-8","hint":"Use a polite poder question followed by hablar and the comparative phrase for more slowly.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—La visita será entre las diez y las doce; después le explico los detalles.","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. You missed part of a service call. Ask the speaker to slow down; tú or usted is welcome. Write a reply meaning: “Could you speak more slowly?”","answers":["¿Podría hablar más despacio?","¿Puede hablar más despacio?","¿Podrías hablar más despacio?","¿Podría hablar más lentamente?","¿Podrías hablar más lentamente?"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Podría hablar más despacio asks usted to change their speed; podrías addresses tú. Más despacio and más lentamente both mean more slowly. Más rápido would ask for the opposite. Puede is also accepted as a polite request.","vocabularyIds":["es-service-requests-v1","es-service-requests-v2","es-service-requests-v3","es-service-requests-v4","es-service-requests-v5","es-service-requests-v6","es-service-requests-v7","es-service-requests-v8","es-service-requests-v9","es-service-requests-v10"]},{"id":"es-service-requests-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Acabo de perder las llaves”","answers":["I have just lost the keys","I've just lost the keys","I just lost the keys"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"¿Podría...? makes a polite service request; ¿Puede repetirlo más despacio? asks for clarification.","vocabularyIds":["es-service-requests-v1","es-service-requests-v2","es-service-requests-v3","es-service-requests-v4","es-service-requests-v5","es-service-requests-v6","es-service-requests-v7","es-service-requests-v8","es-service-requests-v9","es-service-requests-v10"]},{"id":"es-service-requests-10","hint":"Listen for the recent-event structure before the infinitive.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Acabo de llamar para cambiar la cita","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Acabo de llamar para cambiar la cita"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Acabo de llamar para cambiar la cita. Meaning: I have just called to change the appointment.","vocabularyIds":["es-service-requests-v1","es-service-requests-v2","es-service-requests-v3","es-service-requests-v4","es-service-requests-v5","es-service-requests-v6","es-service-requests-v7","es-service-requests-v8","es-service-requests-v9","es-service-requests-v10"]},{"id":"es-service-requests-conversation","type":"choice","answer":"El martes a las diez de la mañana.","prompt":"Which response confirms an appointment clearly?","options":["No me gusta el frío.","El martes a las diez de la mañana.","La calefacción no funciona."],"reading":{"text":"—La calefacción no funciona. —Enviamos a alguien el martes. —Perdone, ¿a qué hora?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"A useful confirmation includes the day and time. Repeating the original problem does not answer a qué hora.","vocabularyIds":["es-service-requests-v5"]},{"id":"es-service-requests-recall","hint":"The situation continues now. Use present + desde hace + duration, or llevar + duration + gerund.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “I have lived here for three years.” The situation is still continuing now.","answers":["Vivo aquí desde hace tres años","Desde hace tres años vivo aquí","Yo vivo aquí desde hace tres años","Llevo tres años viviendo aquí","Hace tres años que vivo aquí","Vivo aquí desde hace 3 años","Llevo 3 años viviendo aquí","Hace 3 años que vivo aquí"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Vivo aquí desde hace tres años describes a continuing situation. Desde hace takes an elapsed period; desde alone introduces a starting point such as enero. Llevo tres años viviendo aquí is another valid pattern.","vocabularyIds":["es-duration-v2","es-family-v10","es-regular-present-v6"]},{"id":"es-service-requests-11","type":"choice","answer":"Be at home tomorrow between ten and twelve to let the technician in","prompt":"Read for meaning. Which plan matches the repair appointment?","options":["Leave home tomorrow between ten and twelve while the technician repairs it","Be at home tomorrow between ten and twelve to let the technician in","Be at home today between ten and twelve to let the technician in"],"reading":{"text":"La calefacción no funciona desde anoche. Acabo de llamar al técnico. Puede venir mañana entre las diez y las doce. Tengo que estar en casa para abrirle la puerta.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Puede venir mañana entre las diez y las doce gives tomorrow’s two-hour window. Tengo que estar en casa para abrirle la puerta explains why the resident needs to stay. Desde anoche describes when the fault began.","vocabularyIds":["es-service-requests-v1","es-service-requests-v2","es-service-requests-v3","es-service-requests-v4","es-service-requests-v5","es-service-requests-v6","es-service-requests-v7","es-service-requests-v8","es-service-requests-v9","es-service-requests-v10"]}],"description":"Explain a small practical problem to a receptionist. Ask for help, request repetition, and confirm the solution."}],"cefrLevel":"A2","objective":"Explain symptoms, seek help, and make practical appointments.","description":"A2 · Explain symptoms, seek help, and make practical appointments."},{"id":"es-a2-work-study","title":"Work, study, and communication","lessons":[{"id":"es-job-routine","notes":["Use trabajar de + profession and trabajar en + workplace: trabajo de cocinero en un restaurante.","Sol(er) + infinitive describes a usual activity: suelo empezar a las nueve; solemos comer juntos.","Worked example: Suelo llegar temprano y trabajo de recepcionista. = I usually arrive early and work as a receptionist. Soler takes an infinitive: suelo llegar. Trabajo de introduces the job, while trabajo en introduces the place or organisation.","Small start: Choose an imaginary job. Say where you work, what you do, and one routine with suelo. Change yo to nosotros for a team description. You can start with just Trabajo de… en… before adding the routine."],"title":"What does your job involve?","practice":"Describe your work or studies, typical tasks, schedule, and one thing you enjoy. Ask a partner about theirs.","exercises":[{"id":"es-job-routine-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"profesión","translation":"profession"},{"word":"empresa","translation":"company"},{"word":"reunión","translation":"meeting"},{"word":"cliente","translation":"customer"},{"word":"horas extra","translation":"overtime"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what does your job involve? (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"profesión: profession; empresa: company; reunión: meeting; cliente: customer; horas extra: overtime","vocabularyIds":["es-job-routine-v1","es-job-routine-v2","es-job-routine-v3","es-job-routine-v4","es-job-routine-v5"]},{"id":"es-job-routine-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"sueldo","translation":"salary"},{"word":"turno","translation":"shift"},{"word":"equipo","translation":"team"},{"word":"jefe","translation":"boss"},{"word":"soler","translation":"to usually do"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what does your job involve? (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"sueldo: salary; turno: shift; equipo: team; jefe: boss; soler: to usually do","vocabularyIds":["es-job-routine-v6","es-job-routine-v7","es-job-routine-v8","es-job-routine-v9","es-job-routine-v10"]},{"id":"es-job-routine-3","back":"profession","type":"flashcard","front":"profesión","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["profession","occupation"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"profesión means profession.","vocabularyIds":["es-job-routine-v1"]},{"id":"es-job-routine-4","back":"salary","type":"flashcard","front":"sueldo","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["salary","pay"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"sueldo means salary.","vocabularyIds":["es-job-routine-v6"]},{"id":"es-job-routine-5","type":"choice","answer":"Trabajo de enfermera","prompt":"Which phrase correctly introduces a profession?","options":["Trabajo de enfermera","Trabajo una enfermera","Trabajo por enfermera"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Trabajo de enfermera uses trabajar de + profession. Trabajar en introduces a workplace instead, as in trabajo en un hospital.","vocabularyIds":["es-job-routine-v1","es-job-routine-v2","es-job-routine-v3","es-job-routine-v4","es-job-routine-v5","es-job-routine-v6","es-job-routine-v7","es-job-routine-v8","es-job-routine-v9","es-job-routine-v10"]},{"id":"es-job-routine-6","hint":"Soler changes o to ue in the yo present form.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["suelo"],"sentence":"Yo ___ comer con mis compañeros. (soler)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Yo suelo comer con mis compañeros expresses a usual habit. Suelo is followed by the infinitive comer; nosotros would use solemos without the stem change.","vocabularyIds":["es-job-routine-v1","es-job-routine-v2","es-job-routine-v3","es-job-routine-v4","es-job-routine-v5","es-job-routine-v6","es-job-routine-v7","es-job-routine-v8","es-job-routine-v9","es-job-routine-v10"]},{"id":"es-job-routine-7","type":"arrange","words":["un","cocinero","Trabajo","restaurante","en","de"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I work as a cook in a restaurant”","answers":["Trabajo de cocinero en un restaurante"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Use trabajar de + profession and trabajar en + workplace: trabajo de cocinero en un restaurante.","vocabularyIds":["es-job-routine-v1","es-job-routine-v2","es-job-routine-v3","es-job-routine-v4","es-job-routine-v5","es-job-routine-v6","es-job-routine-v7","es-job-routine-v8","es-job-routine-v9","es-job-routine-v10"]},{"id":"es-job-routine-8","hint":"Use soler in the nosotros form plus an infinitive. Give the time with a las.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Answer about your team's usual start time. Write a reply meaning: “We usually start at nine”","answers":["Solemos empezar a las nueve","Nosotros solemos empezar a las nueve"],"reading":{"text":"—¿A qué hora empezáis normalmente?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Solemos empezar expresses the team's usual routine. Empezar stays in the infinitive after solemos, while a las nueve gives the start time.","vocabularyIds":["es-job-routine-v1","es-job-routine-v2","es-job-routine-v3","es-job-routine-v4","es-job-routine-v5","es-job-routine-v6","es-job-routine-v7","es-job-routine-v8","es-job-routine-v9","es-job-routine-v10"]},{"id":"es-job-routine-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Trabajo de cocinero en un restaurante”","answers":["I work as a cook in a restaurant","I am a cook in a restaurant","I'm a cook in a restaurant"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Use trabajar de + profession and trabajar en + workplace: trabajo de cocinero en un restaurante.","vocabularyIds":["es-job-routine-v1","es-job-routine-v2","es-job-routine-v3","es-job-routine-v4","es-job-routine-v5","es-job-routine-v6","es-job-routine-v7","es-job-routine-v8","es-job-routine-v9","es-job-routine-v10"]},{"id":"es-job-routine-10","hint":"Listen for the habitual verb followed by an infinitive.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"En el hotel suelo empezar a las siete","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["En el hotel suelo empezar a las siete"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: En el hotel suelo empezar a las siete. Meaning: At the hotel I usually start at seven.","vocabularyIds":["es-job-routine-v1","es-job-routine-v2","es-job-routine-v3","es-job-routine-v4","es-job-routine-v5","es-job-routine-v6","es-job-routine-v7","es-job-routine-v8","es-job-routine-v9","es-job-routine-v10"]},{"id":"es-job-routine-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Trabajo de recepcionista en un hotel. Suelo empezar a las siete y terminar a las tres. Atiendo a los clientes y contesto correos. Me gusta hablar idiomas, pero los turnos cambian cada semana.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"The shifts change every week","prompt":"Listen for meaning. What is a difficulty of this job?","options":["The shifts change every week","There are no customers","The worker cannot use languages"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Los turnos cambian cada semana is the stated difficulty. Speaking languages is something the receptionist likes about the job.","vocabularyIds":["es-job-routine-v1","es-job-routine-v2","es-job-routine-v3","es-job-routine-v4","es-job-routine-v5","es-job-routine-v6","es-job-routine-v7","es-job-routine-v8","es-job-routine-v9","es-job-routine-v10"]}],"description":"Describe your work or studies, typical tasks, schedule, and one thing you enjoy. Ask a partner about theirs."},{"id":"es-learning-needs","notes":["Se me da bien + infinitive means I am good at doing something. Me cuesta + infinitive means I find it difficult.","Para mejorar + infinitive expresses a learning goal: para mejorar, practico cada día.","Worked example: Se me da bien leer, pero me cuesta entender una conversación rápida. = I am good at reading, but I find a fast conversation difficult to understand. Se me da bien names a strength; me cuesta + infinitive names a difficulty.","Small start: Name one strength and one difficulty, real or invented. Begin Se me da bien…; Me cuesta… . Add one achievable step with Para mejorar, practico… . Keep the step small enough to try in a few minutes."],"title":"Learning together","practice":"Explain two strengths and two difficulties in learning Spanish. Create a weekly plan with specific activities.","exercises":[{"id":"es-learning-needs-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"pronunciación","translation":"pronunciation"},{"word":"gramática","translation":"grammar"},{"word":"vocabulario","translation":"vocabulary"},{"word":"examen","translation":"exam"},{"word":"ejercicio","translation":"exercise"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: learning together (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"pronunciación: pronunciation; gramática: grammar; vocabulario: vocabulary; examen: exam; ejercicio: exercise","vocabularyIds":["es-learning-needs-v1","es-learning-needs-v2","es-learning-needs-v3","es-learning-needs-v4","es-learning-needs-v5"]},{"id":"es-learning-needs-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"practicar","translation":"to practise"},{"word":"repasar","translation":"to revise"},{"word":"mejorar","translation":"to improve"},{"word":"equivocarse","translation":"to make a mistake"},{"word":"apuntes","translation":"notes"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: learning together (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"practicar: to practise; repasar: to revise; mejorar: to improve; equivocarse: to make a mistake; apuntes: notes","vocabularyIds":["es-learning-needs-v6","es-learning-needs-v7","es-learning-needs-v8","es-learning-needs-v9","es-learning-needs-v10"]},{"id":"es-learning-needs-3","back":"grammar","type":"flashcard","front":"gramática","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["grammar"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"gramática means grammar.","vocabularyIds":["es-learning-needs-v2"]},{"id":"es-learning-needs-4","back":"to revise","type":"flashcard","front":"repasar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to revise","revise","to review","review"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"repasar means to revise.","vocabularyIds":["es-learning-needs-v7"]},{"id":"es-learning-needs-5","type":"choice","answer":"Me cuesta pronunciar esta palabra","prompt":"Which sentence expresses a learning difficulty?","options":["Se me da bien pronunciar esta palabra","Esta palabra es mi favorita","Me cuesta pronunciar esta palabra"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Me cuesta pronunciar esta palabra expresses difficulty. Se me da bien expresses a strength, and favorita expresses a preference rather than ability.","vocabularyIds":["es-learning-needs-v1","es-learning-needs-v2","es-learning-needs-v3","es-learning-needs-v4","es-learning-needs-v5","es-learning-needs-v6","es-learning-needs-v7","es-learning-needs-v8","es-learning-needs-v9","es-learning-needs-v10"]},{"id":"es-learning-needs-6","hint":"The fixed expression for being good at an activity uses darse bien.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["da"],"sentence":"Se me ___ bien leer en español.","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Se me da bien leer en español means I am good at reading Spanish. Da stays singular before the infinitive leer; me indicates whose skill is described.","vocabularyIds":["es-learning-needs-v1","es-learning-needs-v2","es-learning-needs-v3","es-learning-needs-v4","es-learning-needs-v5","es-learning-needs-v6","es-learning-needs-v7","es-learning-needs-v8","es-learning-needs-v9","es-learning-needs-v10"]},{"id":"es-learning-needs-7","type":"arrange","words":["noticias","entender","Me","las","cuesta"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I find it difficult to understand the news”","answers":["Me cuesta entender las noticias"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Se me da bien + infinitive means I am good at doing something. Me cuesta + infinitive means I find it difficult.","vocabularyIds":["es-learning-needs-v1","es-learning-needs-v2","es-learning-needs-v3","es-learning-needs-v4","es-learning-needs-v5","es-learning-needs-v6","es-learning-needs-v7","es-learning-needs-v8","es-learning-needs-v9","es-learning-needs-v10"]},{"id":"es-learning-needs-8","hint":"Use the yo present for the habit and para + infinitive for its purpose.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Qué haces para mejorar tu español?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Explain your small regular practice habit. Write a reply meaning: “I practise every day to improve”","answers":["Practico cada día para mejorar","Para mejorar practico cada día","Practico todos los días para mejorar"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Practico cada día gives the repeated action. Para mejorar explains its purpose; porque mejoro would instead give a reason framed as a present statement.","vocabularyIds":["es-learning-needs-v1","es-learning-needs-v2","es-learning-needs-v3","es-learning-needs-v4","es-learning-needs-v5","es-learning-needs-v6","es-learning-needs-v7","es-learning-needs-v8","es-learning-needs-v9","es-learning-needs-v10"]},{"id":"es-learning-needs-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Me cuesta entender las noticias”","answers":["I find it difficult to understand the news","I have trouble understanding the news","It is hard for me to understand the news","it's hard for me to understand the news"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Se me da bien + infinitive means I am good at doing something. Me cuesta + infinitive means I find it difficult.","vocabularyIds":["es-learning-needs-v1","es-learning-needs-v2","es-learning-needs-v3","es-learning-needs-v4","es-learning-needs-v5","es-learning-needs-v6","es-learning-needs-v7","es-learning-needs-v8","es-learning-needs-v9","es-learning-needs-v10"]},{"id":"es-learning-needs-10","hint":"Listen for the expression of difficulty and the plural adjective. Keep the accent in rápidas.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Me cuesta entender conversaciones rápidas","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Me cuesta entender conversaciones rápidas"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Me cuesta entender conversaciones rápidas. Meaning: I find it difficult to understand fast conversations.","vocabularyIds":["es-learning-needs-v1","es-learning-needs-v2","es-learning-needs-v3","es-learning-needs-v4","es-learning-needs-v5","es-learning-needs-v6","es-learning-needs-v7","es-learning-needs-v8","es-learning-needs-v9","es-learning-needs-v10"]},{"id":"es-learning-needs-11","type":"choice","answer":"To work on understanding speech, which she finds difficult","prompt":"Read for meaning. Why does Laura repeat the podcast slowly?","options":["To work on reading, which she finds more difficult than listening","To prepare a podcast that she records with her partner on Fridays","To work on understanding speech, which she finds difficult"],"reading":{"text":"A Laura se le da bien leer, pero le cuesta entender conversaciones rápidas. Para mejorar, escucha un podcast corto cada día y lo repite despacio. Los viernes practica con una compañera.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Se le da bien leer contrasts a reading strength with le cuesta entender conversaciones rápidas. Repeating a short podcast slowly targets that listening difficulty. Friday is conversation practice; the text does not say she records a podcast.","vocabularyIds":["es-learning-needs-v1","es-learning-needs-v2","es-learning-needs-v3","es-learning-needs-v4","es-learning-needs-v5","es-learning-needs-v6","es-learning-needs-v7","es-learning-needs-v8","es-learning-needs-v9","es-learning-needs-v10"]}],"description":"Explain two strengths and two difficulties in learning Spanish. Create a weekly plan with specific activities."},{"id":"es-messages","notes":["A useful message gives who, what, when, and the requested action. Use ¿Puedes...? and por favor for requests.","Decir que + sentence reports information: Ana dice que llega tarde. Keep the reported person clear.","Worked example: Te escribo para avisarte: Ana dice que no puede venir. ¿Puedes confirmar la nueva hora? = I am writing to let you know: Ana says she cannot come. Can you confirm the new time? The message gives a purpose, information, and a clear request.","Small start: Write three short lines to change a meeting: why you are writing, what has changed, and what the reader should confirm. Start Te escribo para… . Check the date and time before adding a friendly closing.","Short practice model: Hola, Luis. Te escribo porque no puedo ir a la reunión del martes a las diez. Tengo una cita a esa hora. ¿Podemos vernos a las doce en el mismo lugar? También te envío el informe. ¿Puedes leerlo antes y confirmar si te viene bien? Gracias, Ana.","Meaning of the model: Hi, Luis. I am writing because I cannot attend Tuesday's meeting at ten. I have an appointment then. Can we meet at twelve in the same place? I am also sending the report. Can you read it beforehand and confirm whether that suits you? Thanks, Ana.","Check your version: Can the reader identify the old time, reason, proposed new time and requested reply? Use tú consistently for this message to Luis. Change the names and times, then check that the reader can tell which meeting changed without needing to ask you first."],"title":"Leave a clear message","practice":"Write a short message changing a meeting. Give the reason, propose a new time, and ask the recipient to confirm.","exercises":[{"id":"es-messages-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"avisar","translation":"to let someone know"},{"word":"contestar","translation":"to reply"},{"word":"dejar un mensaje","translation":"to leave a message"},{"word":"adjunto","translation":"attached"},{"word":"asunto","translation":"subject"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: leave a clear message (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"avisar: to let someone know; contestar: to reply; dejar un mensaje: to leave a message; adjunto: attached; asunto: subject","vocabularyIds":["es-messages-v1","es-messages-v2","es-messages-v3","es-messages-v4","es-messages-v5"]},{"id":"es-messages-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"saludo","translation":"greeting"},{"word":"despedida","translation":"sign-off"},{"word":"urgencia","translation":"urgency"},{"word":"disculpa","translation":"apology"},{"word":"disculparse","translation":"to apologise"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: leave a clear message (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"saludo: greeting; despedida: sign-off; urgencia: urgency; disculpa: apology; disculparse: to apologise","vocabularyIds":["es-messages-v6","es-messages-v7","es-messages-v8","es-messages-v9","es-messages-v10"]},{"id":"es-messages-3","back":"to leave a message","type":"flashcard","front":"dejar un mensaje","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to leave a message","leave a message"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"dejar un mensaje means to leave a message.","vocabularyIds":["es-messages-v3"]},{"id":"es-messages-4","back":"urgency","type":"flashcard","front":"urgencia","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["urgency"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"urgencia means urgency.","vocabularyIds":["es-messages-v8"]},{"id":"es-messages-5","type":"choice","answer":"¿Puedes enviarme el informe antes de las cinco?","prompt":"Which message contains a clear request?","options":["Ayer trabajé en el informe","¿Puedes enviarme el informe antes de las cinco?","El informe es interesante"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"¿Puedes enviarme el informe antes de las cinco? gives a requested action and a deadline. The other options only comment on the report.","vocabularyIds":["es-messages-v1","es-messages-v2","es-messages-v3","es-messages-v4","es-messages-v5","es-messages-v6","es-messages-v7","es-messages-v8","es-messages-v9","es-messages-v10"]},{"id":"es-messages-6","hint":"Avisarte is the purpose of writing. Use the purpose preposition.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["para"],"sentence":"Te escribo ___ avisarte del cambio. (in order to)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Te escribo para avisarte del cambio uses para + infinitive. The message explains why the speaker is writing.","vocabularyIds":["es-messages-v1","es-messages-v2","es-messages-v3","es-messages-v4","es-messages-v5","es-messages-v6","es-messages-v7","es-messages-v8","es-messages-v9","es-messages-v10"]},{"id":"es-messages-7","type":"arrange","words":["tarde","que","Ana","llega","dice"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “Ana says she is arriving late”","answers":["Ana dice que llega tarde"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"A useful message gives who, what, when, and the requested action. Use ¿Puedes...? and por favor for requests.","vocabularyIds":["es-messages-v1","es-messages-v2","es-messages-v3","es-messages-v4","es-messages-v5","es-messages-v6","es-messages-v7","es-messages-v8","es-messages-v9","es-messages-v10"]},{"id":"es-messages-8","hint":"Use poder + infinitive for the request. Por favor adds courtesy.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Ask the organiser to confirm the missing time. Write a reply meaning: “Can you confirm the time, please?”","answers":["¿Puedes confirmar la hora, por favor?","¿Puede confirmar la hora, por favor?","¿Puedes confirmar la hora?"],"reading":{"text":"—La reunión es mañana. Todavía estamos revisando el horario.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Confirmar la hora specifies the information still needed. Puedes addresses tú; puede is the accepted usted version. Both keep the request focused on the time rather than changing the day.","vocabularyIds":["es-messages-v1","es-messages-v2","es-messages-v3","es-messages-v4","es-messages-v5","es-messages-v6","es-messages-v7","es-messages-v8","es-messages-v9","es-messages-v10"]},{"id":"es-messages-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Ana dice que llega tarde”","answers":["Ana says she is arriving late","Ana says she's arriving late","Ana says she is late","Ana says she's late"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"A useful message gives who, what, when, and the requested action. Use ¿Puedes...? and por favor for requests.","vocabularyIds":["es-messages-v1","es-messages-v2","es-messages-v3","es-messages-v4","es-messages-v5","es-messages-v6","es-messages-v7","es-messages-v8","es-messages-v9","es-messages-v10"]},{"id":"es-messages-10","hint":"Listen for who reports the message and the negative before puede.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Ana dice que no puede venir a las diez","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Ana dice que no puede venir a las diez"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Ana dice que no puede venir a las diez. Meaning: Ana says she cannot come at ten.","vocabularyIds":["es-messages-v1","es-messages-v2","es-messages-v3","es-messages-v4","es-messages-v5","es-messages-v6","es-messages-v7","es-messages-v8","es-messages-v9","es-messages-v10"]},{"id":"es-messages-conversation","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"—Ana dice que llegará a las seis, no a las cinco. —Gracias por avisarme.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Ana llegará a las seis.","prompt":"Listen to the conversation. Which message passes on the change accurately?","options":["Ana ha cancelado la visita.","Ana llegará a las seis.","Ana llegará a las cinco."],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The change is from five to six. Passing on a message means preserving its key detail, not adding a cancellation.","vocabularyIds":[]},{"id":"es-messages-recall","hint":"Las cartas becomes las. Put it before the whole perfect verb group he enviado.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “I have sent them this morning.” Them refers to las cartas, the letters. Use the present perfect and a direct-object pronoun.","answers":["Las he enviado esta mañana","Esta mañana las he enviado","Yo las he enviado esta mañana","Esta mañana yo las he enviado"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Las he enviado esta mañana keeps las before he enviado; it cannot go between the auxiliary and the participle. The feminine plural pronoun refers to las cartas.","vocabularyIds":["es-indirect-objects-v4"]},{"id":"es-messages-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Hola, Luis. No puedo ir a la reunión de las diez porque tengo una cita. ¿Podemos vernos a las doce? Te adjunto el informe para que puedas leerlo antes. Confírmame si te viene bien. Gracias, Ana.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Read the attached report and confirm whether twelve suits him","prompt":"Listen for meaning. What does Ana want Luis to do before they meet?","options":["Send her a report and move his own appointment to twelve","Read the attached report and confirm whether twelve suits him","Read the attached report and confirm the original meeting at ten"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Te adjunto el informe para que puedas leerlo antes asks Luis to read Ana’s attachment before the meeting. ¿Podemos vernos a las doce? and confírmame si te viene bien ask him to confirm the proposed new time. The appointment is Ana’s.","vocabularyIds":["es-messages-v1","es-messages-v2","es-messages-v3","es-messages-v4","es-messages-v5","es-messages-v6","es-messages-v7","es-messages-v8","es-messages-v9","es-messages-v10"]}],"description":"Write a short message changing a meeting. Give the reason, propose a new time, and ask the recipient to confirm."}],"cefrLevel":"A2","objective":"Describe responsibilities, explain learning needs, and exchange messages.","description":"A2 · Describe responsibilities, explain learning needs, and exchange messages."},{"id":"es-a2-checkpoint","title":"A2 checkpoint: experiences and arrangements","lessons":[{"id":"es-a2-travel","notes":["Choose the imperfect for the setting and the preterite for the main events. Use the present perfect for an undated experience.","A short travel account explains where you went, what happened, and how you felt.","Worked example: Hacía calor cuando llegamos. Dejamos las bolsas y fuimos a la playa. = It was hot when we arrived. We left the bags and went to the beach. Hacía supplies background; llegamos, dejamos, and fuimos move the account forward.","Small start: Tell an invented trip in four steps: setting, arrival, one problem, and outcome. Begin Hacía… cuando… . Use three time connectors as reminders. Add a personal reaction only after the sequence is clear."],"title":"A trip worth remembering","practice":"Write an 80-word travel account with a description, three events, a problem, and an ending. Tell it aloud without reading.","exercises":[{"id":"es-a2-travel-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"alojamiento","translation":"accommodation"},{"word":"hostal","translation":"guesthouse"},{"word":"paisaje","translation":"landscape"},{"word":"sendero","translation":"path"},{"word":"guía","translation":"guide"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: a trip worth remembering (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"alojamiento: accommodation; hostal: guesthouse; paisaje: landscape; sendero: path; guía: guide","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-travel-v1","es-a2-travel-v2","es-a2-travel-v3","es-a2-travel-v4","es-a2-travel-v5"]},{"id":"es-a2-travel-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"recorrido","translation":"route"},{"word":"inolvidable","translation":"unforgettable"},{"word":"agradable","translation":"pleasant"},{"word":"agotado","translation":"exhausted"},{"word":"emocionado","translation":"excited"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: a trip worth remembering (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"recorrido: route; inolvidable: unforgettable; agradable: pleasant; agotado: exhausted; emocionado: excited","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-travel-v6","es-a2-travel-v7","es-a2-travel-v8","es-a2-travel-v9","es-a2-travel-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-travel-3","back":"path","type":"flashcard","front":"sendero","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["path"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"sendero means path.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-travel-v4"]},{"id":"es-a2-travel-4","back":"exhausted","type":"flashcard","front":"agotado","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["exhausted"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"agotado means exhausted.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-travel-v9"]},{"id":"es-a2-travel-5","type":"choice","answer":"El pueblo era tranquilo","prompt":"Which sentence describes the setting rather than a completed event?","options":["El pueblo era tranquilo","Llegamos al pueblo","Reservamos una habitación"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"El pueblo era tranquilo describes the setting. Llegamos and reservamos present completed events that advance the travel account.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-travel-v1","es-a2-travel-v2","es-a2-travel-v3","es-a2-travel-v4","es-a2-travel-v5","es-a2-travel-v6","es-a2-travel-v7","es-a2-travel-v8","es-a2-travel-v9","es-a2-travel-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-travel-6","hint":"The walk is already in progress. Beginning to rain is the event.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["empezó"],"sentence":"Estábamos paseando cuando ___ a llover. (empezar)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Estábamos paseando cuando empezó a llover uses preterite empezó for the change. The earlier walking is expressed as ongoing background.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-travel-v1","es-a2-travel-v2","es-a2-travel-v3","es-a2-travel-v4","es-a2-travel-v5","es-a2-travel-v6","es-a2-travel-v7","es-a2-travel-v8","es-a2-travel-v9","es-a2-travel-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-travel-7","type":"arrange","words":["sol","y","era","El","hacía","precioso","paisaje"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “The landscape was beautiful and it was sunny”","answers":["El paisaje era precioso y hacía sol"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Choose the imperfect for the setting and the preterite for the main events. Use the present perfect for an undated experience.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-travel-v1","es-a2-travel-v2","es-a2-travel-v3","es-a2-travel-v4","es-a2-travel-v5","es-a2-travel-v6","es-a2-travel-v7","es-a2-travel-v8","es-a2-travel-v9","es-a2-travel-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-travel-8","hint":"Use al final for the outcome and the nosotros preterite of encontrar.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Pudisteis encontrar un sitio para dormir?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Explain how your group's search ended. Write a reply meaning: “In the end we found cheap accommodation”","answers":["Al final encontramos un alojamiento barato"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Al final signals the result of the search. Encontramos un alojamiento barato describes finding inexpensive accommodation, not necessarily free accommodation.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-travel-v1","es-a2-travel-v2","es-a2-travel-v3","es-a2-travel-v4","es-a2-travel-v5","es-a2-travel-v6","es-a2-travel-v7","es-a2-travel-v8","es-a2-travel-v9","es-a2-travel-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-travel-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “El paisaje era precioso y hacía sol”","answers":["The landscape was beautiful and it was sunny","The scenery was beautiful and it was sunny"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Choose the imperfect for the setting and the preterite for the main events. Use the present perfect for an undated experience.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-travel-v1","es-a2-travel-v2","es-a2-travel-v3","es-a2-travel-v4","es-a2-travel-v5","es-a2-travel-v6","es-a2-travel-v7","es-a2-travel-v8","es-a2-travel-v9","es-a2-travel-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-travel-10","hint":"Listen for the ongoing background and the event that changes the scene. Keep both written accents.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Paseábamos por el pueblo cuando empezó a llover","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Paseábamos por el pueblo cuando empezó a llover"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Paseábamos por el pueblo cuando empezó a llover. Meaning: We were walking through the village when it started to rain.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-travel-v1","es-a2-travel-v2","es-a2-travel-v3","es-a2-travel-v4","es-a2-travel-v5","es-a2-travel-v6","es-a2-travel-v7","es-a2-travel-v8","es-a2-travel-v9","es-a2-travel-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-travel-11","type":"choice","answer":"A local resident helped them","prompt":"Read for meaning. How did the travellers get back?","options":["A local resident helped them","They followed a train line","They called their hotel for a taxi"],"reading":{"text":"El verano pasado fuimos a un pueblo de montaña. Hacía buen tiempo y el paisaje era precioso. El segundo día perdimos el camino mientras paseábamos. Un vecino nos ayudó a volver. Aunque terminamos agotados, fue una experiencia inolvidable.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Un vecino nos ayudó a volver explicitly credits a local resident with helping them return. They did not follow a train line or call the hotel for a taxi.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-travel-v1","es-a2-travel-v2","es-a2-travel-v3","es-a2-travel-v4","es-a2-travel-v5","es-a2-travel-v6","es-a2-travel-v7","es-a2-travel-v8","es-a2-travel-v9","es-a2-travel-v10"]}],"description":"Write an 80-word travel account with a description, three events, a problem, and an ending. Tell it aloud without reading."},{"id":"es-a2-solving","notes":["Combine a polite request with the problem and a proposed solution: quisiera cambiar la reserva porque...","Object pronouns avoid repetition: tengo la confirmación → la tengo; envío los datos → los envío.","Worked example: Mi reserva es para dos noches, pero la confirmación dice una. ¿Puede comprobarlo? = My booking is for two nights, but the confirmation says one. Can you check it? State the expected detail, the conflicting detail, and the action needed.","Small start: Invent a booking with one wrong detail: date, number of people, or price. Begin Según mi reserva… pero… . Ask for a check or correction. In the other role, repeat the corrected detail to confirm the solution."],"title":"Sort out a booking","practice":"Role-play a wrong hotel booking. Give the original dates, explain the mistake, request a change, and confirm the price.","exercises":[{"id":"es-a2-solving-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"reserva","translation":"booking"},{"word":"habitación doble","translation":"double room"},{"word":"habitación individual","translation":"single room"},{"word":"fecha de llegada","translation":"arrival date"},{"word":"fecha de salida","translation":"departure date"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: sort out a booking (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"reserva: booking; habitación doble: double room; habitación individual: single room; fecha de llegada: arrival date; fecha de salida: departure date","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-solving-v1","es-a2-solving-v2","es-a2-solving-v3","es-a2-solving-v4","es-a2-solving-v5"]},{"id":"es-a2-solving-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"noche","translation":"night"},{"word":"incluido","translation":"included"},{"word":"desayuno","translation":"breakfast"},{"word":"cambiar la reserva","translation":"to change the booking"},{"word":"comprobante","translation":"receipt or proof"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: sort out a booking (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"noche: night; incluido: included; desayuno: breakfast; cambiar la reserva: to change the booking; comprobante: receipt or proof","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-solving-v6","es-a2-solving-v7","es-a2-solving-v8","es-a2-solving-v9","es-a2-solving-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-solving-3","back":"departure date","type":"flashcard","front":"fecha de salida","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["departure date"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"fecha de salida means departure date.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-solving-v5"]},{"id":"es-a2-solving-4","back":"receipt or proof","type":"flashcard","front":"comprobante","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["receipt or proof","receipt","proof"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"comprobante means receipt or proof.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-solving-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-solving-5","type":"choice","answer":"He reservado una habitación doble","prompt":"At check-in you receive a single room despite booking a double. Which statement explains what you originally booked?","options":["La habitación individual está bien; no quiero cambiarla","Quisiera reservar una habitación individual para otro día","He reservado una habitación doble"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"He reservado una habitación doble states the original booking and helps explain the error. Accepting the single leaves the problem unresolved; asking for another single on a different day makes a new request instead.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-solving-v1","es-a2-solving-v2","es-a2-solving-v3","es-a2-solving-v4","es-a2-solving-v5","es-a2-solving-v6","es-a2-solving-v7","es-a2-solving-v8","es-a2-solving-v9","es-a2-solving-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-solving-6","hint":"With estar, this participle describes the state of el desayuno.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["incluido"],"sentence":"¿El desayuno está ___ en el precio? (included)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"¿El desayuno está incluido en el precio? uses masculine singular incluido to agree with desayuno. This is a state with estar, not an unchanged participle after haber.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-solving-v1","es-a2-solving-v2","es-a2-solving-v3","es-a2-solving-v4","es-a2-solving-v5","es-a2-solving-v6","es-a2-solving-v7","es-a2-solving-v8","es-a2-solving-v9","es-a2-solving-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-solving-7","type":"arrange","words":["de","la","Quisiera","llegada","fecha","cambiar"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I would like to change the arrival date”","answers":["Quisiera cambiar la fecha de llegada"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Combine a polite request with the problem and a proposed solution: quisiera cambiar la reserva porque...","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-solving-v1","es-a2-solving-v2","es-a2-solving-v3","es-a2-solving-v4","es-a2-solving-v5","es-a2-solving-v6","es-a2-solving-v7","es-a2-solving-v8","es-a2-solving-v9","es-a2-solving-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-solving-8","hint":"The confirmation is feminine singular. Before la, the recipient le becomes se.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Reply to the receptionist, using usted. Write a reply meaning: “I will send you the confirmation now”","answers":["La confirmación se la envío ahora","Le envío la confirmación ahora","Ahora le envío la confirmación"],"reading":{"text":"—Recepción: Necesitamos ver su confirmación de la reserva.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"La confirmación se la envío ahora promises to send it now. Se identifies the formal recipient and la repeats the confirmation. Le envío la confirmación is also a natural way to keep the noun explicit.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-solving-v1","es-a2-solving-v2","es-a2-solving-v3","es-a2-solving-v4","es-a2-solving-v5","es-a2-solving-v6","es-a2-solving-v7","es-a2-solving-v8","es-a2-solving-v9","es-a2-solving-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-solving-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Quisiera cambiar la fecha de llegada”","answers":["I would like to change the arrival date","I'd like to change the arrival date","I would like to change the date of arrival","I'd like to change the date of arrival"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Combine a polite request with the problem and a proposed solution: quisiera cambiar la reserva porque...","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-solving-v1","es-a2-solving-v2","es-a2-solving-v3","es-a2-solving-v4","es-a2-solving-v5","es-a2-solving-v6","es-a2-solving-v7","es-a2-solving-v8","es-a2-solving-v9","es-a2-solving-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-solving-10","hint":"Listen for the correction after no: the traveller keeps one detail and changes another.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Quisiera cambiar la habitación, no la fecha","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Quisiera cambiar la habitación, no la fecha"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Quisiera cambiar la habitación, no la fecha. Meaning: I would like to change the room, not the date.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-solving-v1","es-a2-solving-v2","es-a2-solving-v3","es-a2-solving-v4","es-a2-solving-v5","es-a2-solving-v6","es-a2-solving-v7","es-a2-solving-v8","es-a2-solving-v9","es-a2-solving-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-solving-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Tengo una reserva para dos noches, del doce al catorce de mayo. En el correo aparece una habitación individual, pero pedí una doble. La recepcionista revisa la confirmación y cambia la habitación sin cobrar más.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Changes the single room to a double without an extra charge","prompt":"Listen for meaning. How does the receptionist correct the booking?","options":["Changes the double room to a single without an extra charge","Keeps the single room and reduces the two-night stay to one night","Changes the single room to a double without an extra charge"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"En el correo aparece una habitación individual, pero pedí una doble contrasts the incorrect single with the requested double. Cambia la habitación sin cobrar más corrects the room type without adding a charge. The dates remain twelve to fourteen May.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-solving-v1","es-a2-solving-v2","es-a2-solving-v3","es-a2-solving-v4","es-a2-solving-v5","es-a2-solving-v6","es-a2-solving-v7","es-a2-solving-v8","es-a2-solving-v9","es-a2-solving-v10"]}],"description":"Role-play a wrong hotel booking. Give the original dates, explain the mistake, request a change, and confirm the price."},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans","notes":["Compare options using más... que and mejor, then give a reason with porque.","Use además to add a reason and sin embargo to introduce a contrast. Finish by stating a clear decision.","Worked example: La playa cuesta menos, pero está más lejos. Prefiero el pueblo porque podemos ir a pie. = The beach costs less, but is farther away. I prefer the village because we can walk there. A choice needs a reason, not just a list of differences.","Small start: Compare two possible outings using price, travel time, or weather. Give one advantage and one drawback for each. Finish Prefiero… porque… . Let an imaginary partner disagree, then see whether you can agree on a plan.","Short practice model: Podemos ir a la playa o a la montaña este fin de semana. La montaña está más cerca, pero el hotel cuesta más. En la playa podemos quedarnos con una amiga y gastar menos. Sin embargo, el viaje dura una hora más. Además, va a hacer sol. Prefiero la playa porque podemos nadar y visitar a nuestra amiga. ¿Te apetece venir? Podemos salir el sábado por la mañana y volver el domingo por la tarde.","Meaning of the model: We can go to the beach or the mountains this weekend. The mountains are nearer, but the hotel costs more. At the beach we can stay with a friend and spend less. However, the trip takes an extra hour. Also, it is going to be sunny. I prefer the beach because we can swim and visit our friend. Would you like to come? We can leave on Saturday morning and return on Sunday afternoon.","Check your version: Compare cost, travel and weather before choosing. Does porque give your reason, además add a reason and sin embargo introduce a contrast? Include a clear invitation. Expand or adapt the draft to the task's length, changing at least one advantage and one drawback."],"title":"Choose and explain a plan","practice":"Compare two weekend plans in 80–100 words. Mention cost, transport, weather, and preferences, then invite a friend.","exercises":[{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"además","translation":"besides or furthermore"},{"word":"sin embargo","translation":"however"},{"word":"por eso","translation":"that is why"},{"word":"decidir","translation":"to decide"},{"word":"ventaja","translation":"advantage"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: choose and explain a plan (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"además: besides or furthermore; sin embargo: however; por eso: that is why; decidir: to decide; ventaja: advantage","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-comparing-plans-v1","es-a2-comparing-plans-v2","es-a2-comparing-plans-v3","es-a2-comparing-plans-v4","es-a2-comparing-plans-v5"]},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"inconveniente","translation":"drawback"},{"word":"presupuesto","translation":"budget"},{"word":"ahorrar","translation":"to save money"},{"word":"gastar","translation":"to spend money"},{"word":"compartir","translation":"to share"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: choose and explain a plan (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"inconveniente: drawback; presupuesto: budget; ahorrar: to save money; gastar: to spend money; compartir: to share","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-comparing-plans-v6","es-a2-comparing-plans-v7","es-a2-comparing-plans-v8","es-a2-comparing-plans-v9","es-a2-comparing-plans-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-3","back":"besides or furthermore","type":"flashcard","front":"además","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["besides or furthermore","besides","furthermore"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"además means besides or furthermore.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-comparing-plans-v1"]},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-4","back":"drawback","type":"flashcard","front":"inconveniente","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["drawback","disadvantage"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"inconveniente means drawback.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-comparing-plans-v6"]},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-5","type":"choice","answer":"Además","prompt":"Which connector introduces an additional reason?","options":["Pero","Además","Sin embargo"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Además adds another supporting point. Sin embargo and pero introduce a contrast rather than an additional reason.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-comparing-plans-v1","es-a2-comparing-plans-v2","es-a2-comparing-plans-v3","es-a2-comparing-plans-v4","es-a2-comparing-plans-v5","es-a2-comparing-plans-v6","es-a2-comparing-plans-v7","es-a2-comparing-plans-v8","es-a2-comparing-plans-v9","es-a2-comparing-plans-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-6","hint":"The second clause gives the result of the heavy rain. Complete por ...​","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["eso"],"sentence":"Llueve mucho; por ___ vamos al museo.","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Llueve mucho; por eso vamos al museo uses por eso for a consequence: because of that. Porque would introduce a reason in a different sentence structure.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-comparing-plans-v1","es-a2-comparing-plans-v2","es-a2-comparing-plans-v3","es-a2-comparing-plans-v4","es-a2-comparing-plans-v5","es-a2-comparing-plans-v6","es-a2-comparing-plans-v7","es-a2-comparing-plans-v8","es-a2-comparing-plans-v9","es-a2-comparing-plans-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-7","type":"arrange","words":["cuesta","cómodo","es","El","más","pero","más","tren"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “The train is more comfortable, but it costs more”","answers":["El tren es más cómodo, pero cuesta más"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Compare options using más... que and mejor, then give a reason with porque.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-comparing-plans-v1","es-a2-comparing-plans-v2","es-a2-comparing-plans-v3","es-a2-comparing-plans-v4","es-a2-comparing-plans-v5","es-a2-comparing-plans-v6","es-a2-comparing-plans-v7","es-a2-comparing-plans-v8","es-a2-comparing-plans-v9","es-a2-comparing-plans-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-8","hint":"Use prefiero, then connect the reason with porque. Playa is feminine.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—El hotel de la montaña cuesta más que el alojamiento en la playa. ¿Qué prefieres?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Choose an outing and give the cost as your reason. Write a reply meaning: “I prefer the beach because it is cheaper”","answers":["Prefiero la playa porque es más barata"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Prefiero la playa states the choice; porque es más barata gives its reason. Barata agrees with the feminine destination in this comparison of the two outings.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-comparing-plans-v1","es-a2-comparing-plans-v2","es-a2-comparing-plans-v3","es-a2-comparing-plans-v4","es-a2-comparing-plans-v5","es-a2-comparing-plans-v6","es-a2-comparing-plans-v7","es-a2-comparing-plans-v8","es-a2-comparing-plans-v9","es-a2-comparing-plans-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “El tren es más cómodo, pero cuesta más”","answers":["The train is more comfortable, but it costs more","The train is more comfortable but it is more expensive","The train is more comfortable but it's more expensive"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Compare options using más... que and mejor, then give a reason with porque.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-comparing-plans-v1","es-a2-comparing-plans-v2","es-a2-comparing-plans-v3","es-a2-comparing-plans-v4","es-a2-comparing-plans-v5","es-a2-comparing-plans-v6","es-a2-comparing-plans-v7","es-a2-comparing-plans-v8","es-a2-comparing-plans-v9","es-a2-comparing-plans-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-10","hint":"Listen for the advantage and the drawback linked by pero.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"El autobús es más barato, pero tarda más","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["El autobús es más barato, pero tarda más"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: El autobús es más barato, pero tarda más. Meaning: The bus is cheaper, but it takes longer.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-comparing-plans-v1","es-a2-comparing-plans-v2","es-a2-comparing-plans-v3","es-a2-comparing-plans-v4","es-a2-comparing-plans-v5","es-a2-comparing-plans-v6","es-a2-comparing-plans-v7","es-a2-comparing-plans-v8","es-a2-comparing-plans-v9","es-a2-comparing-plans-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-conversation","type":"choice","answer":"El tren, porque tarda menos.","prompt":"Which choice best fits the traveller's stated priority?","options":["Da igual: los dos tardan una hora.","El tren, porque tarda menos.","El autobús, porque es más rápido."],"reading":{"text":"—El tren cuesta treinta euros y tarda una hora. El autobús cuesta quince y tarda dos horas. —Hoy tengo poco tiempo.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The traveller prioritises time. The train takes one hour, while the cheaper bus takes two; menos compares the duration.","vocabularyIds":["es-transport-v1","es-transport-v2"]},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-recall","hint":"Use reservar in the preterite for nosotros. The time phrase tells you this reservamos is past.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “Last week we booked a room.”","answers":["La semana pasada reservamos una habitación","Reservamos una habitación la semana pasada","Nosotros reservamos una habitación la semana pasada","La semana pasada nosotros reservamos una habitación"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"La semana pasada reservamos una habitación places the booking in a finished week. Reservamos has the same shape in the present and preterite; the time phrase makes the meaning clear.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-regular-v3","es-past-sequence-v10"]},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-11","type":"choice","answer":"Staying with a friend and sunny weather","prompt":"Read for meaning. Which two reasons support choosing the beach?","options":["Sunny weather and cheaper accommodation in the mountains","Staying with a friend and sunny weather","A shorter journey and staying with a friend"],"reading":{"text":"Podemos ir a la montaña o a la playa. La montaña está más cerca, pero el alojamiento es más caro. En la playa podemos quedarnos con una amiga y ahorrar dinero. Además, va a hacer sol. Por eso hemos elegido la playa.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Quedarnos con una amiga y ahorrar dinero and además, va a hacer sol support the beach choice. La montaña está más cerca describes the other option, and its accommodation is more expensive. Staying with a friend saves money; the text does not say it is free.","vocabularyIds":["es-a2-comparing-plans-v1","es-a2-comparing-plans-v2","es-a2-comparing-plans-v3","es-a2-comparing-plans-v4","es-a2-comparing-plans-v5","es-a2-comparing-plans-v6","es-a2-comparing-plans-v7","es-a2-comparing-plans-v8","es-a2-comparing-plans-v9","es-a2-comparing-plans-v10"]}],"description":"Compare two weekend plans in 80–100 words. Mention cost, transport, weather, and preferences, then invite a friend."}],"cefrLevel":"A2","objective":"Combine past narration, requests, comparisons, and plans in everyday situations.","description":"A2 · Combine past narration, requests, comparisons, and plans in everyday situations."},{"id":"es-b1-narrative","title":"Tell a fuller story","lessons":[{"id":"es-pluperfect","notes":["Use había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían + participle for an event before another past event.","Keep the participle unchanged: ella había salido; ellos habían salido. Ya and todavía no help order the events.","Worked example: Cuando abrí la bolsa, vi que había dejado las llaves en casa. = When I opened the bag, I saw that I had left the keys at home. Había dejado happened before abrí and vi. The earlier action need not appear first in the sentence.","Small start: Draw two points on a timeline: an earlier event and a later discovery. Start Cuando llegué… and explain what had already happened with había + participle. Retell the same events in the other order without changing their timing."],"title":"Before that happened","practice":"Tell a two-minute story about a journey that went wrong. Explain what had happened before the main problem and how it was resolved.","exercises":[{"id":"es-pluperfect-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"ya había","translation":"had already"},{"word":"todavía no había","translation":"had not yet"},{"word":"antes de que","translation":"before (a clause)"},{"word":"por entonces","translation":"by then"},{"word":"olvidar","translation":"to forget"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: before that happened (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"ya había: had already; todavía no había: had not yet; antes de que: before (a clause); por entonces: by then; olvidar: to forget","vocabularyIds":["es-pluperfect-v1","es-pluperfect-v2","es-pluperfect-v3","es-pluperfect-v4","es-pluperfect-v5"]},{"id":"es-pluperfect-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"darse cuenta","translation":"to realise"},{"word":"salida","translation":"departure"},{"word":"llegada","translation":"arrival"},{"word":"pasaporte","translation":"passport"},{"word":"taquilla","translation":"ticket office"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: before that happened (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"darse cuenta: to realise; salida: departure; llegada: arrival; pasaporte: passport; taquilla: ticket office","vocabularyIds":["es-pluperfect-v6","es-pluperfect-v7","es-pluperfect-v8","es-pluperfect-v9","es-pluperfect-v10"]},{"id":"es-pluperfect-3","back":"had not yet","type":"flashcard","front":"todavía no había","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["had not yet","hadn't yet"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"todavía no había means had not yet.","vocabularyIds":["es-pluperfect-v2"]},{"id":"es-pluperfect-4","back":"departure","type":"flashcard","front":"salida","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["departure"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"salida means departure.","vocabularyIds":["es-pluperfect-v7"]},{"id":"es-pluperfect-5","type":"choice","answer":"Ana ate","prompt":"Which event happened first in Cuando llegué, Ana ya había comido?","options":["Ana ate","I arrived","Both necessarily happened together"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Ana ya había comido describes the event before llegué. The pluperfect sets the earlier time; it does not make the two events necessarily simultaneous.","vocabularyIds":["es-pluperfect-v1","es-pluperfect-v2","es-pluperfect-v3","es-pluperfect-v4","es-pluperfect-v5","es-pluperfect-v6","es-pluperfect-v7","es-pluperfect-v8","es-pluperfect-v9","es-pluperfect-v10"]},{"id":"es-pluperfect-6","hint":"The lost key is earlier than being unable to enter. Use the yo form of haber in the imperfect.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["había"],"sentence":"No pude entrar porque ___ perdido la llave. (yo)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"No pude entrar porque había perdido la llave puts losing the key before the failed attempt to enter. Había + participle forms the pluperfect; pude gives the later past event.","vocabularyIds":["es-pluperfect-v1","es-pluperfect-v2","es-pluperfect-v3","es-pluperfect-v4","es-pluperfect-v5","es-pluperfect-v6","es-pluperfect-v7","es-pluperfect-v8","es-pluperfect-v9","es-pluperfect-v10"]},{"id":"es-pluperfect-7","type":"arrange","words":["salido","ya","el","Cuando","había","tren","llegué"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “When I arrived, the train had already left”","answers":["Cuando llegué, el tren ya había salido","El tren ya había salido cuando llegué"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Use había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían + participle for an event before another past event.","vocabularyIds":["es-pluperfect-v1","es-pluperfect-v2","es-pluperfect-v3","es-pluperfect-v4","es-pluperfect-v5","es-pluperfect-v6","es-pluperfect-v7","es-pluperfect-v8","es-pluperfect-v9","es-pluperfect-v10"]},{"id":"es-pluperfect-8","hint":"Use the yo imperfect of haber plus the participle for the earlier event.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Explain what had happened before you returned. Write a reply meaning: “I had forgotten the passport at home”","answers":["Había olvidado el pasaporte en casa","Yo había olvidado el pasaporte en casa"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Por qué tuviste que volver a casa antes de viajar?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Había olvidado places forgetting the passport before the later return home. Había is the auxiliary; olvidado stays unchanged for the speaker's gender.","vocabularyIds":["es-pluperfect-v1","es-pluperfect-v2","es-pluperfect-v3","es-pluperfect-v4","es-pluperfect-v5","es-pluperfect-v6","es-pluperfect-v7","es-pluperfect-v8","es-pluperfect-v9","es-pluperfect-v10"]},{"id":"es-pluperfect-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Cuando llegué, el tren ya había salido”","answers":["When I arrived, the train had already left","The train had already left when I arrived"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Use había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían + participle for an event before another past event.","vocabularyIds":["es-pluperfect-v1","es-pluperfect-v2","es-pluperfect-v3","es-pluperfect-v4","es-pluperfect-v5","es-pluperfect-v6","es-pluperfect-v7","es-pluperfect-v8","es-pluperfect-v9","es-pluperfect-v10"]},{"id":"es-pluperfect-10","hint":"Listen for which event was already complete before the other event happened.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Cuando llamé, Ana ya había salido","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Cuando llamé, Ana ya había salido"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Cuando llamé, Ana ya había salido. Meaning: When I called, Ana had already left.","vocabularyIds":["es-pluperfect-v1","es-pluperfect-v2","es-pluperfect-v3","es-pluperfect-v4","es-pluperfect-v5","es-pluperfect-v6","es-pluperfect-v7","es-pluperfect-v8","es-pluperfect-v9","es-pluperfect-v10"]},{"id":"es-pluperfect-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Cuando llegamos al aeropuerto, nos dimos cuenta de que habíamos dejado los pasaportes en casa. El taxi ya se había marchado y faltaba poco para el vuelo. Por suerte, una vecina tenía una copia de nuestras llaves. Entró en casa, encontró los documentos y nos los llevó. Llegamos a la puerta de embarque justo a tiempo. Desde aquel día, siempre comprobamos los pasaportes antes de salir. Mi hermana dice que la próxima vez también guardará una lista de documentos en el móvil. Yo prefiero preparar todo la noche anterior para no salir con prisas.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"She had a copy of the house keys","prompt":"Listen for meaning. Why could the neighbour retrieve the passports?","options":["She had a copy of the house keys","She worked at the airport","The taxi driver had given them to her"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Una vecina tenía una copia de nuestras llaves explains how she could enter the house. She found the passports and brought them; she was not an airport employee.","vocabularyIds":["es-pluperfect-v1","es-pluperfect-v2","es-pluperfect-v3","es-pluperfect-v4","es-pluperfect-v5","es-pluperfect-v6","es-pluperfect-v7","es-pluperfect-v8","es-pluperfect-v9","es-pluperfect-v10"]}],"description":"Tell a two-minute story about a journey that went wrong. Explain what had happened before the main problem and how it was resolved."},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses","notes":["Use the imperfect for background, the preterite for main events, and the pluperfect for what had happened earlier.","Connect a story with mientras, de repente, cuando, ya, and al final. The choice depends on the speaker's viewpoint, not just a keyword.","Worked example: Era de noche. Caminaba hacia casa cuando recordé que había perdido el mapa. = It was night. I was walking home when I remembered that I had lost the map. Era/caminaba set the scene, recordé advances the story, and había perdido explains an earlier event.","Small start: Build a three-sentence story: one background detail, one main event, and one earlier cause. Mark the three time layers in your notes. Add a brief ending before expanding it into the longer writing task."],"title":"Background, event, earlier event","practice":"Write 120 words about an unexpected event. Include background, three completed actions, an earlier event, and a conclusion.","exercises":[{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"de pronto","translation":"suddenly"},{"word":"por suerte","translation":"luckily"},{"word":"por desgracia","translation":"unfortunately"},{"word":"justo a tiempo","translation":"just in time"},{"word":"al principio","translation":"at first"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: background, event, earlier event (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"de pronto: suddenly; por suerte: luckily; por desgracia: unfortunately; justo a tiempo: just in time; al principio: at first","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-tenses-v1","es-narrative-tenses-v2","es-narrative-tenses-v3","es-narrative-tenses-v4","es-narrative-tenses-v5"]},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"por fin","translation":"at last"},{"word":"acontecimiento","translation":"event"},{"word":"desenlace","translation":"ending"},{"word":"testigo","translation":"witness"},{"word":"suceder","translation":"to happen"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: background, event, earlier event (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"por fin: at last; acontecimiento: event; desenlace: ending; testigo: witness; suceder: to happen","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-tenses-v6","es-narrative-tenses-v7","es-narrative-tenses-v8","es-narrative-tenses-v9","es-narrative-tenses-v10"]},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-3","back":"unfortunately","type":"flashcard","front":"por desgracia","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["unfortunately"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"por desgracia means unfortunately.","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-tenses-v3"]},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-4","back":"ending","type":"flashcard","front":"desenlace","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["ending"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"desenlace means ending.","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-tenses-v8"]},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-5","type":"choice","answer":"Hacía frío y yo estaba leyendo","prompt":"You are setting an ongoing scene before a sudden phone call. Which line supplies that background?","options":["Leí el mensaje completo y cerré el libro","Había terminado el libro antes de la llamada","Hacía frío y yo estaba leyendo"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Hacía frío and estaba leyendo give the weather and activity in progress. Leí and cerré advance completed events; había terminado places a completed event before the call. The question asks for the ongoing scene.","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-tenses-v1","es-narrative-tenses-v2","es-narrative-tenses-v3","es-narrative-tenses-v4","es-narrative-tenses-v5","es-narrative-tenses-v6","es-narrative-tenses-v7","es-narrative-tenses-v8","es-narrative-tenses-v9","es-narrative-tenses-v10"]},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-6","hint":"The rain is background. The accident is the event that occurs within it.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["ocurrió"],"sentence":"Llovía cuando ___ el accidente. (ocurrir)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Llovía cuando ocurrió el accidente uses the preterite ocurrió for the specific event. Llovía is imperfect background; ocurría would present the accident as ongoing instead.","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-tenses-v1","es-narrative-tenses-v2","es-narrative-tenses-v3","es-narrative-tenses-v4","es-narrative-tenses-v5","es-narrative-tenses-v6","es-narrative-tenses-v7","es-narrative-tenses-v8","es-narrative-tenses-v9","es-narrative-tenses-v10"]},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-7","type":"arrange","words":["la","había","recordé","Mientras","cartera","olvidado","que","esperaba"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “While I was waiting, I remembered that I had forgotten my wallet”","answers":["Mientras esperaba, recordé que había olvidado la cartera","Recordé que había olvidado la cartera mientras esperaba"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Use the imperfect for background, the preterite for main events, and the pluperfect for what had happened earlier.","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-tenses-v1","es-narrative-tenses-v2","es-narrative-tenses-v3","es-narrative-tenses-v4","es-narrative-tenses-v5","es-narrative-tenses-v6","es-narrative-tenses-v7","es-narrative-tenses-v8","es-narrative-tenses-v9","es-narrative-tenses-v10"]},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-8","hint":"Use the pluperfect for the earlier change and dejar de + infinitive for stopping.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Seguía lloviendo cuando salisteis?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Describe the weather in relation to your group's departure. Write a reply meaning: “When we left, it had already stopped raining”","answers":["Cuando salimos, ya había dejado de llover"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Salimos is the departure; ya había dejado de llover places the end of the rain before it. Ya helps make that earlier completion clear.","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-tenses-v1","es-narrative-tenses-v2","es-narrative-tenses-v3","es-narrative-tenses-v4","es-narrative-tenses-v5","es-narrative-tenses-v6","es-narrative-tenses-v7","es-narrative-tenses-v8","es-narrative-tenses-v9","es-narrative-tenses-v10"]},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Mientras esperaba, recordé que había olvidado la cartera”","answers":["While I was waiting, I remembered that I had forgotten my wallet","While I was waiting, I remembered that I'd forgotten my wallet","While waiting I remembered I had forgotten my wallet","While waiting I remembered I'd forgotten my wallet"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Use the imperfect for background, the preterite for main events, and the pluperfect for what had happened earlier.","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-tenses-v1","es-narrative-tenses-v2","es-narrative-tenses-v3","es-narrative-tenses-v4","es-narrative-tenses-v5","es-narrative-tenses-v6","es-narrative-tenses-v7","es-narrative-tenses-v8","es-narrative-tenses-v9","es-narrative-tenses-v10"]},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-10","hint":"Follow three layers: background weather, the discovery, and the earlier loss.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Llovía cuando descubrí que había perdido la cartera","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Llovía cuando descubrí que había perdido la cartera"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Llovía cuando descubrí que había perdido la cartera. Meaning: It was raining when I discovered that I had lost my wallet.","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-tenses-v1","es-narrative-tenses-v2","es-narrative-tenses-v3","es-narrative-tenses-v4","es-narrative-tenses-v5","es-narrative-tenses-v6","es-narrative-tenses-v7","es-narrative-tenses-v8","es-narrative-tenses-v9","es-narrative-tenses-v10"]},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-11","type":"choice","answer":"A cat knocked over a plant pot while trying to climb the wall","prompt":"Read for meaning. Which explanation corrects the narrator’s first impression?","options":["Someone entered the garden and knocked over a plant pot before the cat arrived","The cat broke the window while the narrator was reading","A cat knocked over a plant pot while trying to climb the wall"],"reading":{"text":"Era una noche tranquila y yo estaba leyendo. De pronto, escuché un ruido en el jardín. Al principio pensé que alguien había entrado, pero cuando abrí la ventana vi un gato. Había tirado una maceta mientras intentaba subir al muro. Bajé para comprobar que no se había hecho daño. El gato salió corriendo y yo recogí la tierra. Al final volví al libro, aunque tardé un rato en concentrarme. A la mañana siguiente encontré al gato dormido junto a la misma ventana. Esta vez me acerqué despacio y cerré la puerta para no asustarlo otra vez.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Al principio pensé que alguien había entrado is the initial suspicion. Vi un gato and había tirado una maceta replace it with an explanation: the cat knocked over a pot while trying to climb the wall. Opening the window is how the narrator discovers this, not the cause of the noise.","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-tenses-v1","es-narrative-tenses-v2","es-narrative-tenses-v3","es-narrative-tenses-v4","es-narrative-tenses-v5","es-narrative-tenses-v6","es-narrative-tenses-v7","es-narrative-tenses-v8","es-narrative-tenses-v9","es-narrative-tenses-v10"]}],"description":"Write 120 words about an unexpected event. Include background, three completed actions, an earlier event, and a conclusion."},{"id":"es-reported-speech","notes":["After a past reporting verb, a present often becomes imperfect: Estoy cansada → dijo que estaba cansada.","Change person and time references to fit the new viewpoint. A reported question uses si for yes/no: preguntó si podía venir.","Worked example: Luis dijo: «No puedo ir mañana». → Luis dijo que no podía ir al día siguiente. = Luis said, 'I cannot go tomorrow' → Luis said he could not go the next day. The reporting viewpoint changes the person, verb, and time reference here.","Small start: Invent a two-line message with one statement and one yes/no question. Report it beginning Dijo que… and Preguntó si… . Decide when you are passing it on before choosing mañana or al día siguiente.","Short practice model: El lunes Ana me dijo: «Hoy estoy enferma. No puedo ir a la reunión de mañana. ¿Puedes enviarme los documentos?». El miércoles le conté a Luis que Ana había dicho que estaba enferma aquel día y que no podía ir a la reunión del día siguiente. También expliqué que me había preguntado si yo podía enviarle los documentos. Se los envié el lunes por la noche.","Meaning of the model: On Monday Ana told me: 'I am ill today. I cannot attend tomorrow's meeting. Can you send me the documents?' On Wednesday I told Luis that Ana had said she was ill that day and could not attend the following day's meeting. I also explained that she had asked whether I could send her the documents. I sent them to her on Monday evening.","Check your version: Track who said what and on which day. In this example the meeting is Tuesday, even though the report happens Wednesday. Use que for a statement and si for a yes/no question. Change the names or days, then verify the time references from the new speaker's viewpoint."],"title":"What did they say?","practice":"Relay a friend's message to another person. Include what they said, what they asked, and a changed time reference.","exercises":[{"id":"es-reported-speech-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"decir que","translation":"to say that"},{"word":"preguntar si","translation":"to ask whether"},{"word":"explicar que","translation":"to explain that"},{"word":"avisar de","translation":"to notify of"},{"word":"según","translation":"according to"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what did they say? (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"decir que: to say that; preguntar si: to ask whether; explicar que: to explain that; avisar de: to notify of; según: according to","vocabularyIds":["es-reported-speech-v1","es-reported-speech-v2","es-reported-speech-v3","es-reported-speech-v4","es-reported-speech-v5"]},{"id":"es-reported-speech-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"el día anterior","translation":"the previous day"},{"word":"al día siguiente","translation":"the next day"},{"word":"en aquel momento","translation":"at that moment"},{"word":"noticia","translation":"news item"},{"word":"comunicar","translation":"to communicate"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what did they say? (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"el día anterior: the previous day; al día siguiente: the next day; en aquel momento: at that moment; noticia: news item; comunicar: to communicate","vocabularyIds":["es-reported-speech-v6","es-reported-speech-v7","es-reported-speech-v8","es-reported-speech-v9","es-reported-speech-v10"]},{"id":"es-reported-speech-3","back":"to notify of","type":"flashcard","front":"avisar de","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to notify of","notify of"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"avisar de means to notify of.","vocabularyIds":["es-reported-speech-v4"]},{"id":"es-reported-speech-4","back":"news item","type":"flashcard","front":"noticia","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["news item","news report","news"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"noticia means news item.","vocabularyIds":["es-reported-speech-v9"]},{"id":"es-reported-speech-5","type":"choice","answer":"Marta preguntó si podía venir","prompt":"Marta asked ¿Puedes venir? Report that yes/no question from a past viewpoint.","options":["Marta dijo que podía venir","Marta preguntó si podía venir","Marta preguntó cuándo podía venir"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Preguntó si reports whether someone could come. Preguntó cuándo changes it to a question about when; dijo que reports a statement. Podía places the reported ability in the past viewpoint.","vocabularyIds":["es-reported-speech-v1","es-reported-speech-v2","es-reported-speech-v3","es-reported-speech-v4","es-reported-speech-v5","es-reported-speech-v6","es-reported-speech-v7","es-reported-speech-v8","es-reported-speech-v9","es-reported-speech-v10"]},{"id":"es-reported-speech-6","hint":"Report tengo from Luis's earlier conversation using a past perspective.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["tenía"],"sentence":"Luis dijo: Tengo hambre. → Luis dijo que ___ hambre.","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Luis dijo que tenía hambre reports the earlier tengo hambre with imperfect tenía. Que introduces the reported statement; the verb's person now follows Luis.","vocabularyIds":["es-reported-speech-v1","es-reported-speech-v2","es-reported-speech-v3","es-reported-speech-v4","es-reported-speech-v5","es-reported-speech-v6","es-reported-speech-v7","es-reported-speech-v8","es-reported-speech-v9","es-reported-speech-v10"]},{"id":"es-reported-speech-7","type":"arrange","words":["cansada","que","Ana","estaba","dijo"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “Ana said that she was tired”","answers":["Ana dijo que estaba cansada"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"After a past reporting verb, a present often becomes imperfect: Estoy cansada → dijo que estaba cansada.","vocabularyIds":["es-reported-speech-v1","es-reported-speech-v2","es-reported-speech-v3","es-reported-speech-v4","es-reported-speech-v5","es-reported-speech-v6","es-reported-speech-v7","es-reported-speech-v8","es-reported-speech-v9","es-reported-speech-v10"]},{"id":"es-reported-speech-8","hint":"Use si after preguntar for whether, and shift the earlier puedo to podía.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Report Luis's yes/no question from a past viewpoint. Write a reply meaning: “He asked me if I could go”","answers":["Me preguntó si podía ir","Él me preguntó si podía ir","Me preguntó si yo podía ir"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Qué te preguntó Luis sobre la excursión?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Me preguntó si podía ir reports Luis asking whether you could go. Si introduces the indirect yes/no question; que would not serve that function here.","vocabularyIds":["es-reported-speech-v1","es-reported-speech-v2","es-reported-speech-v3","es-reported-speech-v4","es-reported-speech-v5","es-reported-speech-v6","es-reported-speech-v7","es-reported-speech-v8","es-reported-speech-v9","es-reported-speech-v10"]},{"id":"es-reported-speech-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Ana dijo que estaba cansada”","answers":["Ana said that she was tired","Ana said she was tired"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"After a past reporting verb, a present often becomes imperfect: Estoy cansada → dijo que estaba cansada.","vocabularyIds":["es-reported-speech-v1","es-reported-speech-v2","es-reported-speech-v3","es-reported-speech-v4","es-reported-speech-v5","es-reported-speech-v6","es-reported-speech-v7","es-reported-speech-v8","es-reported-speech-v9","es-reported-speech-v10"]},{"id":"es-reported-speech-10","hint":"Listen for the reporting verb, the negative, and the time expression relative to that past conversation.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Marta dijo que no podía venir al día siguiente","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Marta dijo que no podía venir al día siguiente"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Marta dijo que no podía venir al día siguiente. Meaning: Marta said she could not come the next day.","vocabularyIds":["es-reported-speech-v1","es-reported-speech-v2","es-reported-speech-v3","es-reported-speech-v4","es-reported-speech-v5","es-reported-speech-v6","es-reported-speech-v7","es-reported-speech-v8","es-reported-speech-v9","es-reported-speech-v10"]},{"id":"es-reported-speech-conversation","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Ayer, Ana dijo: «Hoy no puedo ir a clase porque estoy enferma». Al día siguiente, su compañero explica la ausencia.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Ana dijo que no podía ir porque estaba enferma.","prompt":"Listen to the conversation. Which report preserves Ana's reason and the past perspective?","options":["Ana dijo que había ido a clase y estaba bien.","Ana dijo que no podía ir porque estaba enferma.","Ana dijo que no quería estudiar nunca más."],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Podía and estaba report the situation from that past conversation. Ana explained an illness, not a permanent decision to stop studying.","vocabularyIds":["es-questions-v10"]},{"id":"es-reported-speech-recall","hint":"The departure happened before the arrival. Use había + participle for the earlier event.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “The train had already left when I arrived.”","answers":["El tren ya había salido cuando llegué","Cuando llegué el tren ya había salido","El tren ya había salido cuando yo llegué","Cuando yo llegué el tren ya había salido"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"El tren ya había salido cuando llegué uses the pluperfect for the earlier departure and the preterite for the arrival. Moving the cuando clause does not change that order of events.","vocabularyIds":["es-transport-v1","es-irregular-present-v5","es-preterite-regular-v7"]},{"id":"es-reported-speech-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"El lunes, Sara llamó a la oficina. Dijo que estaba enferma y que no podía asistir a la reunión de esa tarde. También preguntó si alguien podía enviarle un resumen. Su compañero le explicó que la reunión se había aplazado al martes y que recibiría los documentos por correo. Cuando el director llegó, el compañero le transmitió el mensaje para que todos tuvieran la misma información. El director agradeció el aviso y pidió que comprobaran si Sara necesitaba ayuda con alguna tarea. Su compañero anotó los cambios en la agenda compartida.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"It had been postponed until Tuesday","prompt":"Listen for meaning. What had happened to the meeting?","options":["Sara had cancelled it permanently","It had been postponed until Tuesday","It had already finished on Monday"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"La reunión se había aplazado al martes means it had been postponed until Tuesday. Sara's illness did not permanently cancel the meeting.","vocabularyIds":["es-reported-speech-v1","es-reported-speech-v2","es-reported-speech-v3","es-reported-speech-v4","es-reported-speech-v5","es-reported-speech-v6","es-reported-speech-v7","es-reported-speech-v8","es-reported-speech-v9","es-reported-speech-v10"]}],"description":"Relay a friend's message to another person. Include what they said, what they asked, and a changed time reference."}],"cefrLevel":"B1","objective":"Describe earlier events, connect past tenses, and report what someone said.","description":"B1 · Describe earlier events, connect past tenses, and report what someone said."},{"id":"es-b1-future-conditional","title":"Predictions, wishes, and possibilities","lessons":[{"id":"es-simple-future","notes":["The simple future adds -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án to the infinitive: trabajaré.","Common irregular stems include tendr-, podr-, saldr-, har-, dir-, vendr-. Use it for predictions and promises.","Worked example: El próximo mes tendré más tiempo y podré viajar. = Next month I will have more time and will be able to travel. Tendr- and podr- are irregular future stems; they use the same endings as a regular future, including -é for yo.","Small start: Make one prediction and one promise for an invented future. Begin Creo que… and Te llamaré… . Choose a clear time expression. Change the subject to nosotros once to practise -emos without changing the future stem."],"title":"What will life be like?","practice":"Describe your life in five years and make two promises. Give reasons for your predictions and use an irregular future form.","exercises":[{"id":"es-simple-future-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"futuro","translation":"future"},{"word":"predicción","translation":"prediction"},{"word":"promesa","translation":"promise"},{"word":"seguramente","translation":"most likely"},{"word":"probablemente","translation":"probably"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what will life be like? (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"futuro: future; predicción: prediction; promesa: promise; seguramente: most likely; probablemente: probably","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-future-v1","es-simple-future-v2","es-simple-future-v3","es-simple-future-v4","es-simple-future-v5"]},{"id":"es-simple-future-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"dentro de unos años","translation":"in a few years"},{"word":"tecnología","translation":"technology"},{"word":"viviré","translation":"I will live"},{"word":"tendré","translation":"I will have"},{"word":"podré","translation":"I will be able to"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what will life be like? (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"dentro de unos años: in a few years; tecnología: technology; viviré: I will live; tendré: I will have; podré: I will be able to","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-future-v6","es-simple-future-v7","es-simple-future-v8","es-simple-future-v9","es-simple-future-v10"]},{"id":"es-simple-future-3","back":"probably","type":"flashcard","front":"probablemente","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["probably"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"probablemente means probably.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-future-v5"]},{"id":"es-simple-future-4","back":"I will be able to","type":"flashcard","front":"podré","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["I will be able to","I'll be able to"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"podré means I will be able to.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-future-v10"]},{"id":"es-simple-future-5","type":"choice","answer":"Haré","prompt":"Which is the future form of hacer for yo?","options":["Haré","Haceré","Haría"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Haré is hacer in the yo future, with irregular stem har-. Haceré is not the future form; haría is conditional.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-future-v1","es-simple-future-v2","es-simple-future-v3","es-simple-future-v4","es-simple-future-v5","es-simple-future-v6","es-simple-future-v7","es-simple-future-v8","es-simple-future-v9","es-simple-future-v10"]},{"id":"es-simple-future-6","hint":"Tener uses an irregular future stem. Add the yo ending to that stem.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["tendré"],"sentence":"El año que viene ___ más tiempo. (tener, yo)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"El año que viene tendré más tiempo uses tendr- + -é. Do not keep the full infinitive tener in this irregular future form; tendría would be conditional.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-future-v1","es-simple-future-v2","es-simple-future-v3","es-simple-future-v4","es-simple-future-v5","es-simple-future-v6","es-simple-future-v7","es-simple-future-v8","es-simple-future-v9","es-simple-future-v10"]},{"id":"es-simple-future-7","type":"arrange","words":["otra","viviré","cinco","Dentro","ciudad","en","años","de"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “In five years I will live in another city”","answers":["Dentro de cinco años viviré en otra ciudad","Viviré en otra ciudad dentro de cinco años"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The simple future adds -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án to the infinitive: trabajaré.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-future-v1","es-simple-future-v2","es-simple-future-v3","es-simple-future-v4","es-simple-future-v5","es-simple-future-v6","es-simple-future-v7","es-simple-future-v8","es-simple-future-v9","es-simple-future-v10"]},{"id":"es-simple-future-8","hint":"Use the yo future of llamar, put the recipient pronoun before it, and include both time details.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—Hoy no podemos hablar. ¿Cuándo me llamarás?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Make a promise to one friend, using tú. Write a reply meaning: “Tomorrow I will call you after work”","answers":["Mañana te llamaré después del trabajo","Te llamaré mañana después del trabajo"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Te llamaré promises the call to the person addressed. Mañana gives the day; después del trabajo gives when within that day. Keep the accent in llamaré.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-future-v1","es-simple-future-v2","es-simple-future-v3","es-simple-future-v4","es-simple-future-v5","es-simple-future-v6","es-simple-future-v7","es-simple-future-v8","es-simple-future-v9","es-simple-future-v10"]},{"id":"es-simple-future-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Dentro de cinco años viviré en otra ciudad”","answers":["In five years I will live in another city","In five years I'll live in another city","I will live in another city in five years","I'll live in another city in five years"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The simple future adds -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án to the infinitive: trabajaré.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-future-v1","es-simple-future-v2","es-simple-future-v3","es-simple-future-v4","es-simple-future-v5","es-simple-future-v6","es-simple-future-v7","es-simple-future-v8","es-simple-future-v9","es-simple-future-v10"]},{"id":"es-simple-future-10","hint":"Listen for the future time phrase and the irregular stem in the nosotros verb.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"El próximo año tendremos más tiempo para viajar","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["El próximo año tendremos más tiempo para viajar"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: El próximo año tendremos más tiempo para viajar. Meaning: Next year we will have more time to travel.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-future-v1","es-simple-future-v2","es-simple-future-v3","es-simple-future-v4","es-simple-future-v5","es-simple-future-v6","es-simple-future-v7","es-simple-future-v8","es-simple-future-v9","es-simple-future-v10"]},{"id":"es-simple-future-11","type":"choice","answer":"Two new bus routes next year; whether they will solve all the problems","prompt":"Read for meaning. What is promised, and what remains uncertain?","options":["Two new bus routes next year; whether they will solve all the problems","Two new bus routes next year; whether either will reach the hospital without a change","Accessible stops next year; whether the council will introduce new bus routes"],"reading":{"text":"En la reunión del barrio hablamos del futuro del transporte. Algunas personas creen que habrá menos coches y más bicicletas. Otras piensan que necesitaremos mejores autobuses, sobre todo para quienes viven lejos del centro. El ayuntamiento ha prometido que el próximo año pondrá dos líneas nuevas. No sabemos si resolverán todos los problemas, pero al menos permitirán llegar al hospital sin cambiar de autobús. Una vecina recordó que también hacen falta paradas accesibles y horarios fáciles de entender. Todos coincidimos en que habrá que revisar cómo funcionan las nuevas líneas.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"El ayuntamiento ha prometido ... dos líneas nuevas identifies the promise. No sabemos si resolverán todos los problemas limits the prediction. Direct access to the hospital is an expected benefit; accessible stops are a resident’s request, not the stated promise.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-future-v1","es-simple-future-v2","es-simple-future-v3","es-simple-future-v4","es-simple-future-v5","es-simple-future-v6","es-simple-future-v7","es-simple-future-v8","es-simple-future-v9","es-simple-future-v10"]}],"description":"Describe your life in five years and make two promises. Give reasons for your predictions and use an irregular future form."},{"id":"es-conditional","notes":["The conditional adds -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían to the infinitive. It uses the same irregular stems as the future: tendría, podría.","Use it for advice and polite requests: yo hablaría con ella; ¿podrías ayudarme? Me gustaría expresses a wish.","Worked example: Yo hablaría con la profesora. ¿Podrías venir conmigo? = I would talk to the teacher. Could you come with me? Hablaría offers a hypothetical action; podrías makes a polite request. The conditional does not make the event a confirmed plan.","Small start: Give gentle advice to someone choosing between two plans. Begin En tu lugar… . Add a polite request with ¿Podrías…? Keep the advice and request separate so your listener can respond to each one."],"title":"What would you recommend?","practice":"Advise a friend choosing a job or a course. Use yo..., me gustaría, and ¿podrías...? in a short dialogue.","exercises":[{"id":"es-conditional-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"me gustaría","translation":"I would like"},{"word":"podría","translation":"could or would be able to"},{"word":"debería","translation":"should"},{"word":"tendría","translation":"would have"},{"word":"consejo","translation":"advice"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what would you recommend? (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"me gustaría: I would like; podría: could or would be able to; debería: should; tendría: would have; consejo: advice","vocabularyIds":["es-conditional-v1","es-conditional-v2","es-conditional-v3","es-conditional-v4","es-conditional-v5"]},{"id":"es-conditional-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"recomendar","translation":"to recommend"},{"word":"en tu lugar","translation":"in your position"},{"word":"posibilidad","translation":"possibility"},{"word":"ideal","translation":"ideal"},{"word":"preferiría","translation":"I would prefer"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what would you recommend? (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"recomendar: to recommend; en tu lugar: in your position; posibilidad: possibility; ideal: ideal; preferiría: I would prefer","vocabularyIds":["es-conditional-v6","es-conditional-v7","es-conditional-v8","es-conditional-v9","es-conditional-v10"]},{"id":"es-conditional-3","back":"I would like","type":"flashcard","front":"me gustaría","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["I would like","I'd like"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"me gustaría means I would like.","vocabularyIds":["es-conditional-v1"]},{"id":"es-conditional-4","back":"to recommend","type":"flashcard","front":"recomendar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to recommend","recommend"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"recomendar means to recommend.","vocabularyIds":["es-conditional-v6"]},{"id":"es-conditional-5","type":"choice","answer":"¿Podrías abrir la ventana?","prompt":"Ask someone to open the window politely, using the conditional rather than a command or a question about a completed action.","options":["Abre la ventana, por favor","¿Has abierto la ventana?","¿Podrías abrir la ventana?"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Podrías + infinitive makes the conditional request. Abre ... por favor is a polite command; has abierto asks whether the action has already happened. Courtesy alone does not make a form conditional.","vocabularyIds":["es-conditional-v1","es-conditional-v2","es-conditional-v3","es-conditional-v4","es-conditional-v5","es-conditional-v6","es-conditional-v7","es-conditional-v8","es-conditional-v9","es-conditional-v10"]},{"id":"es-conditional-6","hint":"The sentence describes what would please you, rather than a present fact.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["gustaría"],"sentence":"Me ___ aprender otro idioma. (gustar)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Me gustaría aprender otro idioma uses conditional gustaría for I would like. The ending -ía carries an accent; me gusta would mean I like in the present.","vocabularyIds":["es-conditional-v1","es-conditional-v2","es-conditional-v3","es-conditional-v4","es-conditional-v5","es-conditional-v6","es-conditional-v7","es-conditional-v8","es-conditional-v9","es-conditional-v10"]},{"id":"es-conditional-7","type":"arrange","words":["profesor","con","lugar","En","el","hablaría","tu"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “In your position I would talk to the teacher”","answers":["En tu lugar hablaría con el profesor","Hablaría con el profesor en tu lugar"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The conditional adds -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían to the infinitive. It uses the same irregular stems as the future: tendría, podría.","vocabularyIds":["es-conditional-v1","es-conditional-v2","es-conditional-v3","es-conditional-v4","es-conditional-v5","es-conditional-v6","es-conditional-v7","es-conditional-v8","es-conditional-v9","es-conditional-v10"]},{"id":"es-conditional-8","hint":"Use conditional poder for the polite request. Me can precede poder or attach to ayudar.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Ask a colleague for help with the report; tú or usted is welcome. Write a reply meaning: “Could you help me with this report?”","answers":["¿Podrías ayudarme con este informe?","¿Me podrías ayudar con este informe?","¿Podría ayudarme con este informe?","¿Me podría ayudar con este informe?"],"reading":{"text":"—Tengo un momento libre. ¿Necesitas ayuda?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Podrías ayudarme and me podrías ayudar both make the same polite request to tú. Podría addresses usted. Con este informe specifies the help needed; the conditional ending carries a written accent.","vocabularyIds":["es-conditional-v1","es-conditional-v2","es-conditional-v3","es-conditional-v4","es-conditional-v5","es-conditional-v6","es-conditional-v7","es-conditional-v8","es-conditional-v9","es-conditional-v10"]},{"id":"es-conditional-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “En tu lugar hablaría con el profesor”","answers":["In your position I would talk to the teacher","In your position I'd talk to the teacher","If I were you I would talk to the teacher","If I were you I'd talk to the teacher"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The conditional adds -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían to the infinitive. It uses the same irregular stems as the future: tendría, podría.","vocabularyIds":["es-conditional-v1","es-conditional-v2","es-conditional-v3","es-conditional-v4","es-conditional-v5","es-conditional-v6","es-conditional-v7","es-conditional-v8","es-conditional-v9","es-conditional-v10"]},{"id":"es-conditional-10","hint":"Listen for the advice frame and the conditional ending. Keep the accent in pediría.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Yo en tu lugar pediría otra cita","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Yo en tu lugar pediría otra cita"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Yo en tu lugar pediría otra cita. Meaning: In your position I would ask for another appointment.","vocabularyIds":["es-conditional-v1","es-conditional-v2","es-conditional-v3","es-conditional-v4","es-conditional-v5","es-conditional-v6","es-conditional-v7","es-conditional-v8","es-conditional-v9","es-conditional-v10"]},{"id":"es-conditional-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Mi amiga quiere cambiar de trabajo, pero no sabe por dónde empezar. Yo, en su lugar, actualizaría el currículum y hablaría con antiguos compañeros. También buscaría un curso corto para mejorar sus conocimientos. No dejaría el empleo actual antes de tener otra oferta, porque necesita pagar el alquiler. Ella preferiría estudiar a tiempo completo, aunque reconoce que por ahora sería difícil. Hemos quedado en revisar juntas varias ofertas el fin de semana. Así podrá comparar los requisitos con su experiencia y decidir qué formación le resultaría más útil.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Look for work and useful training while keeping an income until another offer arrives","prompt":"Listen for meaning. Which plan fits the narrator’s advice and the friend’s present constraint?","options":["Leave the current job now and study full time before looking at offers","Keep the current job and postpone all training until rent is no longer an expense","Look for work and useful training while keeping an income until another offer arrives"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Actualizaría el currículum, hablaría con antiguos compañeros and buscaría un curso corto are active next steps. No dejaría el empleo actual antes de tener otra oferta protects the income needed for rent. Full-time study is the friend’s preference, but difficult for now.","vocabularyIds":["es-conditional-v1","es-conditional-v2","es-conditional-v3","es-conditional-v4","es-conditional-v5","es-conditional-v6","es-conditional-v7","es-conditional-v8","es-conditional-v9","es-conditional-v10"]}],"description":"Advise a friend choosing a job or a course. Use yo..., me gustaría, and ¿podrías...? in a short dialogue."},{"id":"es-real-conditions","notes":["For a realistic condition use si + present, then present, future, or imperative: si llueve, iremos al museo.","Do not put a future or present subjunctive immediately after conditional si: si tengo tiempo, iré; not si tendré or si tenga.","Worked example: Si termina pronto, vendrá con nosotros. = If she finishes early, she will come with us. The possible condition uses the present termina; the future consequence uses vendrá. Si without an accent means if; sí means yes.","Small start: Make a plan and a backup: Si hace sol…; Si llueve… . Put the condition after the result once: Iremos… si… . Keep the same verb forms when the clause order changes.","Short practice model: El sábado iremos al pueblo. Si hace sol, pasearemos junto al río. Si llueve, visitaremos el museo. Si cancelan el tren, iremos en autobús; ya he consultado el horario. Llevaremos comida por si las tiendas están cerradas. Antes de salir, comprobaremos el tiempo y avisaremos al grupo. Así todos conocerán el plan y sus alternativas.","Meaning of the model: On Saturday we will go to the village. If it is sunny, we will walk by the river. If it rains, we will visit the museum. If the train is cancelled, we will go by bus; I have already checked the timetable. We will bring food in case the shops are closed. Before leaving, we will check the weather and notify the group. Everyone will then know the plan and alternatives.","Check your version: Give a main plan and alternatives for both weather and transport. Use present indicative after conditional si and a future result. Could your partner say what happens if two problems occur together? Change the destination and backup options while keeping each condition clear."],"title":"If that happens...","practice":"Make a main plan and two alternatives for a weekend trip. Explain what you will do if the weather or transport changes.","exercises":[{"id":"es-real-conditions-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"si","translation":"if"},{"word":"en caso de","translation":"in case of"},{"word":"depender de","translation":"to depend on"},{"word":"alternativa","translation":"alternative"},{"word":"imprevisto","translation":"unexpected event"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: if that happens... (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"si: if; en caso de: in case of; depender de: to depend on; alternativa: alternative; imprevisto: unexpected event","vocabularyIds":["es-real-conditions-v1","es-real-conditions-v2","es-real-conditions-v3","es-real-conditions-v4","es-real-conditions-v5"]},{"id":"es-real-conditions-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"pronóstico","translation":"forecast"},{"word":"disponer de","translation":"to have available"},{"word":"evitar","translation":"to avoid"},{"word":"llevar paraguas","translation":"to carry an umbrella"},{"word":"por si acaso","translation":"just in case"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: if that happens... (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"pronóstico: forecast; disponer de: to have available; evitar: to avoid; llevar paraguas: to carry an umbrella; por si acaso: just in case","vocabularyIds":["es-real-conditions-v6","es-real-conditions-v7","es-real-conditions-v8","es-real-conditions-v9","es-real-conditions-v10"]},{"id":"es-real-conditions-3","back":"in case of","type":"flashcard","front":"en caso de","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["in case of"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"en caso de means in case of.","vocabularyIds":["es-real-conditions-v2"]},{"id":"es-real-conditions-4","back":"to have available","type":"flashcard","front":"disponer de","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to have available","have available"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"disponer de means to have available.","vocabularyIds":["es-real-conditions-v7"]},{"id":"es-real-conditions-5","type":"choice","answer":"Si puedo, iré","prompt":"Choose a correct realistic future condition.","options":["Si pueda, iré","Si puedo, iré","Si podré, iré"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Si puedo, iré uses present indicative in the realistic condition and future in its result. Podré and pueda do not fit the condition pattern being practised.","vocabularyIds":["es-real-conditions-v1","es-real-conditions-v2","es-real-conditions-v3","es-real-conditions-v4","es-real-conditions-v5","es-real-conditions-v6","es-real-conditions-v7","es-real-conditions-v8","es-real-conditions-v9","es-real-conditions-v10"]},{"id":"es-real-conditions-6","hint":"This is a realistic future condition after si, not a future-tense verb inside the condition.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["hace"],"sentence":"Si ___ buen tiempo, saldremos. (hacer)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Si hace buen tiempo, saldremos uses present indicative hace after si. The possible future result is saldremos; do not put hará in this condition pattern.","vocabularyIds":["es-real-conditions-v1","es-real-conditions-v2","es-real-conditions-v3","es-real-conditions-v4","es-real-conditions-v5","es-real-conditions-v6","es-real-conditions-v7","es-real-conditions-v8","es-real-conditions-v9","es-real-conditions-v10"]},{"id":"es-real-conditions-7","type":"arrange","words":["museo","iremos","Si","al","llueve"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “If it rains, we will go to the museum”","answers":["Si llueve, iremos al museo","Iremos al museo si llueve"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"For a realistic condition use si + present, then present, future, or imperative: si llueve, iremos al museo.","vocabularyIds":["es-real-conditions-v1","es-real-conditions-v2","es-real-conditions-v3","es-real-conditions-v4","es-real-conditions-v5","es-real-conditions-v6","es-real-conditions-v7","es-real-conditions-v8","es-real-conditions-v9","es-real-conditions-v10"]},{"id":"es-real-conditions-8","hint":"Use present indicative after si for a realistic condition and future for the promised result.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Me llamarás esta tarde?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Give a conditional answer to one friend, using tú. Write a reply meaning: “If I have time, I will call you”","answers":["Si tengo tiempo, te llamaré","Te llamaré si tengo tiempo"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Si tengo tiempo makes the call conditional on having time. Te llamaré gives the possible future result. Si tendré would put the future in the wrong clause for this pattern.","vocabularyIds":["es-real-conditions-v1","es-real-conditions-v2","es-real-conditions-v3","es-real-conditions-v4","es-real-conditions-v5","es-real-conditions-v6","es-real-conditions-v7","es-real-conditions-v8","es-real-conditions-v9","es-real-conditions-v10"]},{"id":"es-real-conditions-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Si llueve, iremos al museo”","answers":["If it rains, we will go to the museum","If it rains, we'll go to the museum","We will go to the museum if it rains","we'll go to the museum if it rains"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"For a realistic condition use si + present, then present, future, or imperative: si llueve, iremos al museo.","vocabularyIds":["es-real-conditions-v1","es-real-conditions-v2","es-real-conditions-v3","es-real-conditions-v4","es-real-conditions-v5","es-real-conditions-v6","es-real-conditions-v7","es-real-conditions-v8","es-real-conditions-v9","es-real-conditions-v10"]},{"id":"es-real-conditions-10","hint":"Listen for the present form in the condition and the future form in its result.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Si hace buen tiempo, iremos a la montaña","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Si hace buen tiempo, iremos a la montaña"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Si hace buen tiempo, iremos a la montaña. Meaning: If the weather is good, we will go to the mountains.","vocabularyIds":["es-real-conditions-v1","es-real-conditions-v2","es-real-conditions-v3","es-real-conditions-v4","es-real-conditions-v5","es-real-conditions-v6","es-real-conditions-v7","es-real-conditions-v8","es-real-conditions-v9","es-real-conditions-v10"]},{"id":"es-real-conditions-conversation","type":"choice","answer":"¿Y qué harás si hace sol?","prompt":"Which question checks the speaker's plan in good weather?","options":["¿Cuánto tiempo llevas en casa?","¿Y qué harás si hace sol?","¿Por qué te quedaste ayer?"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Vienes a la excursión? —Depende del tiempo. Si llueve, me quedaré en casa.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The speaker gives a possible future condition. Si hace sol keeps the condition in the present; harás asks about the future result.","vocabularyIds":[]},{"id":"es-real-conditions-recall","hint":"Forgetting the key happened first. Use había olvidado for that earlier event.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “I could not get in because I had forgotten the key.”","answers":["No pude entrar porque había olvidado la llave","Yo no pude entrar porque había olvidado la llave","No pude entrar porque yo había olvidado la llave"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"No pude entrar porque había olvidado la llave explains a completed problem with an earlier cause. Había olvidado is pluperfect; he olvidado would change the past perspective.","vocabularyIds":["es-questions-v7","es-pluperfect-v5","es-direct-objects-v6"]},{"id":"es-real-conditions-11","type":"choice","answer":"Visit the museum and share a car","prompt":"Read for meaning. If it rains and the morning bus does not run, which plan fits both conditions?","options":["Go up the mountain and share a car","Visit the museum and share a car","Visit the museum and wait for the morning bus"],"reading":{"text":"Hemos organizado una excursión para el domingo. Si hace buen tiempo, subiremos a la montaña y comeremos allí. Si llueve, visitaremos el museo del pueblo. Llevaremos algo de comida por si los restaurantes están cerrados. Si el autobús no sale por la mañana, compartiremos un coche. Queremos tener alternativas para disfrutar del día aunque cambien las condiciones. Antes de salir comprobaremos los horarios y avisaremos a quienes vienen con nosotros. La idea es que nadie tenga que decidir a última hora sin conocer las opciones.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Si llueve, visitaremos el museo sets the activity; si el autobús no sale ... compartiremos un coche sets the transport. The two conditions can apply together. Good weather, not rain, triggers the mountain plan.","vocabularyIds":["es-real-conditions-v1","es-real-conditions-v2","es-real-conditions-v3","es-real-conditions-v4","es-real-conditions-v5","es-real-conditions-v6","es-real-conditions-v7","es-real-conditions-v8","es-real-conditions-v9","es-real-conditions-v10"]}],"description":"Make a main plan and two alternatives for a weekend trip. Explain what you will do if the weather or transport changes."}],"cefrLevel":"B1","objective":"Use the simple future, conditional, and real conditional sentences.","description":"B1 · Use the simple future, conditional, and real conditional sentences."},{"id":"es-b1-subjunctive-forms","title":"Introducing the present subjunctive","lessons":[{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular","notes":["Present subjunctive: -ar verbs use -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en; -er/-ir use -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an.","With different subjects use querer que + subjunctive: quiero que estudies. With the same subject use an infinitive: quiero estudiar.","Worked example: Estudias aquí → Quiero que estudies aquí. = You study here → I want you to study here. A factual statement uses estudias; the wanted action after quiero que uses estudies. The speaker and the person studying are different here.","Small start: Choose one thing you want someone else to do. Start Quiero que… with estudiar, trabajar, or escuchar. Then make a same-subject wish with Quiero + infinitive. Say who performs the action in each version."],"title":"I want you to...","practice":"Write five wishes involving other people and two personal goals. Compare quiero que... with quiero + infinitive.","exercises":[{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"querer que","translation":"to want someone to"},{"word":"esperar que","translation":"to hope that"},{"word":"desear","translation":"to wish"},{"word":"ojalá","translation":"I hope or if only"},{"word":"deseo","translation":"wish"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: i want you to... (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"querer que: to want someone to; esperar que: to hope that; desear: to wish; ojalá: I hope or if only; deseo: wish","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-regular-v1","es-subjunctive-regular-v2","es-subjunctive-regular-v3","es-subjunctive-regular-v4","es-subjunctive-regular-v5"]},{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"objetivo","translation":"objective"},{"word":"esfuerzo","translation":"effort"},{"word":"lograr","translation":"to achieve"},{"word":"apoyar","translation":"to support"},{"word":"participar","translation":"to participate"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: i want you to... (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"objetivo: objective; esfuerzo: effort; lograr: to achieve; apoyar: to support; participar: to participate","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-regular-v6","es-subjunctive-regular-v7","es-subjunctive-regular-v8","es-subjunctive-regular-v9","es-subjunctive-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-3","back":"to wish","type":"flashcard","front":"desear","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to wish","wish"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"desear means to wish.","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-regular-v3"]},{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-4","back":"to achieve","type":"flashcard","front":"lograr","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to achieve","achieve"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"lograr means to achieve.","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-regular-v8"]},{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-5","type":"choice","answer":"Quiero estudiar","prompt":"Express your own wish to study, keeping wanting and studying with the same speaker.","options":["Quiero estudiar","Quiero que estudies","Quieres que estudie"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Quiero estudiar keeps both actions with yo, so estudiar is an infinitive. Quiero que estudies asks for someone else to study; quieres que estudie makes the other person the one who wants it.","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-regular-v1","es-subjunctive-regular-v2","es-subjunctive-regular-v3","es-subjunctive-regular-v4","es-subjunctive-regular-v5","es-subjunctive-regular-v6","es-subjunctive-regular-v7","es-subjunctive-regular-v8","es-subjunctive-regular-v9","es-subjunctive-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-6","hint":"Ana is a different subject from the person who wants this. Use the present subjunctive of hablar.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["hable"],"sentence":"Quiero que Ana ___ español. (hablar)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Quiero que Ana hable español uses hable after a wish about a different subject. For -ar verbs, the present subjunctive takes -e here; habla would be indicative.","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-regular-v1","es-subjunctive-regular-v2","es-subjunctive-regular-v3","es-subjunctive-regular-v4","es-subjunctive-regular-v5","es-subjunctive-regular-v6","es-subjunctive-regular-v7","es-subjunctive-regular-v8","es-subjunctive-regular-v9","es-subjunctive-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-7","type":"arrange","words":["estudies","Quiero","conmigo","que"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I want you to study with me”","answers":["Quiero que estudies conmigo"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Present subjunctive: -ar verbs use -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en; -er/-ir use -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an.","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-regular-v1","es-subjunctive-regular-v2","es-subjunctive-regular-v3","es-subjunctive-regular-v4","es-subjunctive-regular-v5","es-subjunctive-regular-v6","es-subjunctive-regular-v7","es-subjunctive-regular-v8","es-subjunctive-regular-v9","es-subjunctive-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-8","hint":"Esperar que introduces a wish about someone else. Use the present subjunctive of tener.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Wish a friend a good trip, using tú. Write a reply meaning: “I hope you have a good trip”","answers":["Espero que tengas un buen viaje","Espero que tengas buen viaje"],"reading":{"text":"—Mañana salgo de viaje.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Espero que tengas expresses the wish rather than asserting an outcome. Tengas belongs to tú; tengo would shift the person to the speaker.","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-regular-v1","es-subjunctive-regular-v2","es-subjunctive-regular-v3","es-subjunctive-regular-v4","es-subjunctive-regular-v5","es-subjunctive-regular-v6","es-subjunctive-regular-v7","es-subjunctive-regular-v8","es-subjunctive-regular-v9","es-subjunctive-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Quiero que estudies conmigo”","answers":["I want you to study with me"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Present subjunctive: -ar verbs use -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en; -er/-ir use -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an.","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-regular-v1","es-subjunctive-regular-v2","es-subjunctive-regular-v3","es-subjunctive-regular-v4","es-subjunctive-regular-v5","es-subjunctive-regular-v6","es-subjunctive-regular-v7","es-subjunctive-regular-v8","es-subjunctive-regular-v9","es-subjunctive-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-10","hint":"Listen for the subject after que and the plural ending of the following verb.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Quiero que mis amigos estudien conmigo","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Quiero que mis amigos estudien conmigo"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Quiero que mis amigos estudien conmigo. Meaning: I want my friends to study with me.","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-regular-v1","es-subjunctive-regular-v2","es-subjunctive-regular-v3","es-subjunctive-regular-v4","es-subjunctive-regular-v5","es-subjunctive-regular-v6","es-subjunctive-regular-v7","es-subjunctive-regular-v8","es-subjunctive-regular-v9","es-subjunctive-regular-v10"]},{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"La asociación del barrio quiere que más vecinos participen en sus actividades. Sus miembros esperan que las familias propongan ideas y que los jóvenes ayuden a organizarlas. También desean abrir una biblioteca pequeña. Para empezar, quieren recoger libros y buscar un local. La presidenta dice que el proyecto solo funcionará si todos colaboran y se sienten parte de él. Este sábado habrá una primera reunión abierta. No hace falta llevar una propuesta terminada: también se puede escuchar y conocer a las personas interesadas.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Attend to listen and meet others, with the option of suggesting ideas","prompt":"Listen for meaning. What can an interested family do at the first meeting without a finished proposal?","options":["Attend to listen and meet others, with the option of suggesting ideas","Bring a finished proposal before being allowed to meet the organisers","Wait until the library opens before taking part in any activities"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Esperan que las familias propongan ideas expresses a hope, not an entry requirement. No hace falta llevar una propuesta terminada explicitly allows people to listen and meet others at Saturday’s open meeting. The library is still a project.","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-regular-v1","es-subjunctive-regular-v2","es-subjunctive-regular-v3","es-subjunctive-regular-v4","es-subjunctive-regular-v5","es-subjunctive-regular-v6","es-subjunctive-regular-v7","es-subjunctive-regular-v8","es-subjunctive-regular-v9","es-subjunctive-regular-v10"]}],"description":"Write five wishes involving other people and two personal goals. Compare quiero que... with quiero + infinitive."},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular","notes":["Many subjunctives come from the yo present form: tengo → tenga, conozco → conozca. Common irregulars include sea, esté, vaya, haya, dé, sepa.","Stem changes remain in many forms: piense, pueda. Learn nosotros contrasts: pensemos, podamos; dormir → durmamos.","Worked example: Espero que puedas venir y que todo vaya bien. = I hope you can come and that everything goes well. Puedas and vaya are present subjunctives. The hope does not report those events as already established facts.","Small start: Send a short good-wishes message using espero que twice. Start with Espero que tengas… . Add a line with puedas or vaya. Compare it with a factual statement such as Tienes tiempo to notice the change in form and purpose."],"title":"Common irregular forms","practice":"Give six hopes or requests using tenga, vaya, sea, esté, pueda, and sepa. Say who each request concerns.","exercises":[{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"sea","translation":"be (ser subjunctive)"},{"word":"esté","translation":"be (estar subjunctive)"},{"word":"vaya","translation":"go (subjunctive)"},{"word":"haya","translation":"there be (subjunctive)"},{"word":"sepa","translation":"know (subjunctive)"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: common irregular forms (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"sea: be (ser subjunctive); esté: be (estar subjunctive); vaya: go (subjunctive); haya: there be (subjunctive); sepa: know (subjunctive)","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-irregular-v1","es-subjunctive-irregular-v2","es-subjunctive-irregular-v3","es-subjunctive-irregular-v4","es-subjunctive-irregular-v5"]},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"dé","translation":"give (subjunctive)"},{"word":"tenga","translation":"have (subjunctive)"},{"word":"pueda","translation":"be able (subjunctive)"},{"word":"conozca","translation":"know or meet (subjunctive)"},{"word":"venga","translation":"come (subjunctive)"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: common irregular forms (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"dé: give (subjunctive); tenga: have (subjunctive); pueda: be able (subjunctive); conozca: know or meet (subjunctive); venga: come (subjunctive)","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-irregular-v6","es-subjunctive-irregular-v7","es-subjunctive-irregular-v8","es-subjunctive-irregular-v9","es-subjunctive-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-3","back":"there be (subjunctive)","type":"flashcard","front":"haya","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["there be (subjunctive)","there be"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"haya means there be (subjunctive).","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-irregular-v4"]},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-4","back":"know or meet (subjunctive)","type":"flashcard","front":"conozca","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["know or meet (subjunctive)","know","meet"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"conozca means know or meet (subjunctive).","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-irregular-v9"]},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-5","type":"choice","answer":"sepa","prompt":"Which form completes Espero que ella ___ la respuesta?","options":["sabe","saber","sepa"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Espero que ella sepa la respuesta uses the irregular subjunctive sepa from saber. Sabe is indicative; saber is an infinitive and does not agree with ella here.","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-irregular-v1","es-subjunctive-irregular-v2","es-subjunctive-irregular-v3","es-subjunctive-irregular-v4","es-subjunctive-irregular-v5","es-subjunctive-irregular-v6","es-subjunctive-irregular-v7","es-subjunctive-irregular-v8","es-subjunctive-irregular-v9","es-subjunctive-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-6","hint":"After ojalá, use the present subjunctive of hacer.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["haga"],"sentence":"Ojalá ___ buen tiempo mañana. (hacer)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Ojalá haga buen tiempo mañana uses irregular haga to express a wish. Hace would state the weather as a fact rather than use this wish pattern.","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-irregular-v1","es-subjunctive-irregular-v2","es-subjunctive-irregular-v3","es-subjunctive-irregular-v4","es-subjunctive-irregular-v5","es-subjunctive-irregular-v6","es-subjunctive-irregular-v7","es-subjunctive-irregular-v8","es-subjunctive-irregular-v9","es-subjunctive-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-7","type":"arrange","words":["bien","todo","Espero","vaya","que"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I hope everything goes well”","answers":["Espero que todo vaya bien"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Many subjunctives come from the yo present form: tengo → tenga, conozco → conozca. Common irregulars include sea, esté, vaya, haya, dé, sepa.","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-irregular-v1","es-subjunctive-irregular-v2","es-subjunctive-irregular-v3","es-subjunctive-irregular-v4","es-subjunctive-irregular-v5","es-subjunctive-irregular-v6","es-subjunctive-irregular-v7","es-subjunctive-irregular-v8","es-subjunctive-irregular-v9","es-subjunctive-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-8","hint":"After quiero que with a different subject, use the irregular present subjunctive of venir.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Necesitas que esté en la reunión?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Tell a colleague you want them to attend, using tú. Write a reply meaning: “I want you to come to the meeting”","answers":["Quiero que vengas a la reunión"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Quiero que vengas introduces a wish about the colleague. Vengas is the tú subjunctive; vienes would state a present fact instead of using this wish construction.","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-irregular-v1","es-subjunctive-irregular-v2","es-subjunctive-irregular-v3","es-subjunctive-irregular-v4","es-subjunctive-irregular-v5","es-subjunctive-irregular-v6","es-subjunctive-irregular-v7","es-subjunctive-irregular-v8","es-subjunctive-irregular-v9","es-subjunctive-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Espero que todo vaya bien”","answers":["I hope everything goes well","I hope everything will go well"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Many subjunctives come from the yo present form: tengo → tenga, conozco → conozca. Common irregulars include sea, esté, vaya, haya, dé, sepa.","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-irregular-v1","es-subjunctive-irregular-v2","es-subjunctive-irregular-v3","es-subjunctive-irregular-v4","es-subjunctive-irregular-v5","es-subjunctive-irregular-v6","es-subjunctive-irregular-v7","es-subjunctive-irregular-v8","es-subjunctive-irregular-v9","es-subjunctive-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-10","hint":"Listen for the wish and its negative. Existential haya stays singular before a plural noun.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Ojalá no haya retrasos en el viaje","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Ojalá no haya retrasos en el viaje"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Ojalá no haya retrasos en el viaje. Meaning: I hope there are no delays on the journey.","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-irregular-v1","es-subjunctive-irregular-v2","es-subjunctive-irregular-v3","es-subjunctive-irregular-v4","es-subjunctive-irregular-v5","es-subjunctive-irregular-v6","es-subjunctive-irregular-v7","es-subjunctive-irregular-v8","es-subjunctive-irregular-v9","es-subjunctive-irregular-v10"]},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-11","type":"choice","answer":"So the new colleague knows where the office is","prompt":"Read for meaning. Why has the team sent a map?","options":["Because the office has closed","To ask her to draw a new city plan","So the new colleague knows where the office is"],"reading":{"text":"Mañana llega nuestra nueva compañera. Espero que el viaje vaya bien y que pueda encontrar la oficina sin problemas. Le hemos enviado un mapa para que sepa dónde estamos. Queremos que se sienta bienvenida, así que hemos organizado una comida con el equipo. Ojalá no haya retrasos y tenga tiempo de descansar antes de empezar. Una compañera la esperará en recepción y le enseñará las instalaciones. Durante la primera semana tendrá una persona de contacto para resolver cualquier duda.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Le hemos enviado un mapa para que sepa dónde estamos gives the purpose: help the new colleague locate the office. The office has not closed.","vocabularyIds":["es-subjunctive-irregular-v1","es-subjunctive-irregular-v2","es-subjunctive-irregular-v3","es-subjunctive-irregular-v4","es-subjunctive-irregular-v5","es-subjunctive-irregular-v6","es-subjunctive-irregular-v7","es-subjunctive-irregular-v8","es-subjunctive-irregular-v9","es-subjunctive-irregular-v10"]}],"description":"Give six hopes or requests using tenga, vaya, sea, esté, pueda, and sepa. Say who each request concerns."},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive","notes":["An emotional reaction to another person's action commonly takes que + subjunctive: me alegra que estés aquí; me molesta que griten.","With your own action use the infinitive: me alegra verte. An emotion does not mean the event is unreal.","Worked example: Me alegra que vengas, pero me preocupa que llegues tan tarde. = I am glad you are coming, but I am worried you will arrive so late. Vengas and llegues follow reactions to another person's action; the reaction, not a claim about uncertainty alone, motivates the pattern.","Small start: React to two pieces of imaginary news, one welcome and one worrying. Begin Me alegra que… and Me preocupa que… . Name the people involved first. Use short clauses before adding an explanation with porque.","Short practice model: Me alegra que mi hermana tenga un trabajo nuevo porque llevaba meses buscando. Me sorprende que su nueva oficina esté tan cerca de casa. Me preocupa que tenga poco tiempo para descansar, aunque dice que el horario es bueno. También me molesta que algunos vecinos hagan ruido por la noche. Quiero que mi hermana pueda dormir bien y disfrutar de esta nueva etapa.","Meaning of the model: I am glad my sister has a new job because she had been looking for months. I am surprised her new office is so near home. I am worried she has little time to rest, although she says the hours are good. It also bothers me that some neighbours make noise at night. I want my sister to sleep well and enjoy this new stage.","Check your version: Give four reactions and make the news and reason understandable. Check the subjunctive after me alegra, me sorprende, me preocupa and me molesta. An emotional reaction can concern a real event. Use imaginary news and change the reactions to fit what you want to express."],"title":"How does it make you feel?","practice":"React to four pieces of news with alegría, sorpresa, preocupación, or molestia. Explain each reaction in a full sentence.","exercises":[{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"alegrarse","translation":"to be glad"},{"word":"molestar","translation":"to bother"},{"word":"sorprender","translation":"to surprise"},{"word":"preocupar","translation":"to worry"},{"word":"dar pena","translation":"to make someone sad"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: how does it make you feel? (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"alegrarse: to be glad; molestar: to bother; sorprender: to surprise; preocupar: to worry; dar pena: to make someone sad","vocabularyIds":["es-feelings-subjunctive-v1","es-feelings-subjunctive-v2","es-feelings-subjunctive-v3","es-feelings-subjunctive-v4","es-feelings-subjunctive-v5"]},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"emoción","translation":"emotion"},{"word":"alegría","translation":"joy"},{"word":"tristeza","translation":"sadness"},{"word":"preocupación","translation":"worry"},{"word":"orgulloso","translation":"proud"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: how does it make you feel? (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"emoción: emotion; alegría: joy; tristeza: sadness; preocupación: worry; orgulloso: proud","vocabularyIds":["es-feelings-subjunctive-v6","es-feelings-subjunctive-v7","es-feelings-subjunctive-v8","es-feelings-subjunctive-v9","es-feelings-subjunctive-v10"]},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-3","back":"to make someone sad","type":"flashcard","front":"dar pena","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to make someone sad","make someone sad"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"dar pena means to make someone sad.","vocabularyIds":["es-feelings-subjunctive-v5"]},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-4","back":"proud","type":"flashcard","front":"orgulloso","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["proud"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"orgulloso means proud.","vocabularyIds":["es-feelings-subjunctive-v10"]},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-5","type":"choice","answer":"Me sorprende que llegues tan temprano","prompt":"Choose the sentence expressing an emotional reaction to another person's action.","options":["Sé que llegas temprano","Me sorprende que llegues tan temprano","Creo que llegas temprano"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Me sorprende que llegues tan temprano reacts emotionally to another person's action. Creo and sé frame information as a belief or known fact instead.","vocabularyIds":["es-feelings-subjunctive-v1","es-feelings-subjunctive-v2","es-feelings-subjunctive-v3","es-feelings-subjunctive-v4","es-feelings-subjunctive-v5","es-feelings-subjunctive-v6","es-feelings-subjunctive-v7","es-feelings-subjunctive-v8","es-feelings-subjunctive-v9","es-feelings-subjunctive-v10"]},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-6","hint":"The subject of gritar is plural vecinos. Use the subjunctive after the emotional reaction.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["griten"],"sentence":"Me molesta que los vecinos ___ tanto. (gritar)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Me molesta que los vecinos griten tanto uses griten for the neighbours' action. -En agrees with plural vecinos in the present subjunctive of an -ar verb.","vocabularyIds":["es-feelings-subjunctive-v1","es-feelings-subjunctive-v2","es-feelings-subjunctive-v3","es-feelings-subjunctive-v4","es-feelings-subjunctive-v5","es-feelings-subjunctive-v6","es-feelings-subjunctive-v7","es-feelings-subjunctive-v8","es-feelings-subjunctive-v9","es-feelings-subjunctive-v10"]},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-7","type":"arrange","words":["aquí","que","Me","estés","alegra"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I am glad you are here”","answers":["Me alegra que estés aquí"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"An emotional reaction to another person's action commonly takes que + subjunctive: me alegra que estés aquí; me molesta que griten.","vocabularyIds":["es-feelings-subjunctive-v1","es-feelings-subjunctive-v2","es-feelings-subjunctive-v3","es-feelings-subjunctive-v4","es-feelings-subjunctive-v5","es-feelings-subjunctive-v6","es-feelings-subjunctive-v7","es-feelings-subjunctive-v8","es-feelings-subjunctive-v9","es-feelings-subjunctive-v10"]},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-8","hint":"React with me preocupa que, then use the subjunctive of dormir for tú.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Express concern to a friend, using tú. Write a reply meaning: “I am worried that you are not sleeping well”","answers":["Me preocupa que no duermas bien"],"reading":{"text":"—Últimamente me despierto muchas veces por la noche.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Me preocupa que reacts to the friend's situation. No duermas bien is the situation causing concern; the subjunctive follows the emotional reaction without making it a command.","vocabularyIds":["es-feelings-subjunctive-v1","es-feelings-subjunctive-v2","es-feelings-subjunctive-v3","es-feelings-subjunctive-v4","es-feelings-subjunctive-v5","es-feelings-subjunctive-v6","es-feelings-subjunctive-v7","es-feelings-subjunctive-v8","es-feelings-subjunctive-v9","es-feelings-subjunctive-v10"]},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Me alegra que estés aquí”","answers":["I am glad you are here","I'm glad you are here","I am glad you're here","I'm glad you're here","I am happy you are here","I'm happy you are here","I am happy you're here","I'm happy you're here"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"An emotional reaction to another person's action commonly takes que + subjunctive: me alegra que estés aquí; me molesta que griten.","vocabularyIds":["es-feelings-subjunctive-v1","es-feelings-subjunctive-v2","es-feelings-subjunctive-v3","es-feelings-subjunctive-v4","es-feelings-subjunctive-v5","es-feelings-subjunctive-v6","es-feelings-subjunctive-v7","es-feelings-subjunctive-v8","es-feelings-subjunctive-v9","es-feelings-subjunctive-v10"]},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-10","hint":"Listen for the emotional reaction and the verb that follows que.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Me alegra que tengas tiempo para venir","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Me alegra que tengas tiempo para venir"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Me alegra que tengas tiempo para venir. Meaning: I am glad you have time to come.","vocabularyIds":["es-feelings-subjunctive-v1","es-feelings-subjunctive-v2","es-feelings-subjunctive-v3","es-feelings-subjunctive-v4","es-feelings-subjunctive-v5","es-feelings-subjunctive-v6","es-feelings-subjunctive-v7","es-feelings-subjunctive-v8","es-feelings-subjunctive-v9","es-feelings-subjunctive-v10"]},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-conversation","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"—Mañana tengo una entrevista y estoy nerviosa. —Espero que te salga bien.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"A wish for the interview to go well.","prompt":"Listen to the conversation. What does the second speaker express?","options":["An instruction to cancel the interview.","A wish for the interview to go well.","A fact about an interview that already ended."],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Espero que + subjunctive expresses a wish about the other person's interview. It does not assert that the outcome is already known.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v1"]},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-recall","hint":"Use present tengo in the condition and simple future llamaré for the result.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “If I have time tomorrow, I will call you.” Use the simple future for the result.","answers":["Si tengo tiempo mañana te llamaré","Mañana si tengo tiempo te llamaré","Te llamaré mañana si tengo tiempo","Si mañana tengo tiempo te llamaré"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Si tengo tiempo mañana, te llamaré combines a realistic condition with a future result. Keep si without an accent for if and the accent in llamaré.","vocabularyIds":["es-simple-plans-v1","es-past-interruption-v2"]},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Me alegra que mi hermano tenga apoyo en su nuevo barrio. Todavía le cuesta acostumbrarse a la ciudad y le preocupa no conocer a mucha gente. A mí me sorprende que participe ya en tantas actividades. Dice que le da pena vivir lejos de la familia, pero que las videollamadas le ayudan. Me parece importante que mantenga esos vínculos mientras hace nuevos amigos. Hemos acordado llamarnos los miércoles, aunque sea solo unos minutos. A veces escuchar a alguien sin intentar resolverlo todo es la mejor forma de ayudar.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Through video calls","prompt":"Listen for meaning. How does the brother stay connected to his family?","options":["By avoiding new friendships","Through video calls","By returning home every day"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Las videollamadas le ayudan refers to staying connected with family at a distance. The brother is also making new friends rather than avoiding them.","vocabularyIds":["es-feelings-subjunctive-v1","es-feelings-subjunctive-v2","es-feelings-subjunctive-v3","es-feelings-subjunctive-v4","es-feelings-subjunctive-v5","es-feelings-subjunctive-v6","es-feelings-subjunctive-v7","es-feelings-subjunctive-v8","es-feelings-subjunctive-v9","es-feelings-subjunctive-v10"]}],"description":"React to four pieces of news with alegría, sorpresa, preocupación, or molestia. Explain each reaction in a full sentence."}],"cefrLevel":"B1","objective":"Form the present subjunctive and express wishes, feelings, and influence.","description":"B1 · Form the present subjunctive and express wishes, feelings, and influence."},{"id":"es-b1-subjunctive-uses","title":"Advice, doubt, and future events","lessons":[{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive","notes":["Recomendar/aconsejar que and impersonal evaluations take the subjunctive: te recomiendo que descanses; es importante que escuches.","Use an infinitive for a general statement without a specific subject: es importante descansar.","Worked example: Te aconsejo que descanses; es importante que duermas bien. = I advise you to rest; it is important that you sleep well. Aconsejar que and es importante que introduce the recommended actions in the subjunctive here.","Small start: Advise an imaginary learner preparing for a presentation. Give one suggestion with Te recomiendo que… and one priority with Es importante que… . Add a reason, then soften one suggestion with Quizá puedas… if you want to extend it."],"title":"Suggest a useful change","practice":"Give a friend three practical recommendations about work-life balance. Include a reason for each and one general recommendation.","exercises":[{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"aconsejar","translation":"to advise"},{"word":"sugerir","translation":"to suggest"},{"word":"conviene","translation":"it is advisable"},{"word":"es importante","translation":"it is important"},{"word":"es necesario","translation":"it is necessary"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: suggest a useful change (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"aconsejar: to advise; sugerir: to suggest; conviene: it is advisable; es importante: it is important; es necesario: it is necessary","vocabularyIds":["es-advice-subjunctive-v1","es-advice-subjunctive-v2","es-advice-subjunctive-v3","es-advice-subjunctive-v4","es-advice-subjunctive-v5"]},{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"descansar","translation":"to rest"},{"word":"equilibrio","translation":"balance"},{"word":"saludable","translation":"healthy"},{"word":"hábito","translation":"habit"},{"word":"prioridad","translation":"priority"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: suggest a useful change (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"descansar: to rest; equilibrio: balance; saludable: healthy; hábito: habit; prioridad: priority","vocabularyIds":["es-advice-subjunctive-v6","es-advice-subjunctive-v7","es-advice-subjunctive-v8","es-advice-subjunctive-v9","es-advice-subjunctive-v10"]},{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-3","back":"to advise","type":"flashcard","front":"aconsejar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to advise","advise"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"aconsejar means to advise.","vocabularyIds":["es-advice-subjunctive-v1"]},{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-4","back":"to rest","type":"flashcard","front":"descansar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to rest","rest"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"descansar means to rest.","vocabularyIds":["es-advice-subjunctive-v6"]},{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-5","type":"choice","answer":"Es importante dormir bien","prompt":"Give a general recommendation about sleeping well, without directing it to one person.","options":["Es importante dormir bien","Es importante que duermas bien","Te aconsejo que duermas bien"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Es importante dormir bien uses an infinitive for general advice. Que duermas and te aconsejo both address tú specifically. Those are valid personal recommendations, but they change the general scope requested here.","vocabularyIds":["es-advice-subjunctive-v1","es-advice-subjunctive-v2","es-advice-subjunctive-v3","es-advice-subjunctive-v4","es-advice-subjunctive-v5","es-advice-subjunctive-v6","es-advice-subjunctive-v7","es-advice-subjunctive-v8","es-advice-subjunctive-v9","es-advice-subjunctive-v10"]},{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-6","hint":"The advice is directed to tú. Use the subjunctive of hablar after que.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["hables"],"sentence":"Te aconsejo que ___ con tu jefe. (hablar)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Te aconsejo que hables con tu jefe uses hables for the person receiving advice. Hablar is an infinitive; hablas would be indicative in another construction.","vocabularyIds":["es-advice-subjunctive-v1","es-advice-subjunctive-v2","es-advice-subjunctive-v3","es-advice-subjunctive-v4","es-advice-subjunctive-v5","es-advice-subjunctive-v6","es-advice-subjunctive-v7","es-advice-subjunctive-v8","es-advice-subjunctive-v9","es-advice-subjunctive-v10"]},{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-7","type":"arrange","words":["más","que","Te","descanses","recomiendo"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I recommend that you rest more”","answers":["Te recomiendo que descanses más"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Recomendar/aconsejar que and impersonal evaluations take the subjunctive: te recomiendo que descanses; es importante que escuches.","vocabularyIds":["es-advice-subjunctive-v1","es-advice-subjunctive-v2","es-advice-subjunctive-v3","es-advice-subjunctive-v4","es-advice-subjunctive-v5","es-advice-subjunctive-v6","es-advice-subjunctive-v7","es-advice-subjunctive-v8","es-advice-subjunctive-v9","es-advice-subjunctive-v10"]},{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-8","hint":"Use es importante que + subjunctive. Preserve the personal a before the other people.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—Siempre hablo yo en las reuniones. ¿Qué me aconsejas?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Give a friend advice, using tú. Write a reply meaning: “It is important that you listen to others”","answers":["Es importante que escuches a los demás"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Es importante que escuches directs the advice to the friend. A los demás identifies the other people to listen to. Escuchas would not fit this recommendation with que.","vocabularyIds":["es-advice-subjunctive-v1","es-advice-subjunctive-v2","es-advice-subjunctive-v3","es-advice-subjunctive-v4","es-advice-subjunctive-v5","es-advice-subjunctive-v6","es-advice-subjunctive-v7","es-advice-subjunctive-v8","es-advice-subjunctive-v9","es-advice-subjunctive-v10"]},{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Te recomiendo que descanses más”","answers":["I recommend that you rest more","I recommend you rest more","I recommend that you get more rest"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Recomendar/aconsejar que and impersonal evaluations take the subjunctive: te recomiendo que descanses; es importante que escuches.","vocabularyIds":["es-advice-subjunctive-v1","es-advice-subjunctive-v2","es-advice-subjunctive-v3","es-advice-subjunctive-v4","es-advice-subjunctive-v5","es-advice-subjunctive-v6","es-advice-subjunctive-v7","es-advice-subjunctive-v8","es-advice-subjunctive-v9","es-advice-subjunctive-v10"]},{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-10","hint":"Listen for the advice expression and the verb addressed to tú.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Te aconsejo que descanses antes de la reunión","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Te aconsejo que descanses antes de la reunión"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Te aconsejo que descanses antes de la reunión. Meaning: I advise you to rest before the meeting.","vocabularyIds":["es-advice-subjunctive-v1","es-advice-subjunctive-v2","es-advice-subjunctive-v3","es-advice-subjunctive-v4","es-advice-subjunctive-v5","es-advice-subjunctive-v6","es-advice-subjunctive-v7","es-advice-subjunctive-v8","es-advice-subjunctive-v9","es-advice-subjunctive-v10"]},{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-11","type":"choice","answer":"Finding a sustainable balance","prompt":"Read for meaning. What is the main goal of the advice?","options":["Finding a sustainable balance","Never speaking to the manager","Answering emails all night"],"reading":{"text":"Una compañera me ha dicho que termina de trabajar muy tarde y que nunca desconecta. Le he recomendado que hable con su responsable y que organice mejor las tareas urgentes. También creo que es importante descansar sin mirar el correo. No se trata de trabajar menos por trabajar menos, sino de encontrar un ritmo que pueda mantener sin sentirse agotada todos los días. Mi compañera va a probar algunos cambios durante un mes. Después valorará si se siente mejor y si necesita pedir más apoyo para repartir el trabajo.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Encontrar un ritmo que pueda mantener sin sentirse agotada describes the aim: a sustainable balance. Speaking with the manager and resting away from email are steps toward it.","vocabularyIds":["es-advice-subjunctive-v1","es-advice-subjunctive-v2","es-advice-subjunctive-v3","es-advice-subjunctive-v4","es-advice-subjunctive-v5","es-advice-subjunctive-v6","es-advice-subjunctive-v7","es-advice-subjunctive-v8","es-advice-subjunctive-v9","es-advice-subjunctive-v10"]}],"description":"Give a friend three practical recommendations about work-life balance. Include a reason for each and one general recommendation."},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion","notes":["Creo que and es verdad que usually take the indicative. No creo que and dudo que commonly take the subjunctive.","Contrast certainty and doubt: creo que viene; no creo que venga. Quizás/tal vez allow different moods depending on viewpoint.","Worked example: Creo que Marta tiene razón. No creo que Luis tenga toda la información. = I think Marta is right. I do not think Luis has all the information. Affirmative creo que normally presents an opinion with the indicative; negative no creo que normally introduces the subjunctive.","Small start: Choose a simple proposal. State one thing you believe with Creo que… and one doubt with No creo que… . Give a reason for each. Practise changing tiene to tenga while keeping the rest of the example understandable."],"title":"What do you believe?","practice":"Discuss a proposal for your town. State two things you believe, two doubts, and one fact you are certain about.","exercises":[{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"creer","translation":"to believe"},{"word":"dudar","translation":"to doubt"},{"word":"estar seguro","translation":"to be sure"},{"word":"es verdad","translation":"it is true"},{"word":"es posible","translation":"it is possible"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what do you believe? (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"creer: to believe; dudar: to doubt; estar seguro: to be sure; es verdad: it is true; es posible: it is possible","vocabularyIds":["es-doubt-opinion-v1","es-doubt-opinion-v2","es-doubt-opinion-v3","es-doubt-opinion-v4","es-doubt-opinion-v5"]},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"quizás","translation":"perhaps"},{"word":"tal vez","translation":"maybe"},{"word":"certeza","translation":"certainty"},{"word":"duda","translation":"doubt"},{"word":"propuesta","translation":"proposal"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what do you believe? (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"quizás: perhaps; tal vez: maybe; certeza: certainty; duda: doubt; propuesta: proposal","vocabularyIds":["es-doubt-opinion-v6","es-doubt-opinion-v7","es-doubt-opinion-v8","es-doubt-opinion-v9","es-doubt-opinion-v10"]},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-3","back":"to doubt","type":"flashcard","front":"dudar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to doubt","doubt"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"dudar means to doubt.","vocabularyIds":["es-doubt-opinion-v2"]},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-4","back":"maybe","type":"flashcard","front":"tal vez","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["maybe"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"tal vez means maybe.","vocabularyIds":["es-doubt-opinion-v7"]},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-5","type":"choice","answer":"No creo que funcione","prompt":"You mean I do not think it works, expressing a negated belief. Which sentence fits?","options":["Creo que funciona","No sé si funciona","No creo que funcione"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"No creo que funcione gives the negated belief with subjunctive funcione. Creo que funciona is a positive belief; no sé si funciona says you do not know whether it works, a different degree of certainty.","vocabularyIds":["es-doubt-opinion-v1","es-doubt-opinion-v2","es-doubt-opinion-v3","es-doubt-opinion-v4","es-doubt-opinion-v5","es-doubt-opinion-v6","es-doubt-opinion-v7","es-doubt-opinion-v8","es-doubt-opinion-v9","es-doubt-opinion-v10"]},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-6","hint":"Dudo que introduces doubt. Use poder in the present subjunctive for ellos.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["puedan"],"sentence":"Dudo que ellos ___ venir hoy. (poder)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Dudo que ellos puedan venir hoy uses puedan, with stem change o → ue and a plural ending. Pueden is the indicative form, not the form requested by this doubt pattern.","vocabularyIds":["es-doubt-opinion-v1","es-doubt-opinion-v2","es-doubt-opinion-v3","es-doubt-opinion-v4","es-doubt-opinion-v5","es-doubt-opinion-v6","es-doubt-opinion-v7","es-doubt-opinion-v8","es-doubt-opinion-v9","es-doubt-opinion-v10"]},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-7","type":"arrange","words":["idea","una","que","No","buena","sea","creo"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I do not think it is a good idea”","answers":["No creo que sea una buena idea"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Creo que and es verdad que usually take the indicative. No creo que and dudo que commonly take the subjunctive.","vocabularyIds":["es-doubt-opinion-v1","es-doubt-opinion-v2","es-doubt-opinion-v3","es-doubt-opinion-v4","es-doubt-opinion-v5","es-doubt-opinion-v6","es-doubt-opinion-v7","es-doubt-opinion-v8","es-doubt-opinion-v9","es-doubt-opinion-v10"]},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-8","hint":"A positive belief with creo que normally uses the indicative. Use tener razón for being right.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Agree with a colleague; tú or usted is welcome. Write a reply meaning: “I think you are right”","answers":["Creo que tienes razón","Yo creo que tienes razón","Creo que tiene razón"],"reading":{"text":"—Creo que necesitamos más tiempo para preparar el proyecto.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Creo que tienes razón expresses agreement with a positive belief and indicative tienes. Tiene is the accepted usted form. No creo que tengas razón would express doubt and reverse the requested meaning.","vocabularyIds":["es-doubt-opinion-v1","es-doubt-opinion-v2","es-doubt-opinion-v3","es-doubt-opinion-v4","es-doubt-opinion-v5","es-doubt-opinion-v6","es-doubt-opinion-v7","es-doubt-opinion-v8","es-doubt-opinion-v9","es-doubt-opinion-v10"]},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “No creo que sea una buena idea”","answers":["I do not think it is a good idea","I do not think it's a good idea","I don't think it is a good idea","I don't think it's a good idea"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Creo que and es verdad que usually take the indicative. No creo que and dudo que commonly take the subjunctive.","vocabularyIds":["es-doubt-opinion-v1","es-doubt-opinion-v2","es-doubt-opinion-v3","es-doubt-opinion-v4","es-doubt-opinion-v5","es-doubt-opinion-v6","es-doubt-opinion-v7","es-doubt-opinion-v8","es-doubt-opinion-v9","es-doubt-opinion-v10"]},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-10","hint":"Listen for the negated belief and the plural subjunctive form of estar.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"No creo que todos estén de acuerdo","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["No creo que todos estén de acuerdo"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: No creo que todos estén de acuerdo. Meaning: I do not think everyone agrees.","vocabularyIds":["es-doubt-opinion-v1","es-doubt-opinion-v2","es-doubt-opinion-v3","es-doubt-opinion-v4","es-doubt-opinion-v5","es-doubt-opinion-v6","es-doubt-opinion-v7","es-doubt-opinion-v8","es-doubt-opinion-v9","es-doubt-opinion-v10"]},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"El ayuntamiento propone cerrar una calle al tráfico los domingos. Creo que la medida puede ayudar a los comercios porque habrá más espacio para pasear. Sin embargo, no creo que todos los vecinos estén de acuerdo. Algunas personas necesitan el coche para desplazarse. Es posible que una zona de aparcamiento cercana resuelva parte del problema, aunque todavía faltan datos. La próxima semana habrá una reunión pública para escuchar sugerencias. Me gustaría que se explicaran bien las alternativas antes de tomar una decisión definitiva.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"It could help shops, but car access needs and parking alternatives still need discussion","prompt":"Listen for meaning. Which statement best represents the writer’s position on closing the street?","options":["Nearby parking is already proven to meet every resident’s transport needs","The street should remain open because the writer thinks walking would harm shops","It could help shops, but car access needs and parking alternatives still need discussion"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Creo que ... puede ayudar a los comercios is support with a qualification: some residents need cars. Es posible que ... resuelva parte del problema and todavía faltan datos leave the parking solution unconfirmed. The writer wants alternatives explained before a final decision.","vocabularyIds":["es-doubt-opinion-v1","es-doubt-opinion-v2","es-doubt-opinion-v3","es-doubt-opinion-v4","es-doubt-opinion-v5","es-doubt-opinion-v6","es-doubt-opinion-v7","es-doubt-opinion-v8","es-doubt-opinion-v9","es-doubt-opinion-v10"]}],"description":"Discuss a proposal for your town. State two things you believe, two doubts, and one fact you are certain about."},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose","notes":["When cuando refers to an event still to happen, use present subjunctive: cuando llegues, llámame. Habitual events use indicative: cuando llego, descanso.","Para + infinitive normally keeps the same subject; para que + subjunctive introduces a different subject or an explicit subject change.","Worked example: Cuando termine, te escribiré para que sepas el resultado. = When I finish, I will write so that you know the result. Termine refers to an awaited future event; sepas follows para que and gives the purpose involving another person.","Compare a routine, Cuando llego, llamo a casa, with a future event, Cuando llegue, llamaré a casa. To express purpose with the same subject, use para + infinitive: Estudio para aprender. Para que introduces a clause with a different subject here.","Small start: Promise one action after a future event: Cuando llegue… . Explain its purpose with para + infinitive when you do both actions, or para que + subjunctive when another person does the second action.","Short practice model: Cuando llegues a la estación, mándame un mensaje. Iré a buscarte en cuanto termine de trabajar. Te envío un mapa para que encuentres la salida y preparo la habitación para que puedas descansar. Si llegas antes, espera en el café de enfrente. Normalmente, cuando vienes a visitarme, cenamos juntos. Esta vez podemos cocinar en casa y hablar sin prisas.","Meaning of the model: When you arrive at the station, send me a message. I will collect you as soon as I finish work. I am sending a map so you can find the exit and preparing the room so you can rest. If you arrive earlier, wait at the café opposite. Normally, when you visit me, we have dinner together. This time we can cook at home and talk without rushing.","Check your version: Contrast a future cuando arrival with a habitual cuando visit. Explain two preparations with para que and check who performs each action. Could the visitor follow the arrival plan? Change one preparation and one time detail, preserving the difference between a plan and a routine."],"title":"When you arrive, so that...","practice":"Arrange a visit using cuando + subjunctive and explain two preparations with para que. Contrast with one habitual cuando sentence.","exercises":[{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"cuando","translation":"when"},{"word":"en cuanto","translation":"as soon as"},{"word":"hasta que","translation":"until (a clause)"},{"word":"para que","translation":"so that"},{"word":"antes de","translation":"before (an infinitive)"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: when you arrive, so that... (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"cuando: when; en cuanto: as soon as; hasta que: until (a clause); para que: so that; antes de: before (an infinitive)","vocabularyIds":["es-future-time-purpose-v1","es-future-time-purpose-v2","es-future-time-purpose-v3","es-future-time-purpose-v4","es-future-time-purpose-v5"]},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"después de","translation":"after (an infinitive)"},{"word":"avisar al llegar","translation":"to notify on arrival"},{"word":"preparativo","translation":"preparation"},{"word":"instrucción","translation":"instruction"},{"word":"propósito","translation":"purpose"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: when you arrive, so that... (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"después de: after (an infinitive); avisar al llegar: to notify on arrival; preparativo: preparation; instrucción: instruction; propósito: purpose","vocabularyIds":["es-future-time-purpose-v6","es-future-time-purpose-v7","es-future-time-purpose-v8","es-future-time-purpose-v9","es-future-time-purpose-v10"]},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-3","back":"until (a clause)","type":"flashcard","front":"hasta que","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["until (a clause)","until"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"hasta que means until (a clause).","vocabularyIds":["es-future-time-purpose-v3"]},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-4","back":"preparation","type":"flashcard","front":"preparativo","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["preparation"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"preparativo means preparation.","vocabularyIds":["es-future-time-purpose-v8"]},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-5","type":"choice","answer":"Cuando llegues, cenaremos","prompt":"Which sentence refers to a future arrival?","options":["Cuando llegaste, cenamos","Cuando llegues, cenaremos","Cuando llegas, siempre cenas"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Cuando llegues, cenaremos refers to an arrival still ahead, using subjunctive llegues. Cuando llegas, siempre cenas describes a habit, and llegaste is past.","vocabularyIds":["es-future-time-purpose-v1","es-future-time-purpose-v2","es-future-time-purpose-v3","es-future-time-purpose-v4","es-future-time-purpose-v5","es-future-time-purpose-v6","es-future-time-purpose-v7","es-future-time-purpose-v8","es-future-time-purpose-v9","es-future-time-purpose-v10"]},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-6","hint":"The arrival has not happened yet. Use the yo present subjunctive of llegar after cuando.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["llegue"],"sentence":"Cuando ___ a Madrid, te llamaré. (llegar, yo)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Cuando llegue a Madrid, te llamaré refers to a future arrival. Llegar changes g to gu before e, giving llegue; llego would describe a present routine in a different context.","vocabularyIds":["es-future-time-purpose-v1","es-future-time-purpose-v2","es-future-time-purpose-v3","es-future-time-purpose-v4","es-future-time-purpose-v5","es-future-time-purpose-v6","es-future-time-purpose-v7","es-future-time-purpose-v8","es-future-time-purpose-v9","es-future-time-purpose-v10"]},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-7","type":"arrange","words":["llámame","Cuando","llegues"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “When you arrive, call me”","answers":["Cuando llegues, llámame","Llámame cuando llegues"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"When cuando refers to an event still to happen, use present subjunctive: cuando llegues, llámame. Habitual events use indicative: cuando llego, descanso.","vocabularyIds":["es-future-time-purpose-v1","es-future-time-purpose-v2","es-future-time-purpose-v3","es-future-time-purpose-v4","es-future-time-purpose-v5","es-future-time-purpose-v6","es-future-time-purpose-v7","es-future-time-purpose-v8","es-future-time-purpose-v9","es-future-time-purpose-v10"]},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-8","hint":"Use para que for a purpose with a different subject, followed by the subjunctive of encontrar.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—No sé cómo llegar a tu casa.","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Explain what you are sending a friend and why, using tú. Write a reply meaning: “I am sending you the map so that you can find the house”","answers":["Te envío el mapa para que encuentres la casa"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Te envío is the speaker's action; para que encuentres gives its purpose for the friend. The subject changes across the clauses, so this construction uses que and a conjugated subjunctive.","vocabularyIds":["es-future-time-purpose-v1","es-future-time-purpose-v2","es-future-time-purpose-v3","es-future-time-purpose-v4","es-future-time-purpose-v5","es-future-time-purpose-v6","es-future-time-purpose-v7","es-future-time-purpose-v8","es-future-time-purpose-v9","es-future-time-purpose-v10"]},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Cuando llegues, llámame”","answers":["When you arrive, call me","Call me when you arrive"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"When cuando refers to an event still to happen, use present subjunctive: cuando llegues, llámame. Habitual events use indicative: cuando llego, descanso.","vocabularyIds":["es-future-time-purpose-v1","es-future-time-purpose-v2","es-future-time-purpose-v3","es-future-time-purpose-v4","es-future-time-purpose-v5","es-future-time-purpose-v6","es-future-time-purpose-v7","es-future-time-purpose-v8","es-future-time-purpose-v9","es-future-time-purpose-v10"]},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-10","hint":"Listen for the future time clause and the promise in the main clause.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"En cuanto llegue a casa, te mandaré un mensaje","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["En cuanto llegue a casa, te mandaré un mensaje"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: En cuanto llegue a casa, te mandaré un mensaje. Meaning: As soon as I get home, I will send you a message.","vocabularyIds":["es-future-time-purpose-v1","es-future-time-purpose-v2","es-future-time-purpose-v3","es-future-time-purpose-v4","es-future-time-purpose-v5","es-future-time-purpose-v6","es-future-time-purpose-v7","es-future-time-purpose-v8","es-future-time-purpose-v9","es-future-time-purpose-v10"]},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-conversation","type":"choice","answer":"One expresses a purpose; the other refers to a future arrival.","prompt":"Why does the speaker use encuentres and llegues?","options":["Both describe a routine that happens every morning.","One expresses a purpose; the other refers to a future arrival.","Both describe completed events yesterday."],"reading":{"text":"—No sé llegar a tu casa. —Te envío el mapa para que encuentres la dirección. Avísame cuando llegues.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Para que introduces the purpose with a different subject. Cuando llegues refers to an arrival that has not happened yet, so it takes the subjunctive here.","vocabularyIds":["es-future-time-purpose-v4","es-future-time-purpose-v1"]},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-recall","hint":"Report the ability from the past conversation with podía, not present puede.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “Ana said that she could not come.” Use decir and the imperfect of poder to report the past conversation.","answers":["Ana dijo que no podía venir","Ana dijo que ella no podía venir"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Ana dijo que no podía venir reports what she said from a past perspective. Adding ella is possible but unnecessary because Ana already supplies the reference.","vocabularyIds":["es-reported-speech-v1","es-irregular-present-v3","es-irregular-present-v6"]},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-11","type":"choice","answer":"Send a message on arrival and wait at the café opposite the station","prompt":"Read for meaning. What should the visitor do if the meeting ends late?","options":["Cross the avenue immediately on arrival and wait in the office","Send a message on arrival and wait at the café opposite the station","Wait to send a message until the meeting ends, then go to the office"],"reading":{"text":"Cuando llegues a la estación, mándame un mensaje. Iré a recogerte en cuanto termine la reunión. Te he enviado el plano para que encuentres la salida principal. Si termino tarde, puedes esperar en el café que está enfrente. No cruces la avenida hasta que el semáforo esté en verde: suele haber mucho tráfico a esa hora. Lleva mi número apuntado por si te quedas sin batería. La estación es pequeña y tiene personal que puede ayudarte si no encuentras el lugar acordado.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Cuando llegues ... mándame un mensaje applies on arrival. Si termino tarde, puedes esperar en el café que está enfrente adds a backup while the host finishes the meeting. The visitor must also wait for a green light before crossing the avenue.","vocabularyIds":["es-future-time-purpose-v1","es-future-time-purpose-v2","es-future-time-purpose-v3","es-future-time-purpose-v4","es-future-time-purpose-v5","es-future-time-purpose-v6","es-future-time-purpose-v7","es-future-time-purpose-v8","es-future-time-purpose-v9","es-future-time-purpose-v10"]}],"description":"Arrange a visit using cuando + subjunctive and explain two preparations with para que. Contrast with one habitual cuando sentence."}],"cefrLevel":"B1","objective":"Choose indicative or subjunctive for opinions, recommendations, and future time clauses.","description":"B1 · Choose indicative or subjunctive for opinions, recommendations, and future time clauses."},{"id":"es-b1-commands","title":"Instructions and practical advice","lessons":[{"id":"es-positive-commands","notes":["Affirmative tú commands often match él/ella present: habla, come, escribe. Common irregulars are di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven.","Attach pronouns to affirmative commands: dime, siéntate, escríbelo. An accent may be needed to preserve the original stress.","Worked example: Pon las verduras aquí y córtalas despacio. = Put the vegetables here and cut them slowly. Pon is an irregular tú command. In córtalas, las attaches to the positive command and the written accent preserves its original stress.","Attach object pronouns to positive commands: di + me → dime; di + me + lo → dímelo. Keep the normal written stress with an accent when needed. With a negative command, pronouns go before the verb: No me lo digas.","Small start: Explain a simple cooking or packing task with three positive tú commands. Start Pon… . Replace one repeated noun with a pronoun attached to the command. Say the command aloud before checking whether it needs a written accent."],"title":"Tell someone how","practice":"Explain how to prepare a simple dish or use a household device. Give six steps and use two attached pronouns.","exercises":[{"id":"es-positive-commands-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"haz","translation":"do or make (tú command)"},{"word":"pon","translation":"put (tú command)"},{"word":"ven","translation":"come (tú command)"},{"word":"ten","translation":"have (tú command)"},{"word":"di","translation":"say (tú command)"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: tell someone how (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"haz: do or make (tú command); pon: put (tú command); ven: come (tú command); ten: have (tú command); di: say (tú command)","vocabularyIds":["es-positive-commands-v1","es-positive-commands-v2","es-positive-commands-v3","es-positive-commands-v4","es-positive-commands-v5"]},{"id":"es-positive-commands-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"mezclar","translation":"to mix"},{"word":"cortar","translation":"to cut"},{"word":"añadir","translation":"to add"},{"word":"calentar","translation":"to heat"},{"word":"servir","translation":"to serve"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: tell someone how (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"mezclar: to mix; cortar: to cut; añadir: to add; calentar: to heat; servir: to serve","vocabularyIds":["es-positive-commands-v6","es-positive-commands-v7","es-positive-commands-v8","es-positive-commands-v9","es-positive-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-positive-commands-3","back":"have (tú command)","type":"flashcard","front":"ten","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["have (tú command)","have"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"ten means have (tú command).","vocabularyIds":["es-positive-commands-v4"]},{"id":"es-positive-commands-4","back":"to heat","type":"flashcard","front":"calentar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to heat","heat"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"calentar means to heat.","vocabularyIds":["es-positive-commands-v9"]},{"id":"es-positive-commands-5","type":"choice","answer":"Escríbelo","prompt":"Ask one friend, using tú, to write el mensaje. Choose an affirmative command with the object pronoun attached.","options":["Escríbelo","Escríbela","No lo escribas"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Escríbelo attaches lo, replacing masculine singular el mensaje, to the affirmative tú command. The accent preserves the stress. Escríbela changes the object to feminine; no lo escribas tells the friend not to write it.","vocabularyIds":["es-positive-commands-v1","es-positive-commands-v2","es-positive-commands-v3","es-positive-commands-v4","es-positive-commands-v5","es-positive-commands-v6","es-positive-commands-v7","es-positive-commands-v8","es-positive-commands-v9","es-positive-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-positive-commands-6","hint":"Give a positive instruction to tú with the regular -ar verb mezclar.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["Mezcla"],"sentence":"___ los ingredientes antes de cocinar. (mezclar, tú)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Mezcla los ingredientes uses the positive tú command mezcla. Mezclas is a present statement or question; no mezcles would be a negative command.","vocabularyIds":["es-positive-commands-v1","es-positive-commands-v2","es-positive-commands-v3","es-positive-commands-v4","es-positive-commands-v5","es-positive-commands-v6","es-positive-commands-v7","es-positive-commands-v8","es-positive-commands-v9","es-positive-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-positive-commands-7","type":"arrange","words":["la","libro","Pon","mesa","sobre","el"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “Put the book on the table”","answers":["Pon el libro sobre la mesa","Pon sobre la mesa el libro"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Affirmative tú commands often match él/ella present: habla, come, escribe. Common irregulars are di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven.","vocabularyIds":["es-positive-commands-v1","es-positive-commands-v2","es-positive-commands-v3","es-positive-commands-v4","es-positive-commands-v5","es-positive-commands-v6","es-positive-commands-v7","es-positive-commands-v8","es-positive-commands-v9","es-positive-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-positive-commands-8","hint":"Use an affirmative command of decir and attach me. The indirect question needs qué.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Offer to help the other person; tú or usted is welcome. Write a reply meaning: “Tell me what you need”","answers":["Dime qué necesitas","Dígame qué necesita"],"reading":{"text":"—Necesito ayuda, pero no sé por dónde empezar.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Dime combines di with me for tú; dígame addresses usted. Necesitas or necesita follows that choice. Qué introduces the indirect question about the person's needs and keeps its written accent.","vocabularyIds":["es-positive-commands-v1","es-positive-commands-v2","es-positive-commands-v3","es-positive-commands-v4","es-positive-commands-v5","es-positive-commands-v6","es-positive-commands-v7","es-positive-commands-v8","es-positive-commands-v9","es-positive-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-positive-commands-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Pon el libro sobre la mesa”","answers":["Put the book on the table","Put the book on top of the table"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Affirmative tú commands often match él/ella present: habla, come, escribe. Common irregulars are di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven.","vocabularyIds":["es-positive-commands-v1","es-positive-commands-v2","es-positive-commands-v3","es-positive-commands-v4","es-positive-commands-v5","es-positive-commands-v6","es-positive-commands-v7","es-positive-commands-v8","es-positive-commands-v9","es-positive-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-positive-commands-10","hint":"Listen for two positive commands. The attached pronoun in córtalas changes where the written accent is needed.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Lava las verduras y córtalas antes de cocinar","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Lava las verduras y córtalas antes de cocinar"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Lava las verduras y córtalas antes de cocinar. Meaning: Wash the vegetables and cut them before cooking.","vocabularyIds":["es-positive-commands-v1","es-positive-commands-v2","es-positive-commands-v3","es-positive-commands-v4","es-positive-commands-v5","es-positive-commands-v6","es-positive-commands-v7","es-positive-commands-v8","es-positive-commands-v9","es-positive-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-positive-commands-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Para preparar esta ensalada, lava primero las verduras y córtalas en trozos pequeños. Ponlas en un recipiente grande y añade un poco de aceite. Mezcla todo con cuidado. Si quieres, añade queso al final, pero pregunta antes si alguien no lo toma. Sírvela justo antes de comer para que las verduras estén frescas. Es una receta sencilla que puedes adaptar a lo que tengas en casa. Cuando la preparo para varias personas, dejo algunos ingredientes separados. Así cada invitado puede elegir lo que prefiere y nadie tiene que quedarse sin comer.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Just before eating","prompt":"Listen for meaning. When should the salad be served?","options":["Just before eating","The day before washing the vegetables","Before mixing the ingredients"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Sírvela justo antes de comer gives the serving time: just before eating, to keep the vegetables fresh. Washing and mixing happen first.","vocabularyIds":["es-positive-commands-v1","es-positive-commands-v2","es-positive-commands-v3","es-positive-commands-v4","es-positive-commands-v5","es-positive-commands-v6","es-positive-commands-v7","es-positive-commands-v8","es-positive-commands-v9","es-positive-commands-v10"]}],"description":"Explain how to prepare a simple dish or use a household device. Give six steps and use two attached pronouns."},{"id":"es-negative-commands","notes":["Negative tú commands use the present subjunctive: no hables, no comas, no salgas.","Pronouns precede negative commands: no lo hagas, no te preocupes. Compare hazlo and no lo hagas.","Worked example: Abre la caja, pero no la cierres todavía. = Open the box, but do not close it yet. Abre is a positive tú command; no cierres is negative. La goes before the negative command rather than attaching to its end.","Small start: Give two reminders for an imaginary trip or event, one positive and one negative. Begin Lleva…; No olvides… . Add an object pronoun to one reminder and compare its position in the two patterns."],"title":"What not to do","practice":"Give a visitor advice about a city or event: three things to do and three things to avoid. Use at least one reflexive command.","exercises":[{"id":"es-negative-commands-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"no te preocupes","translation":"do not worry"},{"word":"no lo hagas","translation":"do not do it"},{"word":"tener cuidado","translation":"to be careful"},{"word":"olvidarse","translation":"to forget"},{"word":"apresurarse","translation":"to hurry"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what not to do (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"no te preocupes: do not worry; no lo hagas: do not do it; tener cuidado: to be careful; olvidarse: to forget; apresurarse: to hurry","vocabularyIds":["es-negative-commands-v1","es-negative-commands-v2","es-negative-commands-v3","es-negative-commands-v4","es-negative-commands-v5"]},{"id":"es-negative-commands-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"tocar","translation":"to touch"},{"word":"empujar","translation":"to push"},{"word":"señal","translation":"sign"},{"word":"riesgo","translation":"risk"},{"word":"precaución","translation":"precaution"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what not to do (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"tocar: to touch; empujar: to push; señal: sign; riesgo: risk; precaución: precaution","vocabularyIds":["es-negative-commands-v6","es-negative-commands-v7","es-negative-commands-v8","es-negative-commands-v9","es-negative-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-negative-commands-3","back":"to hurry","type":"flashcard","front":"apresurarse","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to hurry","hurry"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"apresurarse means to hurry.","vocabularyIds":["es-negative-commands-v5"]},{"id":"es-negative-commands-4","back":"precaution","type":"flashcard","front":"precaución","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["precaution"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"precaución means precaution.","vocabularyIds":["es-negative-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-negative-commands-5","type":"choice","answer":"No lo toques","prompt":"You mean Do not touch it, where it refers to el botón. Choose the negative tú command.","options":["No los toques","Tócalo","No lo toques"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"No lo toques puts lo before the subjunctive verb in a negative command. Lo replaces the singular el botón; los would refer to plural objects. Tócalo is an affirmative instruction to touch it.","vocabularyIds":["es-negative-commands-v1","es-negative-commands-v2","es-negative-commands-v3","es-negative-commands-v4","es-negative-commands-v5","es-negative-commands-v6","es-negative-commands-v7","es-negative-commands-v8","es-negative-commands-v9","es-negative-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-negative-commands-6","hint":"A negative tú command uses the present subjunctive of hacer.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["hagas"],"sentence":"No lo ___ todavía. (hacer, tú)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"No lo hagas todavía places lo before hagas. The positive command would be hazlo; adding no to hazlo would not make the correct negative command.","vocabularyIds":["es-negative-commands-v1","es-negative-commands-v2","es-negative-commands-v3","es-negative-commands-v4","es-negative-commands-v5","es-negative-commands-v6","es-negative-commands-v7","es-negative-commands-v8","es-negative-commands-v9","es-negative-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-negative-commands-7","type":"arrange","words":["el","preocupes","No","retraso","por","te"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “Do not worry about the delay”","answers":["No te preocupes por el retraso","Por el retraso no te preocupes"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Negative tú commands use the present subjunctive: no hables, no comas, no salgas.","vocabularyIds":["es-negative-commands-v1","es-negative-commands-v2","es-negative-commands-v3","es-negative-commands-v4","es-negative-commands-v5","es-negative-commands-v6","es-negative-commands-v7","es-negative-commands-v8","es-negative-commands-v9","es-negative-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-negative-commands-8","hint":"Use no + the tú present subjunctive of salir. Sin marks what must not be left behind.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—Ya salgo; las llaves están todavía en la mesa.","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Remind a friend before they leave, using tú. Write a reply meaning: “Do not go out without the keys”","answers":["No salgas sin las llaves"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"No salgas is the negative tú command; no sales would be a present statement. Sin las llaves identifies the problem to avoid when leaving.","vocabularyIds":["es-negative-commands-v1","es-negative-commands-v2","es-negative-commands-v3","es-negative-commands-v4","es-negative-commands-v5","es-negative-commands-v6","es-negative-commands-v7","es-negative-commands-v8","es-negative-commands-v9","es-negative-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-negative-commands-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “No te preocupes por el retraso”","answers":["Do not worry about the delay","don't worry about the delay"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Negative tú commands use the present subjunctive: no hables, no comas, no salgas.","vocabularyIds":["es-negative-commands-v1","es-negative-commands-v2","es-negative-commands-v3","es-negative-commands-v4","es-negative-commands-v5","es-negative-commands-v6","es-negative-commands-v7","es-negative-commands-v8","es-negative-commands-v9","es-negative-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-negative-commands-10","hint":"Listen for no and the tú verb ending. The instruction forbids writing in this particular box.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"No escribas tu nombre en esta casilla","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["No escribas tu nombre en esta casilla"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: No escribas tu nombre en esta casilla. Meaning: Do not write your name in this box.","vocabularyIds":["es-negative-commands-v1","es-negative-commands-v2","es-negative-commands-v3","es-negative-commands-v4","es-negative-commands-v5","es-negative-commands-v6","es-negative-commands-v7","es-negative-commands-v8","es-negative-commands-v9","es-negative-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-negative-commands-11","type":"choice","answer":"So they can find one another if separated, avoiding last year’s long search","prompt":"Read for meaning. Why should the friends agree on a meeting point before entering?","options":["So they can enter through the information point instead of following staff directions","So they can leave the festival before the performances begin","So they can find one another if separated, avoiding last year’s long search"],"reading":{"text":"Si vienes al festival, no traigas botellas de vidrio. Lleva agua y calzado cómodo, porque estarás bastante tiempo de pie. No empujes cuando se abran las puertas y sigue las indicaciones del personal. Si te separas de tus amigos, no te preocupes: podéis encontraros en el punto de información. Acuerda ese lugar antes de entrar para evitar confusiones. El año pasado perdimos mucho tiempo buscándonos entre la gente. Esta vez también llevaremos el horario de las actuaciones para organizar mejor la tarde.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Si te separas de tus amigos connects the information point with finding one another. Acuerda ese lugar antes de entrar and el año pasado perdimos mucho tiempo explain the preventive plan. The performance timetable is a separate way of organising the afternoon.","vocabularyIds":["es-negative-commands-v1","es-negative-commands-v2","es-negative-commands-v3","es-negative-commands-v4","es-negative-commands-v5","es-negative-commands-v6","es-negative-commands-v7","es-negative-commands-v8","es-negative-commands-v9","es-negative-commands-v10"]}],"description":"Give a visitor advice about a city or event: three things to do and three things to avoid. Use at least one reflexive command."},{"id":"es-formal-commands","notes":["Usted and ustedes commands use subjunctive forms for both positive and negative instructions: pase, pasen, no pase.","Attach pronouns to positive forms and place them before negative forms: siéntese; no se siente allí. Nosotros suggestions include vamos a... and hablemos.","Worked example: Pase por aquí y no deje su bolsa en la puerta. = Come this way and do not leave your bag in the doorway. Pase and deje address one person as usted. The same formal relationship should continue through the instructions.","Small start: Welcome an imaginary visitor to a class or office. Give two positive instructions and one negative instruction using usted. Start Pase… . Read the set again and check that a tú form has not slipped into the formal exchange.","Short practice model: —Buenos días. Para recoger la tarjeta, rellene este formulario y firme al final. No escriba en la casilla gris. Entregue el formulario en la ventanilla dos y guarde el justificante. —Perdone, ¿quiere decir que debo dejar esa casilla vacía? —Exactamente. Si tiene alguna duda, pregunte antes de entregar el documento. —Muchas gracias. Voy a comprobar mis datos.","Meaning of the model: Good morning. To collect the card, fill in this form and sign at the end. Do not write in the grey box. Hand the form in at window two and keep the receipt. Sorry, do you mean I should leave that box empty? Exactly. If you have any questions, ask before handing in the document. Thank you. I am going to check my details.","Check your version: Address one visitor as usted throughout. Include positive commands, one negative instruction and a polite question checking the meaning. Is the procedure in a usable order? Replace the document or location and retell the procedure without switching to tú commands."],"title":"Polite instructions","practice":"Role-play a receptionist explaining a procedure to a guest. Use usted commands, a negative instruction, and a polite clarification.","exercises":[{"id":"es-formal-commands-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"pase","translation":"come in (usted command)"},{"word":"siéntese","translation":"sit down (usted command)"},{"word":"firme","translation":"sign (usted command)"},{"word":"rellenar","translation":"to fill in"},{"word":"formulario","translation":"form"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: polite instructions (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"pase: come in (usted command); siéntese: sit down (usted command); firme: sign (usted command); rellenar: to fill in; formulario: form","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-commands-v1","es-formal-commands-v2","es-formal-commands-v3","es-formal-commands-v4","es-formal-commands-v5"]},{"id":"es-formal-commands-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"casilla","translation":"box on a form"},{"word":"firma","translation":"signature"},{"word":"solicitud","translation":"application"},{"word":"identificación","translation":"identification"},{"word":"ventanilla","translation":"service counter"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: polite instructions (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"casilla: box on a form; firma: signature; solicitud: application; identificación: identification; ventanilla: service counter","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-commands-v6","es-formal-commands-v7","es-formal-commands-v8","es-formal-commands-v9","es-formal-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-formal-commands-3","back":"come in (usted command)","type":"flashcard","front":"pase","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["come in (usted command)","come in"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"pase means come in (usted command).","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-commands-v1"]},{"id":"es-formal-commands-4","back":"box on a form","type":"flashcard","front":"casilla","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["box on a form","box","field"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"casilla means box on a form.","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-commands-v6"]},{"id":"es-formal-commands-5","type":"choice","answer":"Siéntese, por favor","prompt":"Ask one visitor to sit down, addressing that person as usted.","options":["Siéntense, por favor","Siéntese, por favor","Siéntate, por favor"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Siéntese is the affirmative command for one person addressed as usted, with se attached. Siéntate addresses tú; siéntense addresses ustedes, more than one person. All are commands, but they address different listeners.","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-commands-v1","es-formal-commands-v2","es-formal-commands-v3","es-formal-commands-v4","es-formal-commands-v5","es-formal-commands-v6","es-formal-commands-v7","es-formal-commands-v8","es-formal-commands-v9","es-formal-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-formal-commands-6","hint":"Address one person formally with usted. Use the command form of escribir.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["escriba"],"sentence":"Por favor, ___ su nombre aquí. (escribir, usted)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Por favor, escriba su nombre aquí uses the usted command escriba. Escribe is the informal positive tú form; escriba also appears after no for a formal negative instruction.","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-commands-v1","es-formal-commands-v2","es-formal-commands-v3","es-formal-commands-v4","es-formal-commands-v5","es-formal-commands-v6","es-formal-commands-v7","es-formal-commands-v8","es-formal-commands-v9","es-formal-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-formal-commands-7","type":"arrange","words":["firme","formulario","Rellene","aquí","y","el"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “Fill in the form and sign here”","answers":["Rellene el formulario y firme aquí"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Usted and ustedes commands use subjunctive forms for both positive and negative instructions: pase, pasen, no pase.","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-commands-v1","es-formal-commands-v2","es-formal-commands-v3","es-formal-commands-v4","es-formal-commands-v5","es-formal-commands-v6","es-formal-commands-v7","es-formal-commands-v8","es-formal-commands-v9","es-formal-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-formal-commands-8","hint":"Use a negative usted command of sentarse. Put se before the verb.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Address a visitor as usted. Write a reply meaning: “Do not sit there, please”","answers":["No se siente allí, por favor"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Puedo usar esa silla?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"No se siente is the negative formal command. The reflexive se goes before the verb after no; no te sientes would address tú instead of the requested usted.","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-commands-v1","es-formal-commands-v2","es-formal-commands-v3","es-formal-commands-v4","es-formal-commands-v5","es-formal-commands-v6","es-formal-commands-v7","es-formal-commands-v8","es-formal-commands-v9","es-formal-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-formal-commands-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Rellene el formulario y firme aquí”","answers":["Fill in the form and sign here","Fill out the form and sign here"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Usted and ustedes commands use subjunctive forms for both positive and negative instructions: pase, pasen, no pase.","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-commands-v1","es-formal-commands-v2","es-formal-commands-v3","es-formal-commands-v4","es-formal-commands-v5","es-formal-commands-v6","es-formal-commands-v7","es-formal-commands-v8","es-formal-commands-v9","es-formal-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-formal-commands-10","hint":"Listen for polite usted instructions, both positive and negative.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Guarde el justificante y no escriba en esta casilla","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Guarde el justificante y no escriba en esta casilla"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Guarde el justificante y no escriba en esta casilla. Meaning: Keep the receipt and do not write in this box.","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-commands-v1","es-formal-commands-v2","es-formal-commands-v3","es-formal-commands-v4","es-formal-commands-v5","es-formal-commands-v6","es-formal-commands-v7","es-formal-commands-v8","es-formal-commands-v9","es-formal-commands-v10"]},{"id":"es-formal-commands-conversation","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"—Buenos días. ¿Dónde firmo? —Firme aquí, por favor. No escriba en esta casilla.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Entonces, ¿firmo aquí y dejo esta casilla en blanco?","prompt":"Listen to the conversation. Which response checks the instruction before acting?","options":["¿A qué hora firmó usted ayer?","Entonces, ¿firmo aquí y dejo esta casilla en blanco?","De acuerdo, escribiré en esa casilla."],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The reply confirms both parts: sign here and leave the specified box blank. Formal positive and negative commands use firme and no escriba.","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-commands-v3"]},{"id":"es-formal-commands-recall","hint":"Te recomiendo que introduces a recommendation to someone else; descansar becomes descanses.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “I recommend that you rest before the interview.” Speak to one friend, using tú and recomendar que + subjunctive.","answers":["Te recomiendo que descanses antes de la entrevista","Yo te recomiendo que descanses antes de la entrevista","Antes de la entrevista te recomiendo que descanses"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Te recomiendo que descanses antes de la entrevista uses the subjunctive for the advised action. Te recomiendo descansar is a different construction; this task practises the que clause.","vocabularyIds":["es-conditional-v6","es-advice-subjunctive-v6"]},{"id":"es-formal-commands-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Buenos días. Para solicitar la tarjeta, rellene este formulario con sus datos y firme al final. No escriba en la casilla reservada a la oficina. Cuando termine, entregue el documento junto con una copia de su identificación en la ventanilla dos. Si falta algún dato, le avisaremos por correo. Guarde el justificante, porque lo necesitará para recoger la tarjeta. El plazo de recogida suele ser de dos semanas, aunque puede variar. Si cambia su dirección de correo, comuníquelo para que podamos contactar con usted.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"It is needed to collect the card","prompt":"Listen for meaning. Why should the applicant keep the receipt?","options":["It contains the new card already","It is needed to collect the card","It replaces the identity document forever"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Guarde el justificante, porque lo necesitará para recoger la tarjeta gives the reason to keep it. The receipt is not itself the identity document or the finished card.","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-commands-v1","es-formal-commands-v2","es-formal-commands-v3","es-formal-commands-v4","es-formal-commands-v5","es-formal-commands-v6","es-formal-commands-v7","es-formal-commands-v8","es-formal-commands-v9","es-formal-commands-v10"]}],"description":"Role-play a receptionist explaining a procedure to a guest. Use usted commands, a negative instruction, and a polite clarification."}],"cefrLevel":"B1","objective":"Give positive and negative instructions, use formal commands, and place pronouns correctly.","description":"B1 · Give positive and negative instructions, use formal commands, and place pronouns correctly."},{"id":"es-b1-describing-connecting","title":"Describe and connect ideas","lessons":[{"id":"es-relative-clauses","notes":["Que links a noun to more information: el libro que compré, la persona que llamó. Donde refers to a place: el barrio donde vivo.","Use prepositions when required: la persona con la que trabajo; el tema del que hablamos.","Worked example: La vecina con la que estudio vive en el piso que está arriba. = The neighbour I study with lives in the flat upstairs. Con la que keeps the preposition with its relative expression; que introduces more information about el piso.","Small start: Describe one person and one place without naming them immediately: Es una persona que…; Es el lugar donde… . Add con la que or con el que to describe a shared activity. Let a partner guess who or where you mean."],"title":"The person who, the place where","practice":"Describe a person, a place, and an object without naming them. Use que, donde, and con la que so a partner can guess.","exercises":[{"id":"es-relative-clauses-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"que","translation":"that or which"},{"word":"donde","translation":"where (relative)"},{"word":"con quien","translation":"with whom"},{"word":"con la que","translation":"with whom or which (feminine)"},{"word":"del que","translation":"about which or whom (masculine)"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: the person who, the place where (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"que: that or which; donde: where (relative); con quien: with whom; con la que: with whom or which (feminine); del que: about which or whom (masculine)","vocabularyIds":["es-relative-clauses-v1","es-relative-clauses-v2","es-relative-clauses-v3","es-relative-clauses-v4","es-relative-clauses-v5"]},{"id":"es-relative-clauses-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"referirse a","translation":"to refer to"},{"word":"detalle","translation":"detail"},{"word":"característica","translation":"characteristic"},{"word":"descripción","translation":"description"},{"word":"parecerse","translation":"to resemble"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: the person who, the place where (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"referirse a: to refer to; detalle: detail; característica: characteristic; descripción: description; parecerse: to resemble","vocabularyIds":["es-relative-clauses-v6","es-relative-clauses-v7","es-relative-clauses-v8","es-relative-clauses-v9","es-relative-clauses-v10"]},{"id":"es-relative-clauses-3","back":"where (relative)","type":"flashcard","front":"donde","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["where (relative)","where"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"donde means where (relative).","vocabularyIds":["es-relative-clauses-v2"]},{"id":"es-relative-clauses-4","back":"detail","type":"flashcard","front":"detalle","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["detail"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"detalle means detail.","vocabularyIds":["es-relative-clauses-v7"]},{"id":"es-relative-clauses-5","type":"choice","answer":"donde","prompt":"Which relative word naturally refers to the place in la casa ___ vivo?","options":["donde","quien","cuando"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"La casa donde vivo uses donde to refer to a place. Quien refers to people, while cuando relates to time rather than the house's location.","vocabularyIds":["es-relative-clauses-v1","es-relative-clauses-v2","es-relative-clauses-v3","es-relative-clauses-v4","es-relative-clauses-v5","es-relative-clauses-v6","es-relative-clauses-v7","es-relative-clauses-v8","es-relative-clauses-v9","es-relative-clauses-v10"]},{"id":"es-relative-clauses-6","hint":"Link el libro to the clause that describes which book it is.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["que"],"sentence":"El libro ___ me prestaste es interesante.","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"El libro que me prestaste es interesante uses que to connect the book with you lent me. The relative clause identifies the book without starting a separate sentence.","vocabularyIds":["es-relative-clauses-v1","es-relative-clauses-v2","es-relative-clauses-v3","es-relative-clauses-v4","es-relative-clauses-v5","es-relative-clauses-v6","es-relative-clauses-v7","es-relative-clauses-v8","es-relative-clauses-v9","es-relative-clauses-v10"]},{"id":"es-relative-clauses-7","type":"arrange","words":["amable","es","que","con","La","muy","trabajo","la","persona"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “The person I work with is very kind”","answers":["La persona con la que trabajo es muy amable"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Que links a noun to more information: el libro que compré, la persona que llamó. Donde refers to a place: el barrio donde vivo.","vocabularyIds":["es-relative-clauses-v1","es-relative-clauses-v2","es-relative-clauses-v3","es-relative-clauses-v4","es-relative-clauses-v5","es-relative-clauses-v6","es-relative-clauses-v7","es-relative-clauses-v8","es-relative-clauses-v9","es-relative-clauses-v10"]},{"id":"es-relative-clauses-8","hint":"Use donde for a place and the yo preterite of crecer for your childhood there.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Por qué conoces tan bien este barrio?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Explain your connection to the neighbourhood. Write a reply meaning: “This is the neighbourhood where I grew up”","answers":["Este es el barrio donde crecí","Este es el barrio en el que crecí","Este es el barrio en donde crecí"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"El barrio donde crecí links a place with the event that happened there. Crecí is a completed past form with a written accent; crece would refer to someone or something in the present.","vocabularyIds":["es-relative-clauses-v1","es-relative-clauses-v2","es-relative-clauses-v3","es-relative-clauses-v4","es-relative-clauses-v5","es-relative-clauses-v6","es-relative-clauses-v7","es-relative-clauses-v8","es-relative-clauses-v9","es-relative-clauses-v10"]},{"id":"es-relative-clauses-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “La persona con la que trabajo es muy amable”","answers":["The person I work with is very kind","The person who I work with is very kind","The person I work with is really kind"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Que links a noun to more information: el libro que compré, la persona que llamó. Donde refers to a place: el barrio donde vivo.","vocabularyIds":["es-relative-clauses-v1","es-relative-clauses-v2","es-relative-clauses-v3","es-relative-clauses-v4","es-relative-clauses-v5","es-relative-clauses-v6","es-relative-clauses-v7","es-relative-clauses-v8","es-relative-clauses-v9","es-relative-clauses-v10"]},{"id":"es-relative-clauses-10","hint":"Listen for the preposition and relative phrase connecting the person to the description.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"La compañera con la que trabajo vive cerca","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["La compañera con la que trabajo vive cerca"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: La compañera con la que trabajo vive cerca. Meaning: The colleague I work with lives nearby.","vocabularyIds":["es-relative-clauses-v1","es-relative-clauses-v2","es-relative-clauses-v3","es-relative-clauses-v4","es-relative-clauses-v5","es-relative-clauses-v6","es-relative-clauses-v7","es-relative-clauses-v8","es-relative-clauses-v9","es-relative-clauses-v10"]},{"id":"es-relative-clauses-11","type":"choice","answer":"The upstairs room has no lift","prompt":"Read for meaning. Why might the family choose another place?","options":["The upstairs room has no lift","The manager was unkind","There is not enough room for twenty people"],"reading":{"text":"Buscamos un lugar para celebrar el cumpleaños de mi abuela. El restaurante que visitamos ayer tiene un salón donde caben veinte personas. La encargada con la que hablamos fue muy amable y nos enseñó una terraza. Sin embargo, la sala está en la primera planta y no hay ascensor. Tendremos que buscar otra opción para que todos los invitados puedan entrar cómodamente. La encargada nos recomendó otro restaurante situado a pie de calle. Vamos a visitarlo mañana y preguntar por las opciones del menú antes de reservar.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"La sala está en la primera planta y no hay ascensor creates an accessibility problem. The manager was helpful and the room does hold twenty people.","vocabularyIds":["es-relative-clauses-v1","es-relative-clauses-v2","es-relative-clauses-v3","es-relative-clauses-v4","es-relative-clauses-v5","es-relative-clauses-v6","es-relative-clauses-v7","es-relative-clauses-v8","es-relative-clauses-v9","es-relative-clauses-v10"]}],"description":"Describe a person, a place, and an object without naming them. Use que, donde, and con la que so a partner can guess."},{"id":"es-known-unknown","notes":["A known or identified referent normally takes indicative: conozco un hotel que tiene piscina.","For a desired, unidentified referent use subjunctive: busco un hotel que tenga piscina. Contrast someone you know with someone you need to find.","Worked example: Conozco una tienda que vende ese libro. Busco una tienda que lo venda más barato. = I know a shop that sells that book. I am looking for a shop that sells it more cheaply. Vende describes an identified shop; venda describes the shop sought without asserting that it exists.","Small start: Describe a known place with Conozco… que… . Then describe a place you would like to find with Busco… que… . Use tiene/tenga or ofrece/ofrezca, and explain whether you already know the place exists."],"title":"A place that has...","practice":"Describe a flat, a course, or a job you are looking for. Give five requirements and compare them with one option you already know.","exercises":[{"id":"es-known-unknown-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"busco algo que","translation":"I am looking for something that"},{"word":"necesito a alguien que","translation":"I need someone who"},{"word":"requisito","translation":"requirement"},{"word":"cumplir","translation":"to fulfil"},{"word":"adecuado","translation":"suitable"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: a place that has... (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"busco algo que: I am looking for something that; necesito a alguien que: I need someone who; requisito: requirement; cumplir: to fulfil; adecuado: suitable","vocabularyIds":["es-known-unknown-v1","es-known-unknown-v2","es-known-unknown-v3","es-known-unknown-v4","es-known-unknown-v5"]},{"id":"es-known-unknown-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"amueblado","translation":"furnished"},{"word":"luminoso","translation":"bright"},{"word":"accesible","translation":"accessible"},{"word":"zona","translation":"area"},{"word":"alquiler","translation":"rent"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: a place that has... (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"amueblado: furnished; luminoso: bright; accesible: accessible; zona: area; alquiler: rent","vocabularyIds":["es-known-unknown-v6","es-known-unknown-v7","es-known-unknown-v8","es-known-unknown-v9","es-known-unknown-v10"]},{"id":"es-known-unknown-3","back":"requirement","type":"flashcard","front":"requisito","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["requirement"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"requisito means requirement.","vocabularyIds":["es-known-unknown-v3"]},{"id":"es-known-unknown-4","back":"accessible","type":"flashcard","front":"accesible","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["accessible"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"accesible means accessible.","vocabularyIds":["es-known-unknown-v8"]},{"id":"es-known-unknown-5","type":"choice","answer":"Busco un piso que sea luminoso","prompt":"Which sentence describes a desired flat that has not been identified?","options":["Vivo en un piso que es luminoso","He visto el piso que es luminoso","Busco un piso que sea luminoso"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Busco un piso que sea luminoso describes an unidentified flat meeting a requirement. Vivo and he visto identify an existing flat and use indicative es in those options.","vocabularyIds":["es-known-unknown-v1","es-known-unknown-v2","es-known-unknown-v3","es-known-unknown-v4","es-known-unknown-v5","es-known-unknown-v6","es-known-unknown-v7","es-known-unknown-v8","es-known-unknown-v9","es-known-unknown-v10"]},{"id":"es-known-unknown-6","hint":"The speaker needs someone with a skill, without identifying that person yet.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["hable"],"sentence":"Necesito a alguien que ___ francés. (hablar)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Necesito a alguien que hable francés uses the subjunctive for the desired, unidentified person. Conozco a alguien que habla francés would describe a person already known.","vocabularyIds":["es-known-unknown-v1","es-known-unknown-v2","es-known-unknown-v3","es-known-unknown-v4","es-known-unknown-v5","es-known-unknown-v6","es-known-unknown-v7","es-known-unknown-v8","es-known-unknown-v9","es-known-unknown-v10"]},{"id":"es-known-unknown-7","type":"arrange","words":["dormitorios","tenga","piso","Busco","dos","que","un"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I am looking for a flat that has two bedrooms”","answers":["Busco un piso que tenga dos dormitorios"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"A known or identified referent normally takes indicative: conozco un hotel que tiene piscina.","vocabularyIds":["es-known-unknown-v1","es-known-unknown-v2","es-known-unknown-v3","es-known-unknown-v4","es-known-unknown-v5","es-known-unknown-v6","es-known-unknown-v7","es-known-unknown-v8","es-known-unknown-v9","es-known-unknown-v10"]},{"id":"es-known-unknown-8","hint":"Because you know the hotel exists, describe its feature with the indicative after que.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Recommend an existing hotel you know. Write a reply meaning: “I know a hotel that has a pool”","answers":["Conozco un hotel que tiene piscina"],"reading":{"text":"—Buscamos un alojamiento con piscina. ¿Tienes alguna recomendación?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Conozco un hotel que tiene piscina presents an identified, known option. Busco un hotel que tenga piscina would instead describe a requirement without identifying an existing hotel.","vocabularyIds":["es-known-unknown-v1","es-known-unknown-v2","es-known-unknown-v3","es-known-unknown-v4","es-known-unknown-v5","es-known-unknown-v6","es-known-unknown-v7","es-known-unknown-v8","es-known-unknown-v9","es-known-unknown-v10"]},{"id":"es-known-unknown-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Busco un piso que tenga dos dormitorios”","answers":["I am looking for a flat that has two bedrooms","I'm looking for a flat that has two bedrooms","I am looking for an apartment with two bedrooms","I'm looking for an apartment with two bedrooms","I am looking for a two-bedroom flat","I'm looking for a two-bedroom flat"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"A known or identified referent normally takes indicative: conozco un hotel que tiene piscina.","vocabularyIds":["es-known-unknown-v1","es-known-unknown-v2","es-known-unknown-v3","es-known-unknown-v4","es-known-unknown-v5","es-known-unknown-v6","es-known-unknown-v7","es-known-unknown-v8","es-known-unknown-v9","es-known-unknown-v10"]},{"id":"es-known-unknown-10","hint":"Listen for a requirement about a house that has not yet been identified.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Busco una casa que tenga un jardín pequeño","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Busco una casa que tenga un jardín pequeño"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Busco una casa que tenga un jardín pequeño. Meaning: I am looking for a house that has a small garden.","vocabularyIds":["es-known-unknown-v1","es-known-unknown-v2","es-known-unknown-v3","es-known-unknown-v4","es-known-unknown-v5","es-known-unknown-v6","es-known-unknown-v7","es-known-unknown-v8","es-known-unknown-v9","es-known-unknown-v10"]},{"id":"es-known-unknown-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Busco un piso que esté cerca del trabajo y que tenga espacio para una mesa de estudio. No necesito que sea grande, pero sí que tenga buena luz. He visto uno que cumple casi todos los requisitos, aunque el alquiler es demasiado alto. La propietaria me ha dicho que puede bajar el precio si firmo por un año. Antes de decidir, quiero comprobar cuánto cuestan los gastos. También hablaré con dos personas que viven en el edificio. Quiero saber si la zona es tranquila por la noche y si el transporte funciona los fines de semana.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Check extra bills, night-time quiet, and weekend transport before deciding","prompt":"Listen for meaning. Which next step matches the speaker’s plan after the lower-rent offer?","options":["Sign for a year first, then ask residents about the bills and surroundings","Accept the lower rent without checking the bills because the flat meets almost all the requirements","Check extra bills, night-time quiet, and weekend transport before deciding"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The flat cumple casi todos los requisitos, but a possible rent reduction is not the whole decision. Comprobar cuánto cuestan los gastos, talking to residents, and checking night-time quiet and weekend transport are still planned. The owner’s lower price is conditional on signing for a year.","vocabularyIds":["es-known-unknown-v1","es-known-unknown-v2","es-known-unknown-v3","es-known-unknown-v4","es-known-unknown-v5","es-known-unknown-v6","es-known-unknown-v7","es-known-unknown-v8","es-known-unknown-v9","es-known-unknown-v10"]}],"description":"Describe a flat, a course, or a job you are looking for. Give five requirements and compare them with one option you already know."},{"id":"es-cause-contrast","notes":["Porque introduces a cause; por eso and así que introduce a result. Aunque introduces a contrast or concession.","Sin embargo contrasts whole ideas; además adds information. Use connectors that reflect the actual relationship between your points.","Worked example: Como llovía, nos quedamos dentro. Aunque hacía frío, abrimos la ventana. = Because it was raining, we stayed inside. Although it was cold, we opened the window. Como gives a cause here; aunque contrasts a fact with an unexpected action.","Small start: Describe one decision and why it happened. Begin Como… . Add a second sentence with aunque to show a difficulty that did not prevent an action. Check that the cause and contrast connect different ideas clearly.","Short practice model: He elegido una biblioteca para estudiar porque en casa hay mucho ruido. Está un poco lejos; por eso voy en autobús. Aunque el trayecto dura media hora, allí puedo concentrarme. Sin embargo, los domingos está cerrada. Además, tengo que reservar una mesa cuando hay mucha gente. Si no encuentro sitio, estudiaré en casa de una amiga. Así siempre tengo una alternativa.","Meaning of the model: I have chosen a library for studying because home is noisy. It is a little far away, so I go by bus. Although the trip takes half an hour, I can concentrate there. However, it is closed on Sundays. Also, I have to book a table when it is busy. If I cannot find a place, I will study at a friend's home. I always have an alternative.","Check your version: Underline a cause, result, concession, contrast and addition. Does each connector express the relationship you intend? Expand the short draft with a concrete example to reach the task's length. Try a different decision; do not add connectors just to fill a list."],"title":"Reasons, results, and contrasts","practice":"Explain a decision in 100 words using porque, por eso, aunque, sin embargo, and además. Check that each connector fits its meaning.","exercises":[{"id":"es-cause-contrast-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"aunque","translation":"although"},{"word":"así que","translation":"so"},{"word":"por lo tanto","translation":"therefore"},{"word":"debido a","translation":"because of"},{"word":"en cambio","translation":"on the other hand"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: reasons, results, and contrasts (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"aunque: although; así que: so; por lo tanto: therefore; debido a: because of; en cambio: on the other hand","vocabularyIds":["es-cause-contrast-v1","es-cause-contrast-v2","es-cause-contrast-v3","es-cause-contrast-v4","es-cause-contrast-v5"]},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"por una parte","translation":"on the one hand"},{"word":"por otra parte","translation":"on the other hand"},{"word":"a pesar de","translation":"despite"},{"word":"motivo","translation":"reason"},{"word":"consecuencia","translation":"consequence"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: reasons, results, and contrasts (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"por una parte: on the one hand; por otra parte: on the other hand; a pesar de: despite; motivo: reason; consecuencia: consequence","vocabularyIds":["es-cause-contrast-v6","es-cause-contrast-v7","es-cause-contrast-v8","es-cause-contrast-v9","es-cause-contrast-v10"]},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-3","back":"because of","type":"flashcard","front":"debido a","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["because of"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"debido a means because of.","vocabularyIds":["es-cause-contrast-v4"]},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-4","back":"reason","type":"flashcard","front":"motivo","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["reason"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"motivo means reason.","vocabularyIds":["es-cause-contrast-v9"]},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-5","type":"choice","answer":"Salió tarde de casa, así que perdió el tren","prompt":"A traveller left home late and consequently missed the train. Which sentence preserves that causal order?","options":["Aunque salió temprano de casa, perdió el tren","Salió tarde de casa, así que perdió el tren","Salió tarde de casa porque perdió el tren"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Así que introduces the missed train as the result of leaving late. Porque would make missing the train the reason for leaving late; aunque salió temprano describes a different situation involving an early departure.","vocabularyIds":["es-cause-contrast-v1","es-cause-contrast-v2","es-cause-contrast-v3","es-cause-contrast-v4","es-cause-contrast-v5","es-cause-contrast-v6","es-cause-contrast-v7","es-cause-contrast-v8","es-cause-contrast-v9","es-cause-contrast-v10"]},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-6","hint":"The missed class is the consequence of being ill. Complete the result connector por ...​","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["eso"],"sentence":"Estaba enfermo; por ___ no fui a clase.","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Estaba enfermo; por eso no fui a clase uses por eso for the result. Porque would introduce the cause, as in No fui porque estaba enfermo.","vocabularyIds":["es-cause-contrast-v1","es-cause-contrast-v2","es-cause-contrast-v3","es-cause-contrast-v4","es-cause-contrast-v5","es-cause-contrast-v6","es-cause-contrast-v7","es-cause-contrast-v8","es-cause-contrast-v9","es-cause-contrast-v10"]},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-7","type":"arrange","words":["el","cansada","Aunque","informe","terminó","estaba"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “Although she was tired, she finished the report”","answers":["Aunque estaba cansada, terminó el informe"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Porque introduces a cause; por eso and así que introduce a result. Aunque introduces a contrast or concession.","vocabularyIds":["es-cause-contrast-v1","es-cause-contrast-v2","es-cause-contrast-v3","es-cause-contrast-v4","es-cause-contrast-v5","es-cause-contrast-v6","es-cause-contrast-v7","es-cause-contrast-v8","es-cause-contrast-v9","es-cause-contrast-v10"]},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-8","hint":"Use había for the ticket situation and así que to introduce its consequence.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Pudisteis entrar en el teatro?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Explain why your group returned home. Write a reply meaning: “There were no tickets, so we went home”","answers":["No había entradas, así que volvimos a casa"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"No había entradas gives the cause; así que volvimos a casa gives the result. Había stays singular in this existential use even though entradas is plural.","vocabularyIds":["es-cause-contrast-v1","es-cause-contrast-v2","es-cause-contrast-v3","es-cause-contrast-v4","es-cause-contrast-v5","es-cause-contrast-v6","es-cause-contrast-v7","es-cause-contrast-v8","es-cause-contrast-v9","es-cause-contrast-v10"]},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Aunque estaba cansada, terminó el informe”","answers":["Although she was tired, she finished the report","Even though she was tired she finished the report"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Porque introduces a cause; por eso and así que introduce a result. Aunque introduces a contrast or concession.","vocabularyIds":["es-cause-contrast-v1","es-cause-contrast-v2","es-cause-contrast-v3","es-cause-contrast-v4","es-cause-contrast-v5","es-cause-contrast-v6","es-cause-contrast-v7","es-cause-contrast-v8","es-cause-contrast-v9","es-cause-contrast-v10"]},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-10","hint":"Listen for the contrast between the background weather and the completed action.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Aunque estaba lloviendo, salimos a pasear","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Aunque estaba lloviendo, salimos a pasear"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Aunque estaba lloviendo, salimos a pasear. Meaning: Although it was raining, we went out for a walk.","vocabularyIds":["es-cause-contrast-v1","es-cause-contrast-v2","es-cause-contrast-v3","es-cause-contrast-v4","es-cause-contrast-v5","es-cause-contrast-v6","es-cause-contrast-v7","es-cause-contrast-v8","es-cause-contrast-v9","es-cause-contrast-v10"]},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-conversation","type":"choice","answer":"Entonces seguimos buscando otro piso.","prompt":"Which reply respects the person's requirement?","options":["Tu abuela ya vive en ese piso.","Entonces seguimos buscando otro piso.","Perfecto, ese piso cumple todos tus requisitos."],"reading":{"text":"—El piso es luminoso, pero no tiene ascensor. —Necesito uno que tenga ascensor porque vivo con mi abuela.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The known flat lacks a lift. Necesito uno que tenga describes the requirement for a flat not yet identified, rather than a fact about this one.","vocabularyIds":["es-questions-v7","es-family-v5"]},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-recall","hint":"This is an awaited future arrival: cuando llegues. Use the positive tú command llámame.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “Call me when you arrive tomorrow.” Address one friend as tú; the arrival is still in the future.","answers":["Llámame cuando llegues mañana","Cuando llegues mañana llámame","Mañana llámame cuando llegues"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Llámame cuando llegues mañana uses the subjunctive for a future arrival. Llámame attaches me to a positive command and keeps the stress with its accent.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-regular-v7","es-simple-plans-v1"]},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-11","type":"choice","answer":"It costs less and the timetable works better","prompt":"Read for meaning. Why does the writer think the change was worthwhile?","options":["The old centre had no swimming pool","It costs less and the timetable works better","It is closer to home"],"reading":{"text":"El nuevo centro deportivo está lejos de mi casa; sin embargo, voy dos veces por semana. Las instalaciones son buenas y, además, los horarios son flexibles. Antes iba a otro centro porque estaba cerca, pero era muy caro. Aunque ahora tardo más en llegar, gasto menos dinero y puedo nadar cuando salgo del trabajo. Por eso creo que el cambio ha merecido la pena. Mi hermana prefiere otro centro porque tiene clases que le interesan más. Para elegir bien, cada persona necesita comparar lo que realmente va a utilizar.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Gasto menos dinero and los horarios son flexibles give the advantages of the new centre. It is farther away, so proximity is not the reason for the change.","vocabularyIds":["es-cause-contrast-v1","es-cause-contrast-v2","es-cause-contrast-v3","es-cause-contrast-v4","es-cause-contrast-v5","es-cause-contrast-v6","es-cause-contrast-v7","es-cause-contrast-v8","es-cause-contrast-v9","es-cause-contrast-v10"]}],"description":"Explain a decision in 100 words using porque, por eso, aunque, sin embargo, and además. Check that each connector fits its meaning."}],"cefrLevel":"B1","objective":"Use relative clauses, indefinite descriptions, and cause-and-effect connectors.","description":"B1 · Use relative clauses, indefinite descriptions, and cause-and-effect connectors."},{"id":"es-b1-small-words","title":"Meaning in the small words","lessons":[{"id":"es-por-para","notes":["Para often gives purpose, destination, recipient, or deadline: para aprender, para Ana, para el lunes.","Por often gives cause, route, exchange, or means: por la lluvia, por el parque, por diez euros, por correo. Learn complete phrases rather than one English equivalent.","Worked example: Pasamos por el centro para comprar un regalo para Ana. = We passed through the centre to buy a present for Ana. Por marks the route; the first para introduces purpose, and the second identifies the recipient.","Small start: Explain an outing with three details: route, purpose, and recipient. Start Paso por… para… . Label what each por or para contributes rather than trying to replace all of them with the English word for."],"title":"Reason, purpose, and destination","practice":"Explain a gift, a journey, a deadline, and a reason for studying Spanish. Use por and para in at least three different meanings each.","exercises":[{"id":"es-por-para-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"por la lluvia","translation":"because of the rain"},{"word":"para aprender","translation":"in order to learn"},{"word":"por correo","translation":"by email or post"},{"word":"para el lunes","translation":"by Monday"},{"word":"por el centro","translation":"through the centre"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: reason, purpose, and destination (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"por la lluvia: because of the rain; para aprender: in order to learn; por correo: by email or post; para el lunes: by Monday; por el centro: through the centre","vocabularyIds":["es-por-para-v1","es-por-para-v2","es-por-para-v3","es-por-para-v4","es-por-para-v5"]},{"id":"es-por-para-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"para ti","translation":"for you"},{"word":"intercambio","translation":"exchange"},{"word":"destino","translation":"destination"},{"word":"plazo","translation":"deadline"},{"word":"causa","translation":"cause"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: reason, purpose, and destination (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"para ti: for you; intercambio: exchange; destino: destination; plazo: deadline; causa: cause","vocabularyIds":["es-por-para-v6","es-por-para-v7","es-por-para-v8","es-por-para-v9","es-por-para-v10"]},{"id":"es-por-para-3","back":"through the centre","type":"flashcard","front":"por el centro","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["through the centre","through the center"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"por el centro means through the centre.","vocabularyIds":["es-por-para-v5"]},{"id":"es-por-para-4","back":"cause","type":"flashcard","front":"causa","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["cause"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"causa means cause.","vocabularyIds":["es-por-para-v10"]},{"id":"es-por-para-5","type":"choice","answer":"Necesito el informe para el viernes","prompt":"You need the report by Friday. Which sentence gives that deadline?","options":["Necesito el informe para el viernes","Necesito el informe para el viaje","Necesito el informe por el viaje"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Para el viernes sets the deadline. Para el viaje gives a purpose, for the trip; por el viaje gives a cause or reason connected with the trip. Neither of those expressions supplies the requested due date.","vocabularyIds":["es-por-para-v1","es-por-para-v2","es-por-para-v3","es-por-para-v4","es-por-para-v5","es-por-para-v6","es-por-para-v7","es-por-para-v8","es-por-para-v9","es-por-para-v10"]},{"id":"es-por-para-6","hint":"The infinitive trabajar expresses the purpose of studying.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["para"],"sentence":"Estudio español ___ trabajar en México. (purpose)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Estudio español para trabajar en México uses para + infinitive to state a goal. Por would give a different relationship, such as a cause or route.","vocabularyIds":["es-por-para-v1","es-por-para-v2","es-por-para-v3","es-por-para-v4","es-por-para-v5","es-por-para-v6","es-por-para-v7","es-por-para-v8","es-por-para-v9","es-por-para-v10"]},{"id":"es-por-para-7","type":"arrange","words":["mi","es","Este","hermana","para","regalo"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “This gift is for my sister”","answers":["Este regalo es para mi hermana","Para mi hermana es este regalo"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Para often gives purpose, destination, recipient, or deadline: para aprender, para Ana, para el lunes.","vocabularyIds":["es-por-para-v1","es-por-para-v2","es-por-para-v3","es-por-para-v4","es-por-para-v5","es-por-para-v6","es-por-para-v7","es-por-para-v8","es-por-para-v9","es-por-para-v10"]},{"id":"es-por-para-8","hint":"Use por before the noun giving the cause. Use the nosotros preterite of salir.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Give the reason your group did not go out. Write a reply meaning: “We did not go out because of the rain”","answers":["No salimos por la lluvia"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Por qué os quedasteis en casa ayer?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Por la lluvia identifies the cause of not going out. Para la lluvia would not express that causal relationship; no salimos gives the completed decision in the past context.","vocabularyIds":["es-por-para-v1","es-por-para-v2","es-por-para-v3","es-por-para-v4","es-por-para-v5","es-por-para-v6","es-por-para-v7","es-por-para-v8","es-por-para-v9","es-por-para-v10"]},{"id":"es-por-para-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Este regalo es para mi hermana”","answers":["This gift is for my sister","This present is for my sister"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Para often gives purpose, destination, recipient, or deadline: para aprender, para Ana, para el lunes.","vocabularyIds":["es-por-para-v1","es-por-para-v2","es-por-para-v3","es-por-para-v4","es-por-para-v5","es-por-para-v6","es-por-para-v7","es-por-para-v8","es-por-para-v9","es-por-para-v10"]},{"id":"es-por-para-10","hint":"Listen for a deadline and then a time-of-day expression using a different preposition.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Necesito el informe para el viernes por la mañana","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Necesito el informe para el viernes por la mañana"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Necesito el informe para el viernes por la mañana. Meaning: I need the report by Friday morning.","vocabularyIds":["es-por-para-v1","es-por-para-v2","es-por-para-v3","es-por-para-v4","es-por-para-v5","es-por-para-v6","es-por-para-v7","es-por-para-v8","es-por-para-v9","es-por-para-v10"]},{"id":"es-por-para-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"He preparado un informe para la reunión del lunes. Lo envié por correo a mis compañeros para que pudieran leerlo antes. Uno de ellos no pudo abrirlo por un problema con su ordenador. Como vive cerca, pasé por su casa y le dejé una copia. Me dio las gracias por la ayuda y prometió revisar los datos para el viernes. No hizo falta cambiar la fecha de la reunión. Todos pudieron revisar el contenido a tiempo y solo tuvimos que corregir un par de cifras antes de enviarlo.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"A deadline for reviewing the data","prompt":"Listen for meaning. What does para el viernes express here?","options":["A deadline for reviewing the data","The route through a neighbourhood","The cause of a computer problem"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Prometió revisar los datos para el viernes sets when the review must be ready. Por un problema con su ordenador explains a cause elsewhere in the passage.","vocabularyIds":["es-por-para-v1","es-por-para-v2","es-por-para-v3","es-por-para-v4","es-por-para-v5","es-por-para-v6","es-por-para-v7","es-por-para-v8","es-por-para-v9","es-por-para-v10"]}],"description":"Explain a gift, a journey, a deadline, and a reason for studying Spanish. Use por and para in at least three different meanings each."},{"id":"es-se-constructions","notes":["Impersonal se describes people in general: aquí se vive bien. Passive se agrees with its subject: se venden libros; se alquila una habitación.","For an accidental event use se + indirect pronoun: se me cayó el móvil. The person affected is expressed with me/te/le/nos/os/les.","Worked example: Se venden bicicletas aquí. Se me rompió el vaso. = Bicycles are sold here. My glass broke on me. In the first pattern, venden agrees with bicicletas; in the second, me identifies the affected person without presenting a deliberate action.","Small start: Write a shop sign with Se vende… or Se venden… . Then describe an accidental mishap with Se me… . Keep the two patterns separate and identify the noun that determines the verb's number."],"title":"What people do and what gets done","practice":"Describe local customs and notices with se, then explain two accidental mishaps using se me... or se nos....","exercises":[{"id":"es-se-constructions-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"se vende","translation":"for sale"},{"word":"se alquila","translation":"for rent"},{"word":"se necesita","translation":"wanted or needed"},{"word":"se permite","translation":"it is permitted"},{"word":"se habla","translation":"one speaks"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what people do and what gets done (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"se vende: for sale; se alquila: for rent; se necesita: wanted or needed; se permite: it is permitted; se habla: one speaks","vocabularyIds":["es-se-constructions-v1","es-se-constructions-v2","es-se-constructions-v3","es-se-constructions-v4","es-se-constructions-v5"]},{"id":"es-se-constructions-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"se me cayó","translation":"I accidentally dropped"},{"word":"se nos olvidó","translation":"we forgot accidentally"},{"word":"anuncio","translation":"notice"},{"word":"costumbre local","translation":"local custom"},{"word":"accidentalmente","translation":"accidentally"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what people do and what gets done (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"se me cayó: I accidentally dropped; se nos olvidó: we forgot accidentally; anuncio: notice; costumbre local: local custom; accidentalmente: accidentally","vocabularyIds":["es-se-constructions-v6","es-se-constructions-v7","es-se-constructions-v8","es-se-constructions-v9","es-se-constructions-v10"]},{"id":"es-se-constructions-3","back":"for sale","type":"flashcard","front":"se vende","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["for sale"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"se vende means for sale.","vocabularyIds":["es-se-constructions-v1"]},{"id":"es-se-constructions-4","back":"I accidentally dropped","type":"flashcard","front":"se me cayó","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["I accidentally dropped"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"se me cayó means I accidentally dropped.","vocabularyIds":["es-se-constructions-v6"]},{"id":"es-se-constructions-5","type":"choice","answer":"Se venden bicicletas","prompt":"Choose the notice that agrees with the plural noun.","options":["Se vende bicicletas","Se vender bicicletas","Se venden bicicletas"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Se venden bicicletas agrees with plural bicicletas. Vende is singular, while vender is an infinitive rather than the required conjugated verb.","vocabularyIds":["es-se-constructions-v1","es-se-constructions-v2","es-se-constructions-v3","es-se-constructions-v4","es-se-constructions-v5","es-se-constructions-v6","es-se-constructions-v7","es-se-constructions-v8","es-se-constructions-v9","es-se-constructions-v10"]},{"id":"es-se-constructions-6","hint":"In this passive se construction, the verb agrees with dos habitaciones.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["alquilan"],"sentence":"Se ___ dos habitaciones. (alquilar)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Se alquilan dos habitaciones uses plural alquilan with plural habitaciones. This agreement differs from an impersonal singular expression such as se vive bien.","vocabularyIds":["es-se-constructions-v1","es-se-constructions-v2","es-se-constructions-v3","es-se-constructions-v4","es-se-constructions-v5","es-se-constructions-v6","es-se-constructions-v7","es-se-constructions-v8","es-se-constructions-v9","es-se-constructions-v10"]},{"id":"es-se-constructions-7","type":"arrange","words":["usados","venden","tienda","En","libros","se","esta"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “Used books are sold in this shop”","answers":["En esta tienda se venden libros usados","Se venden libros usados en esta tienda"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Impersonal se describes people in general: aquí se vive bien. Passive se agrees with its subject: se venden libros; se alquila una habitación.","vocabularyIds":["es-se-constructions-v1","es-se-constructions-v2","es-se-constructions-v3","es-se-constructions-v4","es-se-constructions-v5","es-se-constructions-v6","es-se-constructions-v7","es-se-constructions-v8","es-se-constructions-v9","es-se-constructions-v10"]},{"id":"es-se-constructions-8","hint":"Use se + the affected-person pronoun + caer in the preterite. The phone is singular.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Por qué está rota la pantalla de tu teléfono?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Explain the accidental event. Write a reply meaning: “I accidentally dropped my phone”","answers":["Se me cayó el móvil","Sin querer se me cayó el móvil","Se me cayó el teléfono","Se me cayó el celular"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Se me cayó presents the phone falling as an accidental event affecting you. Me identifies the affected person; cayó agrees with the singular phone. Keep its accent.","vocabularyIds":["es-se-constructions-v1","es-se-constructions-v2","es-se-constructions-v3","es-se-constructions-v4","es-se-constructions-v5","es-se-constructions-v6","es-se-constructions-v7","es-se-constructions-v8","es-se-constructions-v9","es-se-constructions-v10"]},{"id":"es-se-constructions-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “En esta tienda se venden libros usados”","answers":["Used books are sold in this shop","Second-hand books are sold in this shop","They sell used books in this shop"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Impersonal se describes people in general: aquí se vive bien. Passive se agrees with its subject: se venden libros; se alquila una habitación.","vocabularyIds":["es-se-constructions-v1","es-se-constructions-v2","es-se-constructions-v3","es-se-constructions-v4","es-se-constructions-v5","es-se-constructions-v6","es-se-constructions-v7","es-se-constructions-v8","es-se-constructions-v9","es-se-constructions-v10"]},{"id":"es-se-constructions-10","hint":"Listen for the passive se pattern and the plural verb ending.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"En esta tienda se reparan bicicletas","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["En esta tienda se reparan bicicletas"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: En esta tienda se reparan bicicletas. Meaning: Bicycles are repaired in this shop.","vocabularyIds":["es-se-constructions-v1","es-se-constructions-v2","es-se-constructions-v3","es-se-constructions-v4","es-se-constructions-v5","es-se-constructions-v6","es-se-constructions-v7","es-se-constructions-v8","es-se-constructions-v9","es-se-constructions-v10"]},{"id":"es-se-constructions-11","type":"choice","answer":"They had forgotten their wallet","prompt":"Read for meaning. Why did the narrator return home?","options":["The market did not accept anyone","They wanted to sell flowers","They had forgotten their wallet"],"reading":{"text":"En el centro del pueblo se celebra un mercado cada sábado. Se venden verduras, ropa y objetos usados. Normalmente se puede pagar con tarjeta, pero algunos puestos solo aceptan efectivo. La semana pasada se me olvidó la cartera y tuve que volver a casa. Cuando regresé, todavía quedaban verduras, aunque ya se habían vendido casi todas las flores. Mi vecina me guardó un ramo pequeño hasta que volví. Le agradecí el detalle y desde entonces llevo algo de efectivo separado para estas compras.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Se me olvidó la cartera y tuve que volver a casa gives the reason for returning: a forgotten wallet. The narrator goes to buy things, not to sell flowers.","vocabularyIds":["es-se-constructions-v1","es-se-constructions-v2","es-se-constructions-v3","es-se-constructions-v4","es-se-constructions-v5","es-se-constructions-v6","es-se-constructions-v7","es-se-constructions-v8","es-se-constructions-v9","es-se-constructions-v10"]}],"description":"Describe local customs and notices with se, then explain two accidental mishaps using se me... or se nos...."},{"id":"es-verb-phases","notes":["Seguir + gerund describes continuation; dejar de + infinitive means stop doing; volver a + infinitive means do again.","Acabar de + infinitive describes a recent event; llevar + duration + gerund describes an activity continuing over time.","Worked example: Dejé de correr, pero he vuelto a caminar y sigo haciendo ejercicio. = I stopped running, but have started walking again and still exercise. Dejar de marks stopping; volver a marks restarting; seguir + gerund marks continuation.","Small start: Choose an imaginary hobby. Say that you stopped, restarted, or continued it using one of the three patterns. Add a time reference. Try another pattern and notice how it changes the history of the same activity.","Short practice model: Empecé a dibujar de pequeña y después dejé de hacerlo durante varios años. Hace seis meses volví a ir a clases. Llevo seis meses dibujando los sábados y sigo aprendiendo nuevas técnicas. Acabo de terminar un dibujo de mi barrio. Todavía cometo errores, pero ahora me fijo más en los detalles y disfruto compartiendo mi trabajo con otras personas.","Meaning of the model: I started drawing as a child, then stopped for several years. Six months ago I returned to classes. I have been drawing on Saturdays for six months and am still learning new techniques. I have just finished a drawing of my neighbourhood. I still make mistakes, but now I notice details more and enjoy sharing my work with other people.","Check your version: Can a listener distinguish starting, stopping, resuming, continuing and just finishing something? Check the infinitive after dejar de and volver a, and the gerund after seguir. Use a different hobby and include a recent achievement, however small."],"title":"Just started, still doing, stopped","practice":"Describe the history of a hobby: when you started, whether you stopped, what you have just done, and whether you still practise it.","exercises":[{"id":"es-verb-phases-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"seguir haciendo","translation":"to keep doing"},{"word":"dejar de hacer","translation":"to stop doing"},{"word":"volver a hacer","translation":"to do again"},{"word":"empezar a hacer","translation":"to start doing"},{"word":"llevar haciendo","translation":"to have been doing"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: just started, still doing, stopped (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"seguir haciendo: to keep doing; dejar de hacer: to stop doing; volver a hacer: to do again; empezar a hacer: to start doing; llevar haciendo: to have been doing","vocabularyIds":["es-verb-phases-v1","es-verb-phases-v2","es-verb-phases-v3","es-verb-phases-v4","es-verb-phases-v5"]},{"id":"es-verb-phases-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"acabar de hacer","translation":"to have just done"},{"word":"retomar","translation":"to take up again"},{"word":"interrumpir","translation":"to interrupt"},{"word":"mantener","translation":"to maintain"},{"word":"progreso","translation":"progress"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: just started, still doing, stopped (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"acabar de hacer: to have just done; retomar: to take up again; interrumpir: to interrupt; mantener: to maintain; progreso: progress","vocabularyIds":["es-verb-phases-v6","es-verb-phases-v7","es-past-interruption-v6","es-verb-phases-v9","es-verb-phases-v10"]},{"id":"es-verb-phases-3","back":"to stop doing","type":"flashcard","front":"dejar de hacer","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to stop doing","stop doing"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"dejar de hacer means to stop doing.","vocabularyIds":["es-verb-phases-v2"]},{"id":"es-verb-phases-4","back":"to take up again","type":"flashcard","front":"retomar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to take up again","take up again"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"retomar means to take up again.","vocabularyIds":["es-verb-phases-v7"]},{"id":"es-verb-phases-5","type":"choice","answer":"Seguir trabajando","prompt":"Which phrase means to continue working?","options":["Acabar de trabajar","Seguir trabajando","Dejar de trabajar"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Seguir trabajando means continue working and takes a gerund. Dejar de trabajar means stop working; acabar de trabajar presents a very recent completed action.","vocabularyIds":["es-verb-phases-v1","es-verb-phases-v2","es-verb-phases-v3","es-verb-phases-v4","es-verb-phases-v5","es-verb-phases-v6","es-verb-phases-v7","es-past-interruption-v6","es-verb-phases-v9","es-verb-phases-v10"]},{"id":"es-verb-phases-6","hint":"The expression for stopping an activity is dejar followed by a preposition and an infinitive.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["de"],"sentence":"Dejé ___ fumar el año pasado.","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Dejé de fumar el año pasado uses dejar de + infinitive for stopping an activity. Empecé a fumar would mean starting, with a different preposition.","vocabularyIds":["es-verb-phases-v1","es-verb-phases-v2","es-verb-phases-v3","es-verb-phases-v4","es-verb-phases-v5","es-verb-phases-v6","es-verb-phases-v7","es-past-interruption-v6","es-verb-phases-v9","es-verb-phases-v10"]},{"id":"es-verb-phases-7","type":"arrange","words":["español","Sigo","aprendiendo"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I am still learning Spanish”","answers":["Sigo aprendiendo español"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Seguir + gerund describes continuation; dejar de + infinitive means stop doing; volver a + infinitive means do again.","vocabularyIds":["es-verb-phases-v1","es-verb-phases-v2","es-verb-phases-v3","es-verb-phases-v4","es-verb-phases-v5","es-verb-phases-v6","es-verb-phases-v7","es-past-interruption-v6","es-verb-phases-v9","es-verb-phases-v10"]},{"id":"es-verb-phases-8","hint":"Use volver a + infinitive for resuming an activity, within a present-perfect statement.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Explain that you have resumed studying. Write a reply meaning: “I have started studying again after several years”","answers":["He vuelto a estudiar después de varios años"],"reading":{"text":"—Hace tiempo que no hablamos de tus clases. ¿Estás estudiando ahora?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"He vuelto a estudiar describes starting again, rather than studying continuously without a break. Después de varios años gives the interval before returning to it.","vocabularyIds":["es-verb-phases-v1","es-verb-phases-v2","es-verb-phases-v3","es-verb-phases-v4","es-verb-phases-v5","es-verb-phases-v6","es-verb-phases-v7","es-past-interruption-v6","es-verb-phases-v9","es-verb-phases-v10"]},{"id":"es-verb-phases-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Sigo aprendiendo español”","answers":["I am still learning Spanish","I'm still learning Spanish","I am continuing to learn Spanish","I'm continuing to learn Spanish","I keep learning Spanish"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Seguir + gerund describes continuation; dejar de + infinitive means stop doing; volver a + infinitive means do again.","vocabularyIds":["es-verb-phases-v1","es-verb-phases-v2","es-verb-phases-v3","es-verb-phases-v4","es-verb-phases-v5","es-verb-phases-v6","es-verb-phases-v7","es-past-interruption-v6","es-verb-phases-v9","es-verb-phases-v10"]},{"id":"es-verb-phases-10","hint":"Listen for two different verb patterns: restarting an activity and continuing it.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"He vuelto a tocar la guitarra y sigo practicando","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["He vuelto a tocar la guitarra y sigo practicando"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: He vuelto a tocar la guitarra y sigo practicando. Meaning: I have started playing the guitar again and I am still practising.","vocabularyIds":["es-verb-phases-v1","es-verb-phases-v2","es-verb-phases-v3","es-verb-phases-v4","es-verb-phases-v5","es-verb-phases-v6","es-verb-phases-v7","es-past-interruption-v6","es-verb-phases-v9","es-verb-phases-v10"]},{"id":"es-verb-phases-conversation","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"—¿Sigues trabajando en el café? —No, dejé de trabajar allí en junio. Ahora estoy buscando otro empleo.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"The speaker stopped working at the café and is looking for another job.","prompt":"Listen to the conversation. Which summary matches the change?","options":["The speaker has not started looking for work.","The speaker stopped working at the café and is looking for another job.","The speaker still works at the café every day."],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Dejé de + infinitive marks stopping an activity. Estoy buscando describes the current search; sigues asks whether an activity continues.","vocabularyIds":[]},{"id":"es-verb-phases-recall","hint":"A negative tú command of salir is no salgas. The positive sal does not work after no.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “Do not go out without the keys.” Address one friend as tú and use salir.","answers":["No salgas sin las llaves","Tú no salgas sin las llaves","Sin las llaves no salgas"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"No salgas sin las llaves brings back the negative command form salgas. No sal and no sales do not form this tú command.","vocabularyIds":["es-irregular-present-v5","es-direct-objects-v6"]},{"id":"es-verb-phases-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Empecé a tocar la guitarra de adolescente, pero dejé de practicar cuando entré en la universidad. Hace seis meses volví a apuntarme a clases. Llevo desde entonces practicando tres días por semana y sigo disfrutando mucho. Acabo de aprender una canción completa. Todavía cometo errores, pero ahora tengo más paciencia y noto que avanzo poco a poco. El profesor nos anima a tocar juntos al final de cada mes. No es un examen: sirve para compartir lo que hemos aprendido y acostumbrarnos a escuchar a los demás.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"The narrator resumed guitar lessons","prompt":"Listen for meaning. What changed six months ago?","options":["The narrator entered university for the first time","The narrator resumed guitar lessons","The narrator stopped practising forever"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Hace seis meses volví a apuntarme a clases marks returning to guitar lessons. Entering university and stopping practice belonged to an earlier period.","vocabularyIds":["es-verb-phases-v1","es-verb-phases-v2","es-verb-phases-v3","es-verb-phases-v4","es-verb-phases-v5","es-verb-phases-v6","es-verb-phases-v7","es-past-interruption-v6","es-verb-phases-v9","es-verb-phases-v10"]}],"description":"Describe the history of a hobby: when you started, whether you stopped, what you have just done, and whether you still practise it."}],"cefrLevel":"B1","objective":"Distinguish por and para, use se constructions, and describe ongoing or completed phases.","description":"B1 · Distinguish por and para, use se constructions, and describe ongoing or completed phases."},{"id":"es-b1-travel-problems","title":"Travel beyond the routine","lessons":[{"id":"es-travel-disruption","notes":["Explain the original arrangement, what went wrong, and what you need now.","Use podría, quisiera, and ¿qué opciones tengo? to request alternatives. Ask for clarification and repeat important details.","Worked example: He perdido la conexión. ¿Qué alternativa tengo para llegar hoy? = I have missed the connection. What alternative do I have to arrive today? The problem is followed by a concrete goal, allowing the other person to offer a relevant option.","Small start: Role-play a delayed journey in three turns: describe the disruption, ask for an alternative, and confirm one detail of the offer. Start Mi tren… . Ask about a cost or arrival time before accepting the solution."],"title":"When the plan breaks down","practice":"Role-play a cancelled train: explain a connection you must make, ask for two alternatives, compare them, and confirm the new plan.","exercises":[{"id":"es-travel-disruption-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"cancelación","translation":"cancellation"},{"word":"conexión","translation":"connection"},{"word":"transbordo","translation":"transfer"},{"word":"reembolso","translation":"refund"},{"word":"retrasarse","translation":"to be delayed"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: when the plan breaks down (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"cancelación: cancellation; conexión: connection; transbordo: transfer; reembolso: refund; retrasarse: to be delayed","vocabularyIds":["es-travel-disruption-v1","es-travel-disruption-v2","es-travel-disruption-v3","es-travel-disruption-v4","es-travel-disruption-v5"]},{"id":"es-travel-disruption-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"perder el enlace","translation":"to miss the connection"},{"word":"mostrador","translation":"service desk"},{"word":"salida alternativa","translation":"alternative departure"},{"word":"suplemento","translation":"surcharge"},{"word":"trayecto","translation":"journey or route"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: when the plan breaks down (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"perder el enlace: to miss the connection; mostrador: service desk; salida alternativa: alternative departure; suplemento: surcharge; trayecto: journey or route","vocabularyIds":["es-travel-disruption-v6","es-travel-disruption-v7","es-travel-disruption-v8","es-travel-disruption-v9","es-travel-disruption-v10"]},{"id":"es-travel-disruption-3","back":"transfer","type":"flashcard","front":"transbordo","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["transfer"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"transbordo means transfer.","vocabularyIds":["es-travel-disruption-v3"]},{"id":"es-travel-disruption-4","back":"alternative departure","type":"flashcard","front":"salida alternativa","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["alternative departure"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"salida alternativa means alternative departure.","vocabularyIds":["es-travel-disruption-v8"]},{"id":"es-travel-disruption-5","type":"choice","answer":"¿Quiere decir que tengo que cambiar de tren?","prompt":"An agent offers a train with un transbordo. Check what that means before agreeing.","options":["¿Quiere decir que tengo que cambiar de tren?","¿Podría cambiarme la fecha del billete?","¿Puede confirmarme cuánto cuesta el billete?"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Quiere decir que checks the meaning of the proposed transbordo, a transfer between trains. Changing the ticket date is a different request; asking cuánto cuesta checks the price rather than whether a transfer is needed.","vocabularyIds":["es-travel-disruption-v1","es-travel-disruption-v2","es-travel-disruption-v3","es-travel-disruption-v4","es-travel-disruption-v5","es-travel-disruption-v6","es-travel-disruption-v7","es-travel-disruption-v8","es-travel-disruption-v9","es-travel-disruption-v10"]},{"id":"es-travel-disruption-6","hint":"The indirect question asks about your current options. Use tener for yo.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["tengo"],"sentence":"Quisiera saber qué opciones ___. (tener, yo)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Quisiera saber qué opciones tengo uses present tengo for the speaker's current options. The polite quisiera does not by itself force every following verb into the subjunctive.","vocabularyIds":["es-travel-disruption-v1","es-travel-disruption-v2","es-travel-disruption-v3","es-travel-disruption-v4","es-travel-disruption-v5","es-travel-disruption-v6","es-travel-disruption-v7","es-travel-disruption-v8","es-travel-disruption-v9","es-travel-disruption-v10"]},{"id":"es-travel-disruption-7","type":"arrange","words":["conexión","necesito","cancelado","se","Mi","otra","y","ha","tren"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “My train has been cancelled and I need another connection”","answers":["Mi tren se ha cancelado y necesito otra conexión"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Explain the original arrangement, what went wrong, and what you need now.","vocabularyIds":["es-travel-disruption-v1","es-travel-disruption-v2","es-travel-disruption-v3","es-travel-disruption-v4","es-travel-disruption-v5","es-travel-disruption-v6","es-travel-disruption-v7","es-travel-disruption-v8","es-travel-disruption-v9","es-travel-disruption-v10"]},{"id":"es-travel-disruption-8","hint":"Use a polite conditional question, then sin + infinitive for not paying an extra fee.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—Podemos buscarle otro tren. ¿Qué desea consultar antes de hacer el cambio?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Ask the ticket agent about a possible charge. Write a reply meaning: “Could I change the ticket without paying a surcharge?”","answers":["¿Podría cambiar el billete sin pagar un suplemento?"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Podría cambiar el billete asks whether the change is possible. Sin pagar un suplemento adds the cost condition; it does not assume that a free change has already been agreed.","vocabularyIds":["es-travel-disruption-v1","es-travel-disruption-v2","es-travel-disruption-v3","es-travel-disruption-v4","es-travel-disruption-v5","es-travel-disruption-v6","es-travel-disruption-v7","es-travel-disruption-v8","es-travel-disruption-v9","es-travel-disruption-v10"]},{"id":"es-travel-disruption-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Mi tren se ha cancelado y necesito otra conexión”","answers":["My train has been cancelled and I need another connection","My train has been canceled and I need another connection"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Explain the original arrangement, what went wrong, and what you need now.","vocabularyIds":["es-travel-disruption-v1","es-travel-disruption-v2","es-travel-disruption-v3","es-travel-disruption-v4","es-travel-disruption-v5","es-travel-disruption-v6","es-travel-disruption-v7","es-travel-disruption-v8","es-travel-disruption-v9","es-travel-disruption-v10"]},{"id":"es-travel-disruption-10","hint":"Listen for the problem and the request for an alternative in the same utterance.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Mi tren se ha cancelado; ¿hay otra conexión esta tarde?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Mi tren se ha cancelado; ¿hay otra conexión esta tarde?"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Mi tren se ha cancelado; ¿hay otra conexión esta tarde?. Meaning: My train has been cancelled; is there another connection this afternoon?.","vocabularyIds":["es-travel-disruption-v1","es-travel-disruption-v2","es-travel-disruption-v3","es-travel-disruption-v4","es-travel-disruption-v5","es-travel-disruption-v6","es-travel-disruption-v7","es-travel-disruption-v8","es-travel-disruption-v9","es-travel-disruption-v10"]},{"id":"es-travel-disruption-11","type":"choice","answer":"It arrives sooner at the same price but requires a transfer","prompt":"Read for meaning. Why does the traveller check the connection before accepting the earlier service?","options":["It arrives sooner at the same price but requires a transfer","It is direct and cheaper but arrives three hours later","It uses the original cancelled train and costs more"],"reading":{"text":"Mi tren a Barcelona se ha cancelado y tenía una conexión para Girona. En el mostrador me ofrecen dos opciones: un tren directo dentro de tres horas o uno que sale antes, pero con transbordo. El segundo llega cuarenta minutos antes y no cuesta más. Pregunto si el enlace está garantizado. La empleada confirma que sí y me imprime el nuevo billete. Le repito los horarios para asegurarme de haber entendido. La empleada me indica también dónde puedo consultar los cambios durante el trayecto. Aviso a la persona que me espera para que sepa mi nueva hora de llegada.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"El segundo llega cuarenta minutos antes y no cuesta más makes the earlier departure attractive. Pero con transbordo introduces the risk that prompts ¿el enlace está garantizado? The direct service is the other option, departing in three hours.","vocabularyIds":["es-travel-disruption-v1","es-travel-disruption-v2","es-travel-disruption-v3","es-travel-disruption-v4","es-travel-disruption-v5","es-travel-disruption-v6","es-travel-disruption-v7","es-travel-disruption-v8","es-travel-disruption-v9","es-travel-disruption-v10"]}],"description":"Role-play a cancelled train: explain a connection you must make, ask for two alternatives, compare them, and confirm the new plan."},{"id":"es-complaints","notes":["An effective complaint states the problem, the expectation, and the requested solution without personal accusations.","Use según la reserva, sin embargo, and agradecería. Contrasting esperaba... with encontré... makes the issue clear.","Worked example: Según la reserva, la habitación tiene balcón, pero esta no lo tiene. Agradecería un cambio. = According to the booking, the room has a balcony, but this one does not. I would appreciate a change. The complaint names evidence, a mismatch, and a requested remedy.","Small start: Choose one fictional booking problem. State what was promised, what you found, and the help you want. Begin Según… pero… . Keep the request specific and polite before expanding it into a longer complaint."],"title":"Explain a problem politely","practice":"Write a 120-word complaint about accommodation. Give dates, two specific problems, their effect, and a reasonable requested solution.","exercises":[{"id":"es-complaints-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"queja","translation":"complaint"},{"word":"reclamación","translation":"formal complaint"},{"word":"decepción","translation":"disappointment"},{"word":"solución","translation":"solution"},{"word":"compensación","translation":"compensation"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: explain a problem politely (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"queja: complaint; reclamación: formal complaint; decepción: disappointment; solución: solution; compensación: compensation","vocabularyIds":["es-complaints-v1","es-complaints-v2","es-complaints-v3","es-complaints-v4","es-complaints-v5"]},{"id":"es-complaints-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"según la reserva","translation":"according to the booking"},{"word":"no corresponde","translation":"does not match"},{"word":"agradecería","translation":"I would appreciate"},{"word":"resolver","translation":"to resolve"},{"word":"condiciones","translation":"conditions"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: explain a problem politely (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"según la reserva: according to the booking; no corresponde: does not match; agradecería: I would appreciate; resolver: to resolve; condiciones: conditions","vocabularyIds":["es-complaints-v6","es-complaints-v7","es-complaints-v8","es-complaints-v9","es-complaints-v10"]},{"id":"es-complaints-3","back":"solution","type":"flashcard","front":"solución","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["solution"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"solución means solution.","vocabularyIds":["es-complaints-v4"]},{"id":"es-complaints-4","back":"to resolve","type":"flashcard","front":"resolver","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to resolve","resolve"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"resolver means to resolve.","vocabularyIds":["es-complaints-v9"]},{"id":"es-complaints-5","type":"choice","answer":"La calefacción no funciona; quisiera cambiar de habitación","prompt":"Your room has no working heating. Which complaint states the problem and asks for a specific solution?","options":["La calefacción no funciona desde anoche y hace frío","Reservé una habitación con calefacción para dos noches","La calefacción no funciona; quisiera cambiar de habitación"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The first clause names the heating problem; quisiera cambiar de habitación requests a concrete remedy. The other statements give a problem or booking details without specifying what the hotel should do.","vocabularyIds":["es-complaints-v1","es-complaints-v2","es-complaints-v3","es-complaints-v4","es-complaints-v5","es-complaints-v6","es-complaints-v7","es-complaints-v8","es-complaints-v9","es-complaints-v10"]},{"id":"es-complaints-6","hint":"The participle describes the state of masculine singular desayuno after estar.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["incluido"],"sentence":"Según la reserva, el desayuno estaba ___. (included)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"El desayuno estaba incluido en el precio uses incluido to agree with desayuno. With estar it acts as an agreeing description; after haber, a participle would stay unchanged.","vocabularyIds":["es-complaints-v1","es-complaints-v2","es-complaints-v3","es-complaints-v4","es-complaints-v5","es-complaints-v6","es-complaints-v7","es-complaints-v8","es-complaints-v9","es-complaints-v10"]},{"id":"es-complaints-7","type":"arrange","words":["reserva","a","no","La","la","corresponde","habitación"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “The room does not match the booking”","answers":["La habitación no corresponde a la reserva"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"An effective complaint states the problem, the expectation, and the requested solution without personal accusations.","vocabularyIds":["es-complaints-v1","es-complaints-v2","es-complaints-v3","es-complaints-v4","es-complaints-v5","es-complaints-v6","es-complaints-v7","es-complaints-v8","es-complaints-v9","es-complaints-v10"]},{"id":"es-complaints-8","hint":"Use the conditional of agradecer and the phrase meaning as soon as possible.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Make a courteous request for prompt help. Write a reply meaning: “I would appreciate a solution as soon as possible”","answers":["Agradecería una solución lo antes posible"],"reading":{"text":"—Lamentamos el problema con la habitación. ¿Qué espera de nosotros?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Agradecería makes the request courteous. Lo antes posible gives the desired urgency without inventing a deadline or claiming the problem has already been solved.","vocabularyIds":["es-complaints-v1","es-complaints-v2","es-complaints-v3","es-complaints-v4","es-complaints-v5","es-complaints-v6","es-complaints-v7","es-complaints-v8","es-complaints-v9","es-complaints-v10"]},{"id":"es-complaints-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “La habitación no corresponde a la reserva”","answers":["The room does not match the booking","The room doesn't match the booking","The room does not match the reservation","The room doesn't match the reservation"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"An effective complaint states the problem, the expectation, and the requested solution without personal accusations.","vocabularyIds":["es-complaints-v1","es-complaints-v2","es-complaints-v3","es-complaints-v4","es-complaints-v5","es-complaints-v6","es-complaints-v7","es-complaints-v8","es-complaints-v9","es-complaints-v10"]},{"id":"es-complaints-10","hint":"Listen for a specific problem followed by a polite request for a solution.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"La ventana no cierra y quisiera cambiar de habitación","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["La ventana no cierra y quisiera cambiar de habitación"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: La ventana no cierra y quisiera cambiar de habitación. Meaning: The window does not close and I would like to change rooms.","vocabularyIds":["es-complaints-v1","es-complaints-v2","es-complaints-v3","es-complaints-v4","es-complaints-v5","es-complaints-v6","es-complaints-v7","es-complaints-v8","es-complaints-v9","es-complaints-v10"]},{"id":"es-complaints-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Reservé una habitación tranquila con calefacción para dos noches. Sin embargo, la ventana no cierra y hay mucho ruido de la calle. Anoche avisé en recepción, pero nadie vino a revisarla. Como tengo que trabajar temprano, necesito descansar. He pedido que reparen la ventana o que me cambien de habitación. La recepcionista me ha ofrecido otra en un piso superior y ha confirmado que no habrá ningún coste adicional. Antes de trasladar mis cosas, he pedido ver la nueva habitación. La ventana cierra bien y la cama está lejos de la calle, así que acepto la propuesta.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Another room at no extra cost","prompt":"Listen for meaning. What solution has reception offered?","options":["A refund for meals only","A later working day","Another room at no extra cost"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Me ha ofrecido otra en un piso superior and no habrá ningún coste adicional together identify a different room at no extra cost. No meal refund or work-schedule change is offered.","vocabularyIds":["es-complaints-v1","es-complaints-v2","es-complaints-v3","es-complaints-v4","es-complaints-v5","es-complaints-v6","es-complaints-v7","es-complaints-v8","es-complaints-v9","es-complaints-v10"]}],"description":"Write a 120-word complaint about accommodation. Give dates, two specific problems, their effect, and a reasonable requested solution."},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions","notes":["Suggest an option with ¿qué te parece si...? or podríamos.... Accept partly with me parece bien, pero... and offer a concrete alternative.","Confirm who will do what and when. A successful agreement is specific enough to act on.","Worked example: Yo me encargo de llamar; tú podrías comprobar los horarios. = I will take care of calling; you could check the times. Encargarse de assigns a responsibility, while podrías offers a possible division of work rather than announcing the other person's agreement.","Small start: Solve an imaginary planning problem with two possible solutions. Suggest one with ¿Qué te parece si…? Accept or modify it in the other role. Finish by saying explicitly who will do each task.","Short practice model: —Prefiero el tren, pero no puedo gastar más de treinta euros. —Yo quiero comer fuera, pero necesito volver antes de las ocho. ¿Vamos en autobús y volvemos en tren? Cuesta veintiocho euros y llegamos a las siete. —De acuerdo. Llevamos comida para ahorrar. —Vale. Yo compro los billetes hoy y tú buscas el horario de ida. Esta tarde confirmamos todo.","Meaning of the model: I prefer the train, but cannot spend over thirty euros. I want to eat out, but need to return before eight. Shall we go by bus and return by train? It costs twenty-eight euros and we arrive at seven. Agreed. We bring food to save money. All right. I will buy the tickets today and you will find the outward timetable. We confirm everything this afternoon.","Check your version: Make both budget and time limits visible. Does the agreement satisfy them, and can you identify two compromises? State who does what and when. Change one limit with your partner and negotiate again; check the total and return time before agreeing."],"title":"Find an arrangement that works","practice":"Negotiate a new travel plan with a partner. Each person has a different budget and schedule. Reach a clear agreement with two compromises.","exercises":[{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"acuerdo","translation":"agreement"},{"word":"compromiso","translation":"commitment or compromise"},{"word":"proponer","translation":"to propose"},{"word":"aceptar","translation":"to accept"},{"word":"rechazar","translation":"to reject"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: find an arrangement that works (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"acuerdo: agreement; compromiso: commitment or compromise; proponer: to propose; aceptar: to accept; rechazar: to reject","vocabularyIds":["es-negotiating-solutions-v1","es-negotiating-solutions-v2","es-negotiating-solutions-v3","es-negotiating-solutions-v4","es-negotiating-solutions-v5"]},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"negociar","translation":"to negotiate"},{"word":"ceder","translation":"to give way"},{"word":"repartir","translation":"to divide up"},{"word":"encargarse de","translation":"to take responsibility for"},{"word":"quedar en","translation":"to agree to"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: find an arrangement that works (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"negociar: to negotiate; ceder: to give way; repartir: to divide up; encargarse de: to take responsibility for; quedar en: to agree to","vocabularyIds":["es-negotiating-solutions-v6","es-negotiating-solutions-v7","es-negotiating-solutions-v8","es-negotiating-solutions-v9","es-negotiating-solutions-v10"]},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-3","back":"to reject","type":"flashcard","front":"rechazar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to reject","reject"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"rechazar means to reject.","vocabularyIds":["es-negotiating-solutions-v5"]},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-4","back":"to agree to","type":"flashcard","front":"quedar en","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to agree to","agree to"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"quedar en means to agree to.","vocabularyIds":["es-negotiating-solutions-v10"]},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-5","type":"choice","answer":"Me parece bien, pero necesito volver antes de las ocho","prompt":"Choose a reply that accepts a proposed outing while adding a condition about your return time.","options":["No puedo aceptar porque necesito volver antes de las ocho","Me parece bien, pero necesito volver antes de las ocho","Me parece bien; puedo volver sin prisa"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Me parece bien accepts the proposal, and pero adds the return-time condition. Puedo volver sin prisa accepts without that limit; no puedo aceptar rejects the proposal rather than accepting it conditionally.","vocabularyIds":["es-negotiating-solutions-v1","es-negotiating-solutions-v2","es-negotiating-solutions-v3","es-negotiating-solutions-v4","es-negotiating-solutions-v5","es-negotiating-solutions-v6","es-negotiating-solutions-v7","es-negotiating-solutions-v8","es-negotiating-solutions-v9","es-negotiating-solutions-v10"]},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-6","hint":"Encargarse takes a fixed preposition before the task.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["de"],"sentence":"Yo me encargo ___ reservar el hotel.","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Yo me encargo de reservar el hotel uses encargarse de + noun or infinitive. Me encargo identifies the person taking responsibility; de connects that responsibility to reservar.","vocabularyIds":["es-negotiating-solutions-v1","es-negotiating-solutions-v2","es-negotiating-solutions-v3","es-negotiating-solutions-v4","es-negotiating-solutions-v5","es-negotiating-solutions-v6","es-negotiating-solutions-v7","es-negotiating-solutions-v8","es-negotiating-solutions-v9","es-negotiating-solutions-v10"]},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-7","type":"arrange","words":["los","Podríamos","gastos","compartir"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “We could share the costs”","answers":["Podríamos compartir los gastos"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Suggest an option with ¿qué te parece si...? or podríamos.... Accept partly with me parece bien, pero... and offer a concrete alternative.","vocabularyIds":["es-negotiating-solutions-v1","es-negotiating-solutions-v2","es-negotiating-solutions-v3","es-negotiating-solutions-v4","es-negotiating-solutions-v5","es-negotiating-solutions-v6","es-negotiating-solutions-v7","es-negotiating-solutions-v8","es-negotiating-solutions-v9","es-negotiating-solutions-v10"]},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-8","hint":"Ask for the friend's view with qué te parece si, then use a present-tense proposal.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—Si salimos a las ocho, encontraremos mucho tráfico.","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Propose an alternative to the other traveller; tú or usted is welcome. Write a reply meaning: “What do you think about leaving earlier?”","answers":["¿Qué te parece si salimos más temprano?","¿Qué te parece si salimos antes?","¿Qué le parece si salimos más temprano?"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Qué te parece si invites the other person's opinion; qué le parece si addresses usted. Salimos más temprano or salimos antes proposes leaving earlier to address the traffic concern.","vocabularyIds":["es-negotiating-solutions-v1","es-negotiating-solutions-v2","es-negotiating-solutions-v3","es-negotiating-solutions-v4","es-negotiating-solutions-v5","es-negotiating-solutions-v6","es-negotiating-solutions-v7","es-negotiating-solutions-v8","es-negotiating-solutions-v9","es-negotiating-solutions-v10"]},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Podríamos compartir los gastos”","answers":["We could share the costs","We could split the costs","We could share the expenses"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Suggest an option with ¿qué te parece si...? or podríamos.... Accept partly with me parece bien, pero... and offer a concrete alternative.","vocabularyIds":["es-negotiating-solutions-v1","es-negotiating-solutions-v2","es-negotiating-solutions-v3","es-negotiating-solutions-v4","es-negotiating-solutions-v5","es-negotiating-solutions-v6","es-negotiating-solutions-v7","es-negotiating-solutions-v8","es-negotiating-solutions-v9","es-negotiating-solutions-v10"]},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-10","hint":"Listen for two people and the future action assigned to each.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Yo reservaré el apartamento y tú comprarás los billetes","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Yo reservaré el apartamento y tú comprarás los billetes"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Yo reservaré el apartamento y tú comprarás los billetes. Meaning: I will book the apartment and you will buy the tickets.","vocabularyIds":["es-negotiating-solutions-v1","es-negotiating-solutions-v2","es-negotiating-solutions-v3","es-negotiating-solutions-v4","es-negotiating-solutions-v5","es-negotiating-solutions-v6","es-negotiating-solutions-v7","es-negotiating-solutions-v8","es-negotiating-solutions-v9","es-negotiating-solutions-v10"]},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-conversation","type":"choice","answer":"¿Hay alguna opción para llegar esta noche, aunque tenga que cambiar de estación?","prompt":"Which request explains the constraint and asks for an alternative?","options":["¿Cuándo terminó la reunión de ayer?","¿Hay alguna opción para llegar esta noche, aunque tenga que cambiar de estación?","El autobús de mañana me permite llegar esta noche."],"reading":{"text":"—El último tren se ha cancelado. Podemos ofrecerle un autobús mañana. —Necesito llegar esta noche por una reunión.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"A useful negotiation states what must happen: arrival tonight. The proposed bus tomorrow does not meet that requirement, so the traveller asks for another option.","vocabularyIds":["es-transport-v1","es-superlatives-v7"]},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-recall","hint":"Use passive se. The verb agrees with plural bicicletas, so reparar becomes reparan.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “Bicycles are repaired in this shop.” Use passive se and reparar.","answers":["Se reparan bicicletas en esta tienda","En esta tienda se reparan bicicletas"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Se reparan bicicletas en esta tienda uses passive se with a plural subject. Se repara would fit a singular object, such as una bicicleta, rather than bicicletas.","vocabularyIds":["es-a1-errands-v1"]},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-11","type":"choice","answer":"Choose an apartment, share costs, cook one evening, and discuss any new expense first","prompt":"Read for meaning. How does the agreement address the friends’ different budgets?","options":["Choose an apartment, split booking tasks, and let either friend add costs without checking","Choose an apartment, share costs, cook one evening, and discuss any new expense first","Choose a hotel, let one friend pay all costs, and discuss the budget after the trip"],"reading":{"text":"Queríamos pasar el fin de semana fuera, pero no teníamos el mismo presupuesto. A mí me parecía mejor un hotel; mi amiga prefería un alojamiento más barato. Al final encontramos un apartamento cerca de la estación. Acordamos compartir los gastos y cocinar una noche en casa. Yo me encargaré de la reserva y ella comprará los billetes. Así podremos hacer el viaje sin gastar más de lo previsto. Hemos dejado por escrito cuánto puede gastar cada una. Si aparece algún coste nuevo, lo hablaremos antes de pagar para evitar malentendidos durante el viaje.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Sharing an apartment and cooking one evening help control spending. Compartir los gastos and the written limits address both budgets. Si aparece algún coste nuevo, lo hablaremos antes de pagar requires agreement before a new expense; dividing booking tasks does not replace that rule.","vocabularyIds":["es-negotiating-solutions-v1","es-negotiating-solutions-v2","es-negotiating-solutions-v3","es-negotiating-solutions-v4","es-negotiating-solutions-v5","es-negotiating-solutions-v6","es-negotiating-solutions-v7","es-negotiating-solutions-v8","es-negotiating-solutions-v9","es-negotiating-solutions-v10"]}],"description":"Negotiate a new travel plan with a partner. Each person has a different budget and schedule. Reach a clear agreement with two compromises."}],"cefrLevel":"B1","objective":"Handle a disruption, make a complaint, and negotiate a practical solution.","description":"B1 · Handle a disruption, make a complaint, and negotiate a practical solution."},{"id":"es-b1-relationships","title":"Relationships and feelings","lessons":[{"id":"es-relationships","notes":["Llevarse bien/mal describes a relationship; quedarse and quedar have different meanings: quedarse en casa, quedar con amigos.","For a concern about another person's action use me preocupa que + subjunctive. Follow feelings with a reason or example.","Worked example: Aunque vivimos lejos, seguimos en contacto. Me alegra que podamos vernos pronto. = Although we live far apart, we keep in touch. I am glad we can see each other soon. Aunque connects the difficulty with the continuing relationship; podamos follows the emotional reaction.","Small start: Write a short message to an imaginary old friend. Mention a shared memory, how you keep in touch, and a possible next meeting. Start Hace tiempo que… . Add one question that makes it easy for the friend to reply."],"title":"Keep in touch","practice":"Describe an important friendship, how you met, how it has changed, and how you keep in touch. Speak for two minutes.","exercises":[{"id":"es-relationships-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"amistad","translation":"friendship"},{"word":"confianza","translation":"trust"},{"word":"llevarse bien","translation":"to get along"},{"word":"apoyarse","translation":"to support one another"},{"word":"echar de menos","translation":"to miss someone"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: keep in touch (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"amistad: friendship; confianza: trust; llevarse bien: to get along; apoyarse: to support one another; echar de menos: to miss someone","vocabularyIds":["es-relationships-v1","es-relationships-v2","es-relationships-v3","es-relationships-v4","es-relationships-v5"]},{"id":"es-relationships-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"mantener el contacto","translation":"to keep in touch"},{"word":"distancia","translation":"distance"},{"word":"relación","translation":"relationship"},{"word":"comprensión","translation":"understanding"},{"word":"sincero","translation":"sincere"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: keep in touch (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"mantener el contacto: to keep in touch; distancia: distance; relación: relationship; comprensión: understanding; sincero: sincere","vocabularyIds":["es-relationships-v6","es-relationships-v7","es-relationships-v8","es-relationships-v9","es-relationships-v10"]},{"id":"es-relationships-3","back":"friendship","type":"flashcard","front":"amistad","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["friendship"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"amistad means friendship.","vocabularyIds":["es-relationships-v1"]},{"id":"es-relationships-4","back":"to keep in touch","type":"flashcard","front":"mantener el contacto","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to keep in touch","keep in touch"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"mantener el contacto means to keep in touch.","vocabularyIds":["es-relationships-v6"]},{"id":"es-relationships-5","type":"choice","answer":"Quedar con amigos","prompt":"Which phrase means to arrange to meet friends?","options":["Quedar con amigos","Quedarse sin amigos","Quedarse en casa"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Quedar con amigos means arrange to meet friends. Quedarse en casa means stay at home; quedarse sin amigos means be left without friends.","vocabularyIds":["es-relationships-v1","es-relationships-v2","es-relationships-v3","es-relationships-v4","es-relationships-v5","es-relationships-v6","es-relationships-v7","es-relationships-v8","es-relationships-v9","es-relationships-v10"]},{"id":"es-relationships-6","hint":"Me preocupa que introduces a concern. Use the nosotros subjunctive of tener.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["tengamos"],"sentence":"Me preocupa que no ___ tiempo para vernos. (tener, nosotros)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Me preocupa que no tengamos tiempo para vernos uses tengamos for we in a subjunctive clause. Tenemos is indicative, and tengan would refer to a different subject.","vocabularyIds":["es-relationships-v1","es-relationships-v2","es-relationships-v3","es-relationships-v4","es-relationships-v5","es-relationships-v6","es-relationships-v7","es-relationships-v8","es-relationships-v9","es-relationships-v10"]},{"id":"es-relationships-7","type":"arrange","words":["mis","bien","Me","compañeros","con","llevo"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I get along with my colleagues”","answers":["Me llevo bien con mis compañeros"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Llevarse bien/mal describes a relationship; quedarse and quedar have different meanings: quedarse en casa, quedar con amigos.","vocabularyIds":["es-relationships-v1","es-relationships-v2","es-relationships-v3","es-relationships-v4","es-relationships-v5","es-relationships-v6","es-relationships-v7","es-relationships-v8","es-relationships-v9","es-relationships-v10"]},{"id":"es-relationships-8","hint":"Use echar de menos, with personal a before the people you miss.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Explain whom you miss. Write a reply meaning: “I miss my friends from university”","answers":["Echo de menos a mis amigos de la universidad","Extraño a mis amigos de la universidad"],"reading":{"text":"—Ahora vives lejos de la universidad. ¿Qué echas de menos?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Echo de menos means I miss, and a mis amigos identifies the people. De la universidad specifies which friends; it does not mean you have lost contact with them entirely.","vocabularyIds":["es-relationships-v1","es-relationships-v2","es-relationships-v3","es-relationships-v4","es-relationships-v5","es-relationships-v6","es-relationships-v7","es-relationships-v8","es-relationships-v9","es-relationships-v10"]},{"id":"es-relationships-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Me llevo bien con mis compañeros”","answers":["I get along with my colleagues","I get on well with my colleagues","I get along with my coworkers"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Llevarse bien/mal describes a relationship; quedarse and quedar have different meanings: quedarse en casa, quedar con amigos.","vocabularyIds":["es-relationships-v1","es-relationships-v2","es-relationships-v3","es-relationships-v4","es-relationships-v5","es-relationships-v6","es-relationships-v7","es-relationships-v8","es-relationships-v9","es-relationships-v10"]},{"id":"es-relationships-10","hint":"Listen for the contrast and how often the contact happens.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Aunque vivimos lejos, seguimos en contacto cada semana","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Aunque vivimos lejos, seguimos en contacto cada semana"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Aunque vivimos lejos, seguimos en contacto cada semana. Meaning: Although we live far apart, we stay in touch every week.","vocabularyIds":["es-relationships-v1","es-relationships-v2","es-relationships-v3","es-relationships-v4","es-relationships-v5","es-relationships-v6","es-relationships-v7","es-relationships-v8","es-relationships-v9","es-relationships-v10"]},{"id":"es-relationships-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Conocí a mi mejor amiga cuando estudiábamos en la universidad. Al principio solo hablábamos de las clases, pero poco a poco empezamos a pasar más tiempo juntas. Ahora vivimos en ciudades distintas y nos vemos menos. Aun así, mantenemos el contacto por mensajes y nos llamamos cada domingo. Me preocupa que el trabajo nos quite tiempo, por eso intentamos reservar una fecha para visitarnos cada pocos meses. Cuando por fin nos encontramos, no siempre hacemos algo especial. A veces basta con cocinar juntas y hablar sin prisas de lo que nos ha pasado.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Regular messages, calls, and planned visits","prompt":"Listen for meaning. How do the friends maintain their relationship?","options":["Regular messages, calls, and planned visits","They still attend the same classes every day","They avoid discussing their schedules"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Mensajes, llamadas cada domingo, and a planned visit cada pocos meses maintain the friendship. They now live in different cities rather than still attending the same classes.","vocabularyIds":["es-relationships-v1","es-relationships-v2","es-relationships-v3","es-relationships-v4","es-relationships-v5","es-relationships-v6","es-relationships-v7","es-relationships-v8","es-relationships-v9","es-relationships-v10"]}],"description":"Describe an important friendship, how you met, how it has changed, and how you keep in touch. Speak for two minutes."},{"id":"es-disagreements","notes":["Use entiendo tu punto de vista, pero... to acknowledge an opinion before disagreeing.","No estoy de acuerdo con + noun/person and no creo que + subjunctive express disagreement. Ask for examples before assuming what someone means.","Worked example: Entiendo que quieres salir pronto, pero no creo que esa ruta sea la mejor. = I understand that you want to leave early, but I do not think that route is the best. Acknowledge the other person's aim before stating a different view and its reason.","Small start: Choose a low-stakes disagreement about a trip or activity. Start Entiendo tu idea, pero… . Explain one concern, suggest an alternative, and ask ¿Qué te parece? Keep the person's view separate from a judgement about the person."],"title":"Disagree without losing the conversation","practice":"Discuss a shared-flat problem. Acknowledge the other person's view, explain your concern, ask a clarifying question, and propose a solution.","exercises":[{"id":"es-disagreements-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"estar de acuerdo","translation":"to agree"},{"word":"desacuerdo","translation":"disagreement"},{"word":"punto de vista","translation":"point of view"},{"word":"interrumpir","translation":"to interrupt"},{"word":"aclarar","translation":"to clarify"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: disagree without losing the conversation (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"estar de acuerdo: to agree; desacuerdo: disagreement; punto de vista: point of view; interrumpir: to interrupt; aclarar: to clarify","vocabularyIds":["es-disagreements-v1","es-disagreements-v2","es-disagreements-v3","es-past-interruption-v6","es-disagreements-v5"]},{"id":"es-disagreements-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"malentendido","translation":"misunderstanding"},{"word":"respetuoso","translation":"respectful"},{"word":"discutir","translation":"to argue or discuss"},{"word":"escuchar con atención","translation":"to listen carefully"},{"word":"turno de palabra","translation":"turn to speak"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: disagree without losing the conversation (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"malentendido: misunderstanding; respetuoso: respectful; discutir: to argue or discuss; escuchar con atención: to listen carefully; turno de palabra: turn to speak","vocabularyIds":["es-disagreements-v6","es-disagreements-v7","es-disagreements-v8","es-disagreements-v9","es-disagreements-v10"]},{"id":"es-disagreements-3","back":"disagreement","type":"flashcard","front":"desacuerdo","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["disagreement"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"desacuerdo means disagreement.","vocabularyIds":["es-disagreements-v2"]},{"id":"es-disagreements-4","back":"respectful","type":"flashcard","front":"respetuoso","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["respectful"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"respetuoso means respectful.","vocabularyIds":["es-disagreements-v7"]},{"id":"es-disagreements-5","type":"choice","answer":"¿Podrías explicar qué quieres decir con eso?","prompt":"You have not understood a proposal yet. Which respectful reply asks the other person to clarify its meaning?","options":["No estoy de acuerdo con esa idea","Gracias, ahora entiendo tu propuesta","¿Podrías explicar qué quieres decir con eso?"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Explicar qué quieres decir asks for clarification before deciding. No estoy de acuerdo expresses disagreement without asking for an explanation; ahora entiendo states that the meaning is already clear.","vocabularyIds":["es-disagreements-v1","es-disagreements-v2","es-disagreements-v3","es-past-interruption-v6","es-disagreements-v5","es-disagreements-v6","es-disagreements-v7","es-disagreements-v8","es-disagreements-v9","es-disagreements-v10"]},{"id":"es-disagreements-6","hint":"The expression is estar de acuerdo followed by the thing you agree or disagree with.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["con"],"sentence":"No estoy de acuerdo ___ esa propuesta.","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"No estoy de acuerdo con esa propuesta uses con before the proposal. De is already part of de acuerdo; it does not replace con here.","vocabularyIds":["es-disagreements-v1","es-disagreements-v2","es-disagreements-v3","es-past-interruption-v6","es-disagreements-v5","es-disagreements-v6","es-disagreements-v7","es-disagreements-v8","es-disagreements-v9","es-disagreements-v10"]},{"id":"es-disagreements-7","type":"arrange","words":["de","no","vista","punto","Entiendo","acuerdo","estoy","pero","de","tu"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I understand your point of view, but I do not agree”","answers":["Entiendo tu punto de vista, pero no estoy de acuerdo"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Use entiendo tu punto de vista, pero... to acknowledge an opinion before disagreeing.","vocabularyIds":["es-disagreements-v1","es-disagreements-v2","es-disagreements-v3","es-past-interruption-v6","es-disagreements-v5","es-disagreements-v6","es-disagreements-v7","es-disagreements-v8","es-disagreements-v9","es-disagreements-v10"]},{"id":"es-disagreements-8","hint":"Negate creo and use the subjunctive of ser in the following clause.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—Mi propuesta es cambiarlo todo sin consultar al equipo.","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Express disagreement about the proposed solution. Write a reply meaning: “I do not think that is the best solution”","answers":["No creo que esa sea la mejor solución"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"No creo que esa sea questions the proposed solution. Sea is the subjunctive after the negated belief; creo que esa es would instead present a positive belief.","vocabularyIds":["es-disagreements-v1","es-disagreements-v2","es-disagreements-v3","es-past-interruption-v6","es-disagreements-v5","es-disagreements-v6","es-disagreements-v7","es-disagreements-v8","es-disagreements-v9","es-disagreements-v10"]},{"id":"es-disagreements-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Entiendo tu punto de vista, pero no estoy de acuerdo”","answers":["I understand your point of view, but I do not agree","I understand your point of view, but I don't agree","I understand your point of view but I disagree"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Use entiendo tu punto de vista, pero... to acknowledge an opinion before disagreeing.","vocabularyIds":["es-disagreements-v1","es-disagreements-v2","es-disagreements-v3","es-past-interruption-v6","es-disagreements-v5","es-disagreements-v6","es-disagreements-v7","es-disagreements-v8","es-disagreements-v9","es-disagreements-v10"]},{"id":"es-disagreements-10","hint":"Listen for the acknowledgement before the speaker explains a condition.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Entiendo tu propuesta, pero necesito que terminemos antes","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Entiendo tu propuesta, pero necesito que terminemos antes"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Entiendo tu propuesta, pero necesito que terminemos antes. Meaning: I understand your proposal, but I need us to finish earlier.","vocabularyIds":["es-disagreements-v1","es-disagreements-v2","es-disagreements-v3","es-past-interruption-v6","es-disagreements-v5","es-disagreements-v6","es-disagreements-v7","es-disagreements-v8","es-disagreements-v9","es-disagreements-v10"]},{"id":"es-disagreements-11","type":"choice","answer":"They thought the speaker opposed all visits","prompt":"Read for meaning. What misunderstanding needed to be clarified?","options":["They thought nobody worked on Saturdays","They thought the flat had been sold","They thought the speaker opposed all visits"],"reading":{"text":"Mis compañeros de piso quieren invitar gente todos los viernes. Entiendo que quieran ver a sus amigos, pero yo trabajo los sábados por la mañana. Les expliqué que el ruido me impide descansar. Al principio pensaron que no quería visitas nunca. Después de aclararlo, acordamos terminar las reuniones a las once y avisarnos con tiempo. El problema no era la amistad, sino la falta de un horario común. Una semana después revisamos el acuerdo. Todos habíamos podido descansar mejor y mis compañeros seguían teniendo tiempo para ver a sus amigos.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Al principio pensaron que no quería visitas nunca identifies the misunderstanding. The speaker wanted a workable time limit because of Saturday work, not a ban on every visit.","vocabularyIds":["es-disagreements-v1","es-disagreements-v2","es-disagreements-v3","es-past-interruption-v6","es-disagreements-v5","es-disagreements-v6","es-disagreements-v7","es-disagreements-v8","es-disagreements-v9","es-disagreements-v10"]}],"description":"Discuss a shared-flat problem. Acknowledge the other person's view, explain your concern, ask a clarifying question, and propose a solution."},{"id":"es-customs","notes":["Describe customs with suele + infinitive and se + verb, while allowing for individual variation.","For an ongoing description use indicative; for a reaction use subjunctive: aquí se cena tarde; me sorprende que cenen tan tarde.","Worked example: En mi familia solemos cenar temprano; aquí se cena más tarde. = In my family we usually have dinner early; here people eat later. Solemos describes a group's habit. Se cena gives a general practice without naming everyone individually.","Small start: Compare two invented families or places using one routine, such as a mealtime. Begin En una familia…; En la otra… . Describe what differs without assuming everyone in a country behaves the same way.","Short practice model: En mi antiguo barrio solíamos cenar a las siete. Aquí algunas familias cenan más tarde, aunque no todas siguen el mismo horario. Me sorprende que algunas tiendas cierren a mediodía. Al principio me costaba organizar las compras; ahora pregunto el horario antes de ir. En las comidas familiares también se suele conversar mucho. He aprendido a explicar mis costumbres y a preguntar por las de cada persona.","Meaning of the model: In my old neighbourhood we usually ate at seven. Here some families eat later, though not all follow the same schedule. I am surprised some shops close at midday. At first organising shopping was difficult; now I ask the hours before going. People also tend to talk a lot at family meals. I have learned to explain my customs and ask about each person's.","Check your version: Describe two customs, a reaction and an adaptation. Use words such as algunas or se suele when describing a tendency, and leave room for individual differences. Check the subjunctive after me sorprende que. Write about invented neighbourhoods if you prefer."],"title":"Different ways of doing things","practice":"Describe two customs you have encountered, your initial reaction, and how you adapted. Avoid presenting all people in a country as the same.","exercises":[{"id":"es-customs-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"costumbre","translation":"custom"},{"word":"tradición","translation":"tradition"},{"word":"celebración","translation":"celebration"},{"word":"adaptarse","translation":"to adapt"},{"word":"saludar","translation":"to greet"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: different ways of doing things (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"costumbre: custom; tradición: tradition; celebración: celebration; adaptarse: to adapt; saludar: to greet","vocabularyIds":["es-customs-v1","es-customs-v2","es-customs-v3","es-customs-v4","es-customs-v5"]},{"id":"es-customs-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"dar la mano","translation":"to shake hands"},{"word":"puntualidad","translation":"punctuality"},{"word":"invitado","translation":"guest"},{"word":"anfitrión","translation":"host"},{"word":"diferencia","translation":"difference"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: different ways of doing things (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"dar la mano: to shake hands; puntualidad: punctuality; invitado: guest; anfitrión: host; diferencia: difference","vocabularyIds":["es-customs-v6","es-customs-v7","es-customs-v8","es-customs-v9","es-customs-v10"]},{"id":"es-customs-3","back":"celebration","type":"flashcard","front":"celebración","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["celebration"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"celebración means celebration.","vocabularyIds":["es-customs-v3"]},{"id":"es-customs-4","back":"guest","type":"flashcard","front":"invitado","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["guest"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"invitado means guest.","vocabularyIds":["es-customs-v8"]},{"id":"es-customs-5","type":"choice","answer":"En mi barrio se suele cenar tarde","prompt":"Describe a local tendency without claiming that every resident always follows the same timetable.","options":["Ayer cenamos a las nueve en mi barrio","En mi barrio se suele cenar tarde","Todos los vecinos cenan siempre a las nueve"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Se suele cenar describes what is usual and allows exceptions. Todos ... siempre makes a universal claim; ayer cenamos describes one completed occasion, not a general tendency.","vocabularyIds":["es-customs-v1","es-customs-v2","es-customs-v3","es-customs-v4","es-customs-v5","es-customs-v6","es-customs-v7","es-customs-v8","es-customs-v9","es-customs-v10"]},{"id":"es-customs-6","hint":"The subject is me. Use the reflexive infinitive of adaptar after costó.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["adaptarme"],"sentence":"Al principio me costó ___ a los horarios. (adapt)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Me costó adaptarme a los horarios uses adaptarme: adaptar + me. The infinitive follows costó, and me keeps the adaptation connected to the speaker.","vocabularyIds":["es-customs-v1","es-customs-v2","es-customs-v3","es-customs-v4","es-customs-v5","es-customs-v6","es-customs-v7","es-customs-v8","es-customs-v9","es-customs-v10"]},{"id":"es-customs-7","type":"arrange","words":["más","suele","Aquí","tarde","cenar","se"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “People usually have dinner later here”","answers":["Aquí se suele cenar más tarde","Se suele cenar más tarde aquí"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Describe customs with suele + infinitive and se + verb, while allowing for individual variation.","vocabularyIds":["es-customs-v1","es-customs-v2","es-customs-v3","es-customs-v4","es-customs-v5","es-customs-v6","es-customs-v7","es-customs-v8","es-customs-v9","es-customs-v10"]},{"id":"es-customs-8","hint":"Use me sorprende que plus a plural subjunctive form agreeing with tiendas.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. React to what someone tells you about this neighbourhood. Write a reply meaning: “I am surprised that the shops close so early”","answers":["Me sorprende que las tiendas cierren tan pronto"],"reading":{"text":"—En este barrio casi todas las tiendas cierran a las seis.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Me sorprende que expresses surprise, followed by cierren for the plural shops. The comment reacts to this neighbourhood's hours rather than claiming that every shop in a country follows one custom.","vocabularyIds":["es-customs-v1","es-customs-v2","es-customs-v3","es-customs-v4","es-customs-v5","es-customs-v6","es-customs-v7","es-customs-v8","es-customs-v9","es-customs-v10"]},{"id":"es-customs-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Aquí se suele cenar más tarde”","answers":["People usually have dinner later here","People usually eat dinner later here","Dinner is usually eaten later here"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Describe customs with suele + infinitive and se + verb, while allowing for individual variation.","vocabularyIds":["es-customs-v1","es-customs-v2","es-customs-v3","es-customs-v4","es-customs-v5","es-customs-v6","es-customs-v7","es-customs-v8","es-customs-v9","es-customs-v10"]},{"id":"es-customs-10","hint":"Listen for the expression of difficulty and the reflexive infinitive.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Me cuesta acostumbrarme a cenar tan tarde","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Me cuesta acostumbrarme a cenar tan tarde"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Me cuesta acostumbrarme a cenar tan tarde. Meaning: I find it difficult to get used to having dinner so late.","vocabularyIds":["es-customs-v1","es-customs-v2","es-customs-v3","es-customs-v4","es-customs-v5","es-customs-v6","es-customs-v7","es-customs-v8","es-customs-v9","es-customs-v10"]},{"id":"es-customs-conversation","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"—Aquí cenamos a las nueve. —En mi familia solemos cenar antes. Al principio me costaba adaptarme.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"¿Te resulta más fácil acostumbrarte ahora?","prompt":"Listen to the conversation. Which question explores the difference without treating one custom as wrong?","options":["¿Por qué nunca has cenado con tu familia?","¿Te resulta más fácil acostumbrarte ahora?","¿Por qué cenáis todos a una hora incorrecta?"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The first question asks about adapting without judging either custom. The passage describes a difference, not a rule that everyone must follow.","vocabularyIds":["es-family-v9"]},{"id":"es-customs-recall","hint":"Begin ¿Qué te parece si…? and put the proposal in the present salimos.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “What do you think about leaving a little earlier?” Speak to one friend with ¿Qué te parece si…?","answers":["¿Qué te parece si salimos un poco antes?","¿Qué te parece si salimos un poco más temprano?"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"¿Qué te parece si salimos un poco antes? makes a proposal with si + present. Si means if here and does not take the accent of sí, yes.","vocabularyIds":["es-irregular-present-v5"]},{"id":"es-customs-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Cuando me mudé, me sorprendieron los horarios: algunas tiendas cerraban a mediodía. Mis compañeros me explicaron que dependía del negocio y del barrio. También descubrí que las comidas familiares podían durar bastante, algo que ahora disfruto mucho. He aprendido a preguntar antes de dar por hecho cómo se hacen las cosas. Incluso dentro de la misma ciudad hay hábitos muy distintos, así que prefiero hablar de mi experiencia. Cuando invito a alguien a casa, explico el horario y pregunto si tiene alguna preferencia. Esa conversación sencilla suele evitar muchas confusiones.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"To ask rather than assume customs are universal","prompt":"Listen for meaning. What lesson has the narrator learned?","options":["To avoid all family meals","To ask rather than assume customs are universal","That every shop follows one timetable"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"He aprendido a preguntar antes de dar por hecho cómo se hacen las cosas gives the lesson. Even within one city, the narrator has found different habits.","vocabularyIds":["es-customs-v1","es-customs-v2","es-customs-v3","es-customs-v4","es-customs-v5","es-customs-v6","es-customs-v7","es-customs-v8","es-customs-v9","es-customs-v10"]}],"description":"Describe two customs you have encountered, your initial reaction, and how you adapted. Avoid presenting all people in a country as the same."}],"cefrLevel":"B1","objective":"Express feelings, manage disagreements, and discuss social customs respectfully.","description":"B1 · Express feelings, manage disagreements, and discuss social customs respectfully."},{"id":"es-b1-work-life","title":"Work, study, and future goals","lessons":[{"id":"es-interviews","notes":["Present your experience with concrete examples: trabajé..., me encargaba de..., aprendí a....","Use me gustaría for an ambition and porque/por eso to explain how your experience fits a role. Separate past duties from completed achievements.","Worked example: En mi puesto anterior atendía a los clientes. El año pasado organicé un evento para treinta personas. = In my previous role I helped customers. Last year I organised an event for thirty people. The routine duty uses the imperfect; the specific achievement uses the preterite.","Small start: Invent a job application. Give one routine responsibility and one concrete example of something completed. Begin Me encargaba de… . Add what you learned, then ask one question about the new role."],"title":"Talk about your experience","practice":"Prepare a two-minute interview answer about your background, responsibilities, one achievement, and why you want a new role.","exercises":[{"id":"es-interviews-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"currículum","translation":"CV"},{"word":"entrevista","translation":"interview"},{"word":"puesto","translation":"position"},{"word":"experiencia laboral","translation":"work experience"},{"word":"habilidad","translation":"skill"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: talk about your experience (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"currículum: CV; entrevista: interview; puesto: position; experiencia laboral: work experience; habilidad: skill","vocabularyIds":["es-interviews-v1","es-interviews-v2","es-interviews-v3","es-interviews-v4","es-interviews-v5"]},{"id":"es-interviews-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"responsabilidad","translation":"responsibility"},{"word":"formación","translation":"training"},{"word":"contratar","translation":"to hire"},{"word":"candidato","translation":"candidate"},{"word":"disponibilidad horaria","translation":"schedule availability"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: talk about your experience (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"responsabilidad: responsibility; formación: training; contratar: to hire; candidato: candidate; disponibilidad horaria: schedule availability","vocabularyIds":["es-interviews-v6","es-interviews-v7","es-interviews-v8","es-interviews-v9","es-interviews-v10"]},{"id":"es-interviews-3","back":"work experience","type":"flashcard","front":"experiencia laboral","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["work experience"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"experiencia laboral means work experience.","vocabularyIds":["es-interviews-v4"]},{"id":"es-interviews-4","back":"candidate","type":"flashcard","front":"candidato","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["candidate"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"candidato means candidate.","vocabularyIds":["es-interviews-v9"]},{"id":"es-interviews-5","type":"choice","answer":"Organicé las reservas de un hotel durante dos años","prompt":"An interviewer asks you to support your organisational skills with past work experience. Which reply provides evidence?","options":["Organicé las reservas de un hotel durante dos años","Me considero una persona muy organizada","Me gustaría aprender a gestionar reservas"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Organicé las reservas ... durante dos años gives a concrete responsibility and duration. Me considero is a self-assessment without an example; me gustaría aprender gives a future wish rather than evidence of past experience.","vocabularyIds":["es-interviews-v1","es-interviews-v2","es-interviews-v3","es-interviews-v4","es-interviews-v5","es-interviews-v6","es-interviews-v7","es-interviews-v8","es-interviews-v9","es-interviews-v10"]},{"id":"es-interviews-6","hint":"The three years are a completed period, not a situation continuing now.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["durante"],"sentence":"Trabajé en esa empresa ___ tres años. (for a completed period)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Trabajé en esa empresa durante tres años describes a completed period. Desde hace tres años with a present verb would instead describe work still continuing.","vocabularyIds":["es-interviews-v1","es-interviews-v2","es-interviews-v3","es-interviews-v4","es-interviews-v5","es-interviews-v6","es-interviews-v7","es-interviews-v8","es-interviews-v9","es-interviews-v10"]},{"id":"es-interviews-7","type":"arrange","words":["clientes","a","de","Me","los","atender","encargaba"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I was responsible for helping customers”","answers":["Me encargaba de atender a los clientes"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Present your experience with concrete examples: trabajé..., me encargaba de..., aprendí a....","vocabularyIds":["es-interviews-v1","es-interviews-v2","es-interviews-v3","es-interviews-v4","es-interviews-v5","es-interviews-v6","es-interviews-v7","es-interviews-v8","es-interviews-v9","es-interviews-v10"]},{"id":"es-interviews-8","hint":"Use me gustaría + infinitive for the preference, then describe the kind of team.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿En qué tipo de equipo le gustaría trabajar?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Answer a question in an imagined job interview. Write a reply meaning: “I would like to work in an international team”","answers":["Me gustaría trabajar en un equipo internacional"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Me gustaría trabajar answers the interviewer's question from your viewpoint. En un equipo internacional describes the preferred working environment rather than claiming you already have that job.","vocabularyIds":["es-interviews-v1","es-interviews-v2","es-interviews-v3","es-interviews-v4","es-interviews-v5","es-interviews-v6","es-interviews-v7","es-interviews-v8","es-interviews-v9","es-interviews-v10"]},{"id":"es-interviews-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Me encargaba de atender a los clientes”","answers":["I was responsible for helping customers","I was in charge of helping customers","I was responsible for assisting clients"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Present your experience with concrete examples: trabajé..., me encargaba de..., aprendí a....","vocabularyIds":["es-interviews-v1","es-interviews-v2","es-interviews-v3","es-interviews-v4","es-interviews-v5","es-interviews-v6","es-interviews-v7","es-interviews-v8","es-interviews-v9","es-interviews-v10"]},{"id":"es-interviews-10","hint":"Listen for the completed period and the concrete responsibility.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Durante dos años me encargué de las reservas del hotel","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Durante dos años me encargué de las reservas del hotel"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Durante dos años me encargué de las reservas del hotel. Meaning: For two years I was responsible for the hotel's bookings.","vocabularyIds":["es-interviews-v1","es-interviews-v2","es-interviews-v3","es-interviews-v4","es-interviews-v5","es-interviews-v6","es-interviews-v7","es-interviews-v8","es-interviews-v9","es-interviews-v10"]},{"id":"es-interviews-11","type":"choice","answer":"To continue using languages","prompt":"Read for meaning. Why does the candidate want to work in a travel agency?","options":["To continue using languages","To stop dealing with customers entirely","Because the hotel closed yesterday"],"reading":{"text":"En la entrevista me preguntaron por mi experiencia. Expliqué que había trabajado dos años en un hotel, donde me encargaba de las reservas y de atender a los clientes. Una vez resolví un problema con una reserva de grupo y aprendí a mantener la calma. Ahora me gustaría trabajar en una agencia de viajes porque quiero seguir usando idiomas. También aclaré que puedo empezar el mes que viene. La entrevistadora me pidió un ejemplo de una situación difícil. Conté lo que hice, cómo respondió el cliente y qué cambiaría si me ocurriera otra vez.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Me gustaría trabajar en una agencia de viajes porque quiero seguir usando idiomas states the motivation. The passage does not say the hotel closed or that the candidate wants to avoid all customers.","vocabularyIds":["es-interviews-v1","es-interviews-v2","es-interviews-v3","es-interviews-v4","es-interviews-v5","es-interviews-v6","es-interviews-v7","es-interviews-v8","es-interviews-v9","es-interviews-v10"]}],"description":"Prepare a two-minute interview answer about your background, responsibilities, one achievement, and why you want a new role."},{"id":"es-meetings","notes":["Structure a contribution with a proposal, a reason, and an action: propongo..., porque..., podríamos....","Use es importante que + subjunctive for a needed action. Close by confirming responsibilities and deadlines.","Worked example: Propongo que revisemos el plan. Ana enviará el resumen antes del jueves. = I suggest we review the plan. Ana will send the summary before Thursday. Revisemos is a proposal; the second sentence records an assigned task with an owner and a deadline.","Small start: Hold a miniature meeting about an outing. Make one proposal, ask for a response, and record one agreed task. Finish with a two-line summary naming the person responsible and the deadline; leave undecided details clearly open."],"title":"Contribute to a discussion","practice":"Simulate a team meeting about an event. Offer a proposal, respond to a concern, and record three agreed actions with owners and dates.","exercises":[{"id":"es-meetings-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"orden del día","translation":"agenda"},{"word":"acta","translation":"minutes of a meeting"},{"word":"fecha límite","translation":"deadline"},{"word":"reparto de tareas","translation":"allocation of tasks"},{"word":"responsable","translation":"person in charge"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: contribute to a discussion (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"orden del día: agenda; acta: minutes of a meeting; fecha límite: deadline; reparto de tareas: allocation of tasks; responsable: person in charge","vocabularyIds":["es-meetings-v1","es-meetings-v2","es-meetings-v3","es-meetings-v4","es-meetings-v5"]},{"id":"es-meetings-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"proyecto","translation":"project"},{"word":"objetivo común","translation":"shared goal"},{"word":"proponer una idea","translation":"to suggest an idea"},{"word":"llegar a un acuerdo","translation":"to reach an agreement"},{"word":"cumplir un plazo","translation":"to meet a deadline"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: contribute to a discussion (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"proyecto: project; objetivo común: shared goal; proponer una idea: to suggest an idea; llegar a un acuerdo: to reach an agreement; cumplir un plazo: to meet a deadline","vocabularyIds":["es-meetings-v6","es-meetings-v7","es-meetings-v8","es-meetings-v9","es-meetings-v10"]},{"id":"es-meetings-3","back":"person in charge","type":"flashcard","front":"responsable","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["person in charge","person responsible"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"responsable means person in charge.","vocabularyIds":["es-meetings-v5"]},{"id":"es-meetings-4","back":"to meet a deadline","type":"flashcard","front":"cumplir un plazo","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to meet a deadline","meet a deadline"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"cumplir un plazo means to meet a deadline.","vocabularyIds":["es-meetings-v10"]},{"id":"es-meetings-5","type":"choice","answer":"Yo enviaré las invitaciones el martes","prompt":"The team needs a confirmed owner and a day for sending invitations. Which sentence commits to both?","options":["Alguien tendría que enviar las invitaciones","Podríamos enviar las invitaciones el martes","Yo enviaré las invitaciones el martes"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Yo identifies the owner and el martes supplies the day. Enviaré commits to the action. Alguien leaves the owner unspecified; podríamos makes a suggestion rather than confirming who will do it.","vocabularyIds":["es-meetings-v1","es-meetings-v2","es-meetings-v3","es-meetings-v4","es-meetings-v5","es-meetings-v6","es-meetings-v7","es-meetings-v8","es-meetings-v9","es-meetings-v10"]},{"id":"es-meetings-6","hint":"Todos is a plural subject. Use the present subjunctive after es necesario que.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["participen"],"sentence":"Es necesario que todos ___ en la reunión. (participar)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Es necesario que todos participen uses participen for the required action. -En is the plural subjunctive ending for an -ar verb here; participan would be indicative.","vocabularyIds":["es-meetings-v1","es-meetings-v2","es-meetings-v3","es-meetings-v4","es-meetings-v5","es-meetings-v6","es-meetings-v7","es-meetings-v8","es-meetings-v9","es-meetings-v10"]},{"id":"es-meetings-7","type":"arrange","words":["viernes","antes","que","Es","del","terminemos","importante"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “It is important that we finish before Friday”","answers":["Es importante que terminemos antes del viernes"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Structure a contribution with a proposal, a reason, and an action: propongo..., porque..., podríamos....","vocabularyIds":["es-meetings-v1","es-meetings-v2","es-meetings-v3","es-meetings-v4","es-meetings-v5","es-meetings-v6","es-meetings-v7","es-meetings-v8","es-meetings-v9","es-meetings-v10"]},{"id":"es-meetings-8","hint":"Use propongo que followed by a nosotros subjunctive for the proposed action.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Propose a shared next step to the team. Write a reply meaning: “I suggest that we divide up the tasks”","answers":["Propongo que repartamos las tareas"],"reading":{"text":"—Quedan muchas cosas por hacer y nadie sabe de qué encargarse.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Propongo que repartamos includes you in the proposed division of tasks. Repartamos is subjunctive after the proposal; repartimos would present the division as a statement instead.","vocabularyIds":["es-meetings-v1","es-meetings-v2","es-meetings-v3","es-meetings-v4","es-meetings-v5","es-meetings-v6","es-meetings-v7","es-meetings-v8","es-meetings-v9","es-meetings-v10"]},{"id":"es-meetings-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Es importante que terminemos antes del viernes”","answers":["It is important that we finish before Friday","it's important that we finish before Friday","It is important for us to finish before Friday","it's important for us to finish before Friday"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Structure a contribution with a proposal, a reason, and an action: propongo..., porque..., podríamos....","vocabularyIds":["es-meetings-v1","es-meetings-v2","es-meetings-v3","es-meetings-v4","es-meetings-v5","es-meetings-v6","es-meetings-v7","es-meetings-v8","es-meetings-v9","es-meetings-v10"]},{"id":"es-meetings-10","hint":"Listen for the proposal and a nosotros subjunctive ending.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Propongo que revisemos las tareas antes del viernes","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Propongo que revisemos las tareas antes del viernes"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Propongo que revisemos las tareas antes del viernes. Meaning: I suggest that we review the tasks before Friday.","vocabularyIds":["es-meetings-v1","es-meetings-v2","es-meetings-v3","es-meetings-v4","es-meetings-v5","es-meetings-v6","es-meetings-v7","es-meetings-v8","es-meetings-v9","es-meetings-v10"]},{"id":"es-meetings-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"En la reunión acordamos organizar una jornada para presentar el proyecto. Marta reservará la sala y yo enviaré las invitaciones antes del martes. Luis preparará el material, pero pidió ayuda porque tiene otra entrega esa semana. Propuse revisar las diapositivas con Ana para ayudarlo. Al terminar, escribimos un resumen de las decisiones para que nadie olvidara su tarea y fijamos otra reunión para comprobar el progreso. Si alguien encuentra una dificultad, debe avisar antes del plazo. Preferimos adaptar el plan con tiempo en lugar de descubrir un retraso el día del evento.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"To record decisions and responsibilities","prompt":"Listen for meaning. Why did the team write a summary?","options":["To cancel all the tasks","To replace the project with another one","To record decisions and responsibilities"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Escribimos un resumen de las decisiones para que nadie olvidara su tarea explains why the team records decisions and responsibilities. They keep the project and schedule a follow-up.","vocabularyIds":["es-meetings-v1","es-meetings-v2","es-meetings-v3","es-meetings-v4","es-meetings-v5","es-meetings-v6","es-meetings-v7","es-meetings-v8","es-meetings-v9","es-meetings-v10"]}],"description":"Simulate a team meeting about an event. Offer a proposal, respond to a concern, and record three agreed actions with owners and dates."},{"id":"es-goals-learning","notes":["To explain a goal, connect your current situation, motivation, steps, and possible obstacles.","Use para + infinitive for your purpose, si + present for realistic conditions, and aunque + indicative for an acknowledged obstacle.","Worked example: Quiero mejorar mi español para atender a los visitantes. Si consigo una beca, haré un curso. = I want to improve my Spanish to help visitors. If I get a scholarship, I will take a course. The goal is clear, while the course remains conditional on funding.","Small start: Choose an invented learning goal. Give a reason, one small action you can take, and a plan that depends on a condition. Start Quiero… para… . Distinguish the action available now from a possibility that is not confirmed.","Short practice model: Quiero estudiar enfermería para trabajar en un centro de salud y ayudar a otras personas. Ahora trabajo en una tienda y ahorro para la matrícula. Esta semana consultaré los requisitos y prepararé la solicitud de una beca. Aunque es difícil combinar trabajo y estudios, quiero intentarlo. Si consigo la beca, reduciré mi jornada. Si no, haré menos asignaturas el primer año. Para mí, lo importante es avanzar con un plan posible.","Meaning of the model: I want to study nursing to work in a health centre and help others. Now I work in a shop and save for tuition. This week I will check the requirements and prepare a scholarship application. Although combining work and study is difficult, I want to try. If I get the scholarship, I will reduce my working hours. Otherwise I will take fewer subjects in the first year. What matters to me is making progress with a workable plan.","Check your version: Include your goal, why it matters, current steps, an obstacle and a fallback. Use para for a purpose and si + present for a realistic condition. Expand the draft to 120–150 words with your own reasons and details. A fictional study or career goal works just as well."],"title":"Explain an ambition","practice":"Write 120–150 words about a study or career goal. Explain why it matters, your next steps, a likely difficulty, and an alternative plan.","exercises":[{"id":"es-goals-learning-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"meta","translation":"goal"},{"word":"ambición","translation":"ambition"},{"word":"beca","translation":"scholarship"},{"word":"matrícula","translation":"enrolment"},{"word":"solicitar","translation":"to apply for"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: explain an ambition (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"meta: goal; ambición: ambition; beca: scholarship; matrícula: enrolment; solicitar: to apply for","vocabularyIds":["es-goals-learning-v1","es-goals-learning-v2","es-goals-learning-v3","es-goals-learning-v4","es-goals-learning-v5"]},{"id":"es-goals-learning-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"requisito de acceso","translation":"entry requirement"},{"word":"dedicación","translation":"dedication"},{"word":"superar","translation":"to overcome"},{"word":"rendirse","translation":"to give up"},{"word":"a largo plazo","translation":"in the long term"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: explain an ambition (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"requisito de acceso: entry requirement; dedicación: dedication; superar: to overcome; rendirse: to give up; a largo plazo: in the long term","vocabularyIds":["es-goals-learning-v6","es-goals-learning-v7","es-goals-learning-v8","es-goals-learning-v9","es-goals-learning-v10"]},{"id":"es-goals-learning-3","back":"goal","type":"flashcard","front":"meta","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["goal"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"meta means goal.","vocabularyIds":["es-goals-learning-v1"]},{"id":"es-goals-learning-4","back":"entry requirement","type":"flashcard","front":"requisito de acceso","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["entry requirement"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"requisito de acceso means entry requirement.","vocabularyIds":["es-goals-learning-v6"]},{"id":"es-goals-learning-5","type":"choice","answer":"Estudio para conseguir un trabajo mejor","prompt":"You mean I study in order to get a better job. Which sentence expresses that intended outcome?","options":["Estudio porque conseguí un trabajo mejor","Estudio para conseguir un trabajo mejor","Estudio desde que conseguí un trabajo mejor"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Para conseguir gives the intended goal, getting a better job. Desde que conseguí says the job was already obtained and marks when studying began; porque conseguí makes that earlier success the cause of studying.","vocabularyIds":["es-goals-learning-v1","es-goals-learning-v2","es-goals-learning-v3","es-goals-learning-v4","es-goals-learning-v5","es-goals-learning-v6","es-goals-learning-v7","es-goals-learning-v8","es-goals-learning-v9","es-goals-learning-v10"]},{"id":"es-goals-learning-6","hint":"The cue asks you to state the difficulty as a fact with the indicative.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["es"],"sentence":"Aunque ___ difícil, voy a intentarlo. (ser, acknowledged fact)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Aunque es difícil, voy a intentarlo presents the difficulty as an asserted fact in this exercise. Aunque sea difícil is another grammatical framing, but it is not the indicative form requested by the cue.","vocabularyIds":["es-goals-learning-v1","es-goals-learning-v2","es-goals-learning-v3","es-goals-learning-v4","es-goals-learning-v5","es-goals-learning-v6","es-goals-learning-v7","es-goals-learning-v8","es-goals-learning-v9","es-goals-learning-v10"]},{"id":"es-goals-learning-7","type":"arrange","words":["mis","para","un","Quiero","oportunidades","mejorar","curso","hacer"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I want to take a course to improve my opportunities”","answers":["Quiero hacer un curso para mejorar mis oportunidades"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"To explain a goal, connect your current situation, motivation, steps, and possible obstacles.","vocabularyIds":["es-goals-learning-v1","es-goals-learning-v2","es-goals-learning-v3","es-goals-learning-v4","es-goals-learning-v5","es-goals-learning-v6","es-goals-learning-v7","es-goals-learning-v8","es-goals-learning-v9","es-goals-learning-v10"]},{"id":"es-goals-learning-8","hint":"Use present indicative after si and future for the result. Conseguir has a stem change in consigo.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿De qué depende tu plan de estudiar fuera del país?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Explain the condition for studying abroad. Write a reply meaning: “If I get the scholarship, I will study abroad”","answers":["Si consigo la beca, estudiaré en el extranjero"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Si consigo la beca gives a realistic condition, and estudiaré en el extranjero gives its future result. The plan is conditional; the reply does not claim the scholarship is already awarded.","vocabularyIds":["es-goals-learning-v1","es-goals-learning-v2","es-goals-learning-v3","es-goals-learning-v4","es-goals-learning-v5","es-goals-learning-v6","es-goals-learning-v7","es-goals-learning-v8","es-goals-learning-v9","es-goals-learning-v10"]},{"id":"es-goals-learning-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Quiero hacer un curso para mejorar mis oportunidades”","answers":["I want to take a course to improve my opportunities","I want to do a course to improve my opportunities","I want to take a course to improve my prospects"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"To explain a goal, connect your current situation, motivation, steps, and possible obstacles.","vocabularyIds":["es-goals-learning-v1","es-goals-learning-v2","es-goals-learning-v3","es-goals-learning-v4","es-goals-learning-v5","es-goals-learning-v6","es-goals-learning-v7","es-goals-learning-v8","es-goals-learning-v9","es-goals-learning-v10"]},{"id":"es-goals-learning-10","hint":"Listen for the condition and the irregular future stem in its result.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Si consigo la beca, podré reducir mi jornada","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Si consigo la beca, podré reducir mi jornada"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Si consigo la beca, podré reducir mi jornada. Meaning: If I get the scholarship, I will be able to reduce my working hours.","vocabularyIds":["es-goals-learning-v1","es-goals-learning-v2","es-goals-learning-v3","es-goals-learning-v4","es-goals-learning-v5","es-goals-learning-v6","es-goals-learning-v7","es-goals-learning-v8","es-goals-learning-v9","es-goals-learning-v10"]},{"id":"es-goals-learning-conversation","type":"choice","answer":"Propongo que preguntemos si se puede entregar el certificado después.","prompt":"Which proposal helps the person act before the deadline?","options":["El certificado ya está entregado, así que no hay problema.","Propongo que preguntemos si se puede entregar el certificado después.","Esperemos hasta el lunes sin consultar nada."],"reading":{"text":"—Quiero solicitar la beca, pero todavía no tengo el certificado. —La solicitud termina el viernes.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The proposal addresses missing information before the deadline. Propongo que preguntemos uses the subjunctive for the proposed action.","vocabularyIds":["es-goals-learning-v3"]},{"id":"es-goals-learning-recall","hint":"Use llevar + duration + gerund for an activity that continues now. Estudiar becomes estudiando.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “I have been studying Spanish for two years.” Use llevar + duration + gerund; the study is still continuing.","answers":["Llevo dos años estudiando español","Yo llevo dos años estudiando español","Llevo estudiando español dos años","Llevo 2 años estudiando español","Yo llevo 2 años estudiando español","Llevo estudiando español 2 años"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Llevo dos años estudiando español measures an ongoing activity. Llevo is conjugated, while estudiando is a gerund; llevo dos años estudiar would not form this pattern.","vocabularyIds":["es-family-v10","es-regular-present-v2","es-identity-v3"]},{"id":"es-goals-learning-11","type":"choice","answer":"With the scholarship, reduce working hours; without it, take fewer first-year subjects","prompt":"Read for meaning. How does the study plan depend on the scholarship result?","options":["With or without the scholarship, leave the shop before starting a full course load","With the scholarship, reduce working hours; without it, take fewer first-year subjects","With the scholarship, take fewer subjects; without it, stop working entirely"],"reading":{"text":"Mi objetivo es estudiar enfermería el próximo año. Ahora trabajo en una tienda y ahorro para pagar la matrícula. Aunque será difícil combinar trabajo y estudios, creo que merece la pena. Voy a solicitar una beca y, si la consigo, podré reducir mi jornada. Si no, haré menos asignaturas el primer curso. A largo plazo, me gustaría trabajar en un centro de salud de mi barrio. Esta semana voy a consultar los requisitos de acceso y hablar con una estudiante del centro. Su experiencia me ayudará a preparar un plan más realista.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Si la consigo, podré reducir mi jornada links less paid work to receiving the scholarship. Si no, haré menos asignaturas el primer curso gives the fallback: a lighter course load. Neither branch says the learner must abandon the goal or give up all income.","vocabularyIds":["es-goals-learning-v1","es-goals-learning-v2","es-goals-learning-v3","es-goals-learning-v4","es-goals-learning-v5","es-goals-learning-v6","es-goals-learning-v7","es-goals-learning-v8","es-goals-learning-v9","es-goals-learning-v10"]}],"description":"Write 120–150 words about a study or career goal. Explain why it matters, your next steps, a likely difficulty, and an alternative plan."}],"cefrLevel":"B1","objective":"Explain experience, take part in a meeting, and discuss choices about learning and work.","description":"B1 · Explain experience, take part in a meeting, and discuss choices about learning and work."},{"id":"es-b1-media-environment","title":"News, technology, and the world around us","lessons":[{"id":"es-news-summary","notes":["When summarising a news item, identify who did what, where, when, and why it matters. Keep the main point separate from supporting details.","Use según el artículo to attribute a claim and no se sabe todavía to mark uncertainty.","Worked example: Según la radio, el centro abrirá en otoño. Todavía no se sabe el precio de las entradas. = According to the radio, the centre will open in autumn. The ticket price is not yet known. Name the source and retain the distinction between the announced plan and the unresolved detail.","Check what a source actually confirms. Según el artículo marks the source; todavía no se sabe marks an unresolved detail. Do not turn a proposal, prediction, or opinion into an established fact when summarising.","Small start: Invent a three-line notice: one announced plan, one reason, and one unknown detail. Summarise it beginning Según… . Keep words such as quizá or todavía no so a possibility does not become a certainty in your version."],"title":"What is the main point?","practice":"Read a short news item and summarise it in four sentences. Include the main event, one cause, one consequence, and what is still unknown.","exercises":[{"id":"es-news-summary-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"titular","translation":"headline"},{"word":"artículo","translation":"article"},{"word":"fuente","translation":"source"},{"word":"hecho","translation":"fact"},{"word":"opinión","translation":"opinion"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what is the main point? (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"titular: headline; artículo: article; fuente: source; hecho: fact; opinión: opinion","vocabularyIds":["es-news-summary-v1","es-news-summary-v2","es-news-summary-v3","es-news-summary-v4","es-news-summary-v5"]},{"id":"es-news-summary-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"dato","translation":"data point"},{"word":"informar","translation":"to inform"},{"word":"publicar","translation":"to publish"},{"word":"confirmar","translation":"to confirm"},{"word":"resumir","translation":"to summarise"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: what is the main point? (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"dato: data point; informar: to inform; publicar: to publish; confirmar: to confirm; resumir: to summarise","vocabularyIds":["es-news-summary-v6","es-news-summary-v7","es-news-summary-v8","es-future-arrangements-v7","es-news-summary-v10"]},{"id":"es-news-summary-3","back":"article","type":"flashcard","front":"artículo","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["article"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"artículo means article.","vocabularyIds":["es-news-summary-v2"]},{"id":"es-news-summary-4","back":"to inform","type":"flashcard","front":"informar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to inform","inform"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"informar means to inform.","vocabularyIds":["es-news-summary-v7"]},{"id":"es-news-summary-5","type":"choice","answer":"Según el informe, aumentó el uso del autobús","prompt":"Report a finding about increased bus use and explicitly attribute it to the report, rather than to your opinion or wish.","options":["Según el informe, aumentó el uso del autobús","En mi opinión, ha aumentado el uso del autobús","Ojalá aumente el uso del autobús"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Según el informe identifies the report as the source. En mi opinión labels a personal view; ojalá expresses a wish for increased use rather than reporting a finding that it increased.","vocabularyIds":["es-news-summary-v1","es-news-summary-v2","es-news-summary-v3","es-news-summary-v4","es-news-summary-v5","es-news-summary-v6","es-news-summary-v7","es-news-summary-v8","es-future-arrangements-v7","es-news-summary-v10"]},{"id":"es-news-summary-6","hint":"Periódico is a masculine singular noun. Supply its definite article.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["el"],"sentence":"Según ___ periódico, la obra terminará en mayo. (the)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Según el periódico attributes the information to the newspaper. Según is followed by the source; el agrees with periódico, rather than introducing a personal opinion.","vocabularyIds":["es-news-summary-v1","es-news-summary-v2","es-news-summary-v3","es-news-summary-v4","es-news-summary-v5","es-news-summary-v6","es-news-summary-v7","es-news-summary-v8","es-future-arrangements-v7","es-news-summary-v10"]},{"id":"es-news-summary-7","type":"arrange","words":["en","biblioteca","artículo","Según","enero","abrirá","la","el"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “According to the article, the library will open in January”","answers":["Según el artículo, la biblioteca abrirá en enero","La biblioteca abrirá en enero según el artículo"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"When summarising a news item, identify who did what, where, when, and why it matters. Keep the main point separate from supporting details.","vocabularyIds":["es-news-summary-v1","es-news-summary-v2","es-news-summary-v3","es-news-summary-v4","es-news-summary-v5","es-news-summary-v6","es-news-summary-v7","es-news-summary-v8","es-future-arrangements-v7","es-news-summary-v10"]},{"id":"es-news-summary-8","hint":"Use todavía no with impersonal se sabe, then an indirect question with a future verb.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. State clearly that the cost remains unknown. Write a reply meaning: “It is not yet known how much it will cost”","answers":["Todavía no se sabe cuánto costará"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Se ha publicado ya el coste definitivo del proyecto?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Todavía no se sabe marks unresolved information. Cuánto costará is an indirect question, so cuánto keeps its accent and costará refers to the future cost.","vocabularyIds":["es-news-summary-v1","es-news-summary-v2","es-news-summary-v3","es-news-summary-v4","es-news-summary-v5","es-news-summary-v6","es-news-summary-v7","es-news-summary-v8","es-future-arrangements-v7","es-news-summary-v10"]},{"id":"es-news-summary-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Según el artículo, la biblioteca abrirá en enero”","answers":["According to the article, the library will open in January"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"When summarising a news item, identify who did what, where, when, and why it matters. Keep the main point separate from supporting details.","vocabularyIds":["es-news-summary-v1","es-news-summary-v2","es-news-summary-v3","es-news-summary-v4","es-news-summary-v5","es-news-summary-v6","es-news-summary-v7","es-news-summary-v8","es-future-arrangements-v7","es-news-summary-v10"]},{"id":"es-news-summary-10","hint":"Listen for the source and the time of the announced work.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Según el ayuntamiento, las obras empezarán en enero","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Según el ayuntamiento, las obras empezarán en enero"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Según el ayuntamiento, las obras empezarán en enero. Meaning: According to the council, the work will begin in January.","vocabularyIds":["es-news-summary-v1","es-news-summary-v2","es-news-summary-v3","es-news-summary-v4","es-news-summary-v5","es-news-summary-v6","es-news-summary-v7","es-news-summary-v8","es-future-arrangements-v7","es-news-summary-v10"]},{"id":"es-news-summary-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"El periódico local informa de que la antigua estación se convertirá en una biblioteca. El edificio llevaba diez años cerrado. Según el ayuntamiento, las obras empezarán en enero y durarán aproximadamente un año. El proyecto incluirá una sala de estudio y actividades para niños. Varios vecinos celebran la noticia, aunque otros preguntan por el coste. El presupuesto definitivo todavía no se ha publicado. Por ahora, se sabe que una parte de la financiación vendrá de una ayuda regional. El artículo distingue las fechas anunciadas de los detalles aún pendientes. Cuando se publique el presupuesto, los vecinos podrán consultar cómo se repartirá el gasto.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"The library works are planned for January and about one year; the final budget is still unpublished","prompt":"Listen for meaning. Which summary separates the announced plan from the missing information?","options":["The library works are planned for January and about one year; the final budget is still unpublished","The final budget is published, but the start month and intended building use are unknown","Regional funding will cover the whole cost, and the library is confirmed to open in January"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Las obras empezarán en enero y durarán aproximadamente un año reports a planned start and approximate duration, not a January opening. El presupuesto definitivo todavía no se ha publicado leaves the final costs unknown. Una parte de la financiación means the regional grant covers part, not necessarily all, of the cost.","vocabularyIds":["es-news-summary-v1","es-news-summary-v2","es-news-summary-v3","es-news-summary-v4","es-news-summary-v5","es-news-summary-v6","es-news-summary-v7","es-news-summary-v8","es-future-arrangements-v7","es-news-summary-v10"]}],"description":"Read a short news item and summarise it in four sentences. Include the main event, one cause, one consequence, and what is still unknown."},{"id":"es-technology","notes":["Compare benefits and drawbacks with por una parte... por otra parte.... Give examples rather than absolute claims.","Use es útil + infinitive for a general benefit and es importante que + subjunctive for advice to a specific group.","Worked example: He silenciado el grupo para concentrarme, pero lo reviso por la tarde. = I have muted the group to concentrate, but I check it in the afternoon. Para concentrarme gives the purpose; the second clause explains how the speaker still keeps in touch.","Small start: Describe one imagined digital habit, one benefit, and one drawback. Begin Uso… para… . Recommend a small change with Te recomiendo que… . Give a reason rather than treating a personal preference as a rule for everyone."],"title":"Connected life","practice":"Discuss the advantages and drawbacks of messaging apps in 120 words. Give a personal example and propose one practical habit.","exercises":[{"id":"es-technology-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"red social","translation":"social network"},{"word":"pantalla","translation":"screen"},{"word":"privacidad","translation":"privacy"},{"word":"archivo","translation":"file"},{"word":"descargar","translation":"to download"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: connected life (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"red social: social network; pantalla: screen; privacidad: privacy; archivo: file; descargar: to download","vocabularyIds":["es-technology-v1","es-technology-v2","es-technology-v3","es-technology-v4","es-technology-v5"]},{"id":"es-technology-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"actualizar","translation":"to update"},{"word":"conexión a internet","translation":"internet connection"},{"word":"notificación","translation":"notification"},{"word":"herramienta","translation":"tool"},{"word":"uso responsable","translation":"responsible use"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: connected life (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"actualizar: to update; conexión a internet: internet connection; notificación: notification; herramienta: tool; uso responsable: responsible use","vocabularyIds":["es-technology-v6","es-technology-v7","es-technology-v8","es-technology-v9","es-technology-v10"]},{"id":"es-technology-3","back":"privacy","type":"flashcard","front":"privacidad","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["privacy"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"privacidad means privacy.","vocabularyIds":["es-technology-v3"]},{"id":"es-technology-4","back":"notification","type":"flashcard","front":"notificación","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["notification"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"notificación means notification.","vocabularyIds":["es-technology-v8"]},{"id":"es-technology-5","type":"choice","answer":"Interrumpen la concentración cuando estudio","prompt":"Describe a specific drawback of message notifications that interferes with studying.","options":["Me avisan cuando recibo mensajes nuevos","Las consulto todos los días después de clase","Interrumpen la concentración cuando estudio"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Interrumpen la concentración states the drawback and cuando estudio gives the situation affected. Avisan describes the notification function; consulto ... después de clase describes a habit without identifying a study disruption.","vocabularyIds":["es-technology-v1","es-technology-v2","es-technology-v3","es-technology-v4","es-technology-v5","es-technology-v6","es-technology-v7","es-technology-v8","es-technology-v9","es-technology-v10"]},{"id":"es-technology-6","hint":"The recommendation is directed to tú. Use the subjunctive of desactivar.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["desactives"],"sentence":"Te recomiendo que ___ las notificaciones. (desactivar)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Te recomiendo que desactives las notificaciones uses desactives after the recommendation. Desactivar is an infinitive; desactivas would be indicative in another sentence.","vocabularyIds":["es-technology-v1","es-technology-v2","es-technology-v3","es-technology-v4","es-technology-v5","es-technology-v6","es-technology-v7","es-technology-v8","es-technology-v9","es-technology-v10"]},{"id":"es-technology-7","type":"arrange","words":["nuestra","que","Es","privacidad","protejamos","importante"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “It is important that we protect our privacy”","answers":["Es importante que protejamos nuestra privacidad"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Compare benefits and drawbacks with por una parte... por otra parte.... Give examples rather than absolute claims.","vocabularyIds":["es-technology-v1","es-technology-v2","es-technology-v3","es-technology-v4","es-technology-v5","es-technology-v6","es-technology-v7","es-technology-v8","es-technology-v9","es-technology-v10"]},{"id":"es-technology-8","hint":"The plural subject needs a plural form of permitir, followed by an infinitive.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—Mi familia vive en varias ciudades. ¿Cómo podemos seguir en contacto?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Explain a useful possibility. Write a reply meaning: “Video calls make it possible to keep in touch”","answers":["Las videollamadas permiten mantener el contacto"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Las videollamadas permiten agrees with the plural subject. Mantener el contacto is the action made possible; the statement does not require people to be online continuously.","vocabularyIds":["es-technology-v1","es-technology-v2","es-technology-v3","es-technology-v4","es-technology-v5","es-technology-v6","es-technology-v7","es-technology-v8","es-technology-v9","es-technology-v10"]},{"id":"es-technology-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Es importante que protejamos nuestra privacidad”","answers":["It is important that we protect our privacy","it's important that we protect our privacy","It is important for us to protect our privacy","it's important for us to protect our privacy"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Compare benefits and drawbacks with por una parte... por otra parte.... Give examples rather than absolute claims.","vocabularyIds":["es-technology-v1","es-technology-v2","es-technology-v3","es-technology-v4","es-technology-v5","es-technology-v6","es-technology-v7","es-technology-v8","es-technology-v9","es-technology-v10"]},{"id":"es-technology-10","hint":"Listen for the action already taken and the purpose after para.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"He silenciado el grupo para poder concentrarme","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["He silenciado el grupo para poder concentrarme"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: He silenciado el grupo para poder concentrarme. Meaning: I have muted the group so I can concentrate.","vocabularyIds":["es-technology-v1","es-technology-v2","es-technology-v3","es-technology-v4","es-technology-v5","es-technology-v6","es-technology-v7","es-technology-v8","es-technology-v9","es-technology-v10"]},{"id":"es-technology-11","type":"choice","answer":"Mute the group and check it twice a day","prompt":"Read for meaning. What solution did the narrator choose?","options":["Leave the family group permanently","Reply to every notification immediately","Mute the group and check it twice a day"],"reading":{"text":"Desde que mi familia vive en distintas ciudades, usamos un grupo de mensajes para compartir noticias. Es útil porque podemos responder cuando tenemos tiempo. Sin embargo, recibía tantas notificaciones que me costaba concentrarme. Al principio pensé en salir del grupo, pero preferí silenciarlo y mirarlo dos veces al día. Así sigo en contacto sin interrumpir cada tarea. Para mí, el problema no era la herramienta, sino cómo la estaba usando. También he acordado con mi familia que, si algo es urgente, me llamen. De esta manera no necesito revisar el teléfono cada pocos minutos por si ocurre algo importante.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Preferí silenciarlo y mirarlo dos veces al día describes muting the group and checking it twice daily. The narrator remains in the family group rather than leaving it.","vocabularyIds":["es-technology-v1","es-technology-v2","es-technology-v3","es-technology-v4","es-technology-v5","es-technology-v6","es-technology-v7","es-technology-v8","es-technology-v9","es-technology-v10"]}],"description":"Discuss the advantages and drawbacks of messaging apps in 120 words. Give a personal example and propose one practical habit."},{"id":"es-environment","notes":["Discuss realistic environmental choices using podemos..., conviene..., and si + present + future.","Support opinions with a reason and acknowledge a limitation. Distinguish a personal example from evidence about everyone.","Worked example: Si compartimos herramientas, compraremos menos cosas. Es importante que todos participemos. = If we share tools, we will buy fewer things. It is important that we all participate. The condition takes the present; the consequence takes the future; the evaluation introduces a subjunctive.","Small start: Propose one small change for an imaginary household. State the action, its likely benefit, and one practical difficulty. Begin Si… . End with a request for the group's response instead of assuming everyone has agreed.","Short practice model: En nuestro barrio podríamos compartir herramientas, reutilizar bolsas y usar más el autobús. Así compraríamos menos objetos y habría menos tráfico. Una caja común cuesta dinero y necesita una persona responsable. Algunos vecinos temen perder sus herramientas; por eso propongo que anotemos quién las toma. Si la prueba funciona durante dos meses, ampliaremos el proyecto. No resolverá todos los problemas, pero podemos empezar poco a poco.","Meaning of the model: In our neighbourhood we could share tools, reuse bags and use buses more. We would buy fewer things and there would be less traffic. A shared box costs money and needs someone responsible. Some neighbours fear losing their tools, so I suggest recording who takes them. If the trial works for two months, we will expand it. It will not solve every problem, but we can start gradually.","Check your version: Propose three actions, explain benefits and costs, and answer one likely objection. Is your example about one neighbourhood or evidence about everyone? State what you will check before expanding the plan. Adapt the proposal to an imaginary community and invite a question."],"title":"Make a practical difference","practice":"Propose three changes for your neighbourhood to reduce waste or improve transport. Explain benefits, costs, and one likely objection.","exercises":[{"id":"es-environment-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"medio ambiente","translation":"environment"},{"word":"residuo","translation":"waste"},{"word":"reutilizar","translation":"to reuse"},{"word":"consumo","translation":"consumption"},{"word":"energía","translation":"energy"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: make a practical difference (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"medio ambiente: environment; residuo: waste; reutilizar: to reuse; consumo: consumption; energía: energy","vocabularyIds":["es-environment-v1","es-environment-v2","es-environment-v3","es-environment-v4","es-environment-v5"]},{"id":"es-environment-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"contaminación","translation":"pollution"},{"word":"transporte público","translation":"public transport"},{"word":"ahorro energético","translation":"energy saving"},{"word":"envase","translation":"container"},{"word":"reducir","translation":"to reduce"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: make a practical difference (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"contaminación: pollution; transporte público: public transport; ahorro energético: energy saving; envase: container; reducir: to reduce","vocabularyIds":["es-environment-v6","es-environment-v7","es-environment-v8","es-environment-v9","es-environment-v10"]},{"id":"es-environment-3","back":"consumption","type":"flashcard","front":"consumo","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["consumption"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"consumo means consumption.","vocabularyIds":["es-environment-v4"]},{"id":"es-environment-4","back":"container","type":"flashcard","front":"envase","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["container"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"envase means container.","vocabularyIds":["es-environment-v9"]},{"id":"es-environment-5","type":"choice","answer":"Usemos el autobús para reducir el tráfico","prompt":"Propose a transport action and explain its purpose of reducing traffic.","options":["Hay mucho tráfico en el centro","Usemos el autobús para reducir el tráfico","Usemos el autobús mañana por la mañana"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Usemos proposes a shared action, and para reducir el tráfico explains its purpose. Mañana por la mañana only schedules an action; hay mucho tráfico describes the problem without proposing a response.","vocabularyIds":["es-environment-v1","es-environment-v2","es-environment-v3","es-environment-v4","es-environment-v5","es-environment-v6","es-environment-v7","es-environment-v8","es-environment-v9","es-environment-v10"]},{"id":"es-environment-6","hint":"The subject is nosotros. Form the present subjunctive of consumir after es importante que.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["consumamos"],"sentence":"Es importante que ___ menos energía. (consumir, nosotros)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Es importante que consumamos menos energía uses -amos for the nosotros subjunctive of an -ir verb. Consumimos is indicative and does not fit this recommendation pattern.","vocabularyIds":["es-environment-v1","es-environment-v2","es-environment-v3","es-environment-v4","es-environment-v5","es-environment-v6","es-environment-v7","es-environment-v8","es-environment-v9","es-environment-v10"]},{"id":"es-environment-7","type":"arrange","words":["residuos","reduciremos","menos","Si","los","plástico","usamos"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “If we use less plastic, we will reduce waste”","answers":["Si usamos menos plástico, reduciremos los residuos","Reduciremos los residuos si usamos menos plástico"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Discuss realistic environmental choices using podemos..., conviene..., and si + present + future.","vocabularyIds":["es-environment-v1","es-environment-v2","es-environment-v3","es-environment-v4","es-environment-v5","es-environment-v6","es-environment-v7","es-environment-v8","es-environment-v9","es-environment-v10"]},{"id":"es-environment-8","hint":"Use conviene + infinitive for general advice, without que or a new subject.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Make a general suggestion about the bags. Write a reply meaning: “It is advisable to reuse bags”","answers":["Conviene reutilizar las bolsas"],"reading":{"text":"—Cada vez que compramos nos dan más bolsas. ¿Qué podríamos cambiar?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Conviene reutilizar gives general advice with an infinitive. Las bolsas is the object to reuse; conviene que reutilicemos would be a different construction naming a particular group.","vocabularyIds":["es-environment-v1","es-environment-v2","es-environment-v3","es-environment-v4","es-environment-v5","es-environment-v6","es-environment-v7","es-environment-v8","es-environment-v9","es-environment-v10"]},{"id":"es-environment-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Si usamos menos plástico, reduciremos los residuos”","answers":["If we use less plastic, we will reduce waste","If we use less plastic, we'll reduce waste","We will reduce waste if we use less plastic","we'll reduce waste if we use less plastic"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Discuss realistic environmental choices using podemos..., conviene..., and si + present + future.","vocabularyIds":["es-environment-v1","es-environment-v2","es-environment-v3","es-environment-v4","es-environment-v5","es-environment-v6","es-environment-v7","es-environment-v8","es-environment-v9","es-environment-v10"]},{"id":"es-environment-10","hint":"Listen for a realistic condition and its practical result.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Si compartimos herramientas, compraremos menos cosas","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Si compartimos herramientas, compraremos menos cosas"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Si compartimos herramientas, compraremos menos cosas. Meaning: If we share tools, we will buy fewer things.","vocabularyIds":["es-environment-v1","es-environment-v2","es-environment-v3","es-environment-v4","es-environment-v5","es-environment-v6","es-environment-v7","es-environment-v8","es-environment-v9","es-environment-v10"]},{"id":"es-environment-conversation","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"—El ayuntamiento propone cerrar la calle al tráfico. El periódico dice que todavía no se ha decidido la fecha.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"La propuesta existe, pero la fecha aún no está confirmada.","prompt":"Listen to the conversation. Which reply distinguishes a proposal from a confirmed fact?","options":["El periódico confirma que nunca se cerrará.","La propuesta existe, pero la fecha aún no está confirmada.","La calle cerró definitivamente ayer."],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Proponer is not the same as having a confirmed closure date. Todavía no se ha decidido explicitly leaves the date unresolved.","vocabularyIds":["es-doubt-opinion-v10","es-perfect-or-preterite-v6"]},{"id":"es-environment-recall","hint":"After no creo que, use subjunctive sea. Única and solución need their written accents.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “I do not think this is the only solution.” Use no creo que + subjunctive.","answers":["No creo que esta sea la única solución","Yo no creo que esta sea la única solución","No creo que sea esta la única solución"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"No creo que esta sea la única solución recalls negated belief with the subjunctive. Compare creo que es with no creo que sea; the negative does not simply leave es unchanged in this pattern.","vocabularyIds":["es-complaints-v4"]},{"id":"es-environment-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"En nuestro edificio queremos reducir los residuos. Hemos propuesto colocar recipientes para separar papel y envases, y compartir objetos que usamos pocas veces. Algunos vecinos creen que será complicado organizarlo. Por eso empezaremos con una caja de herramientas común y revisaremos la experiencia después de dos meses. Si funciona, añadiremos otros objetos. No resolverá todos los problemas ambientales, pero puede ayudarnos a comprar menos y a conocernos mejor. Cada persona podrá apuntar cuándo toma una herramienta y cuándo la devuelve. Revisaremos juntos las normas si vemos que algo no resulta cómodo o claro.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"They must review the two-month tool-sharing trial and find that it works","prompt":"Listen for meaning. What must happen before the neighbours add more shared objects?","options":["They must stop sharing tools and replace the trial with recycling containers","They must review the two-month tool-sharing trial and find that it works","Every household must buy its own tools before the two-month trial begins"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Empezaremos con una caja de herramientas común defines the small trial. Revisaremos la experiencia después de dos meses and si funciona, añadiremos otros objetos make expansion conditional on the review. Recycling containers are another proposal, not a replacement condition.","vocabularyIds":["es-environment-v1","es-environment-v2","es-environment-v3","es-environment-v4","es-environment-v5","es-environment-v6","es-environment-v7","es-environment-v8","es-environment-v9","es-environment-v10"]}],"description":"Propose three changes for your neighbourhood to reduce waste or improve transport. Explain benefits, costs, and one likely objection."}],"cefrLevel":"B1","objective":"Understand main points, distinguish claims from facts, and discuss practical social issues.","description":"B1 · Understand main points, distinguish claims from facts, and discuss practical social issues."},{"id":"es-b1-connected-writing","title":"Connected speaking and writing","lessons":[{"id":"es-narrative-writing","notes":["A connected narrative establishes the setting, develops events, and ends with an outcome or reflection.","Keep time references clear and use pronouns only when the person or object is identifiable. Paragraphs help the reader follow a change of stage.","Worked example: Al principio no sabía qué hacer. Entonces recordé que había guardado una copia. Al final pude entrar. = At first I did not know what to do. Then I remembered I had kept a copy. In the end I was able to get in. The connectors make the problem, earlier cause, and outcome easy to follow.","Small start: Outline a story using just three headings: setting, problem, outcome. Write one sentence under each. Add an earlier event with había + participle only when it explains something, then expand the outline into the longer account."],"title":"A beginning, a middle, an ending","practice":"Write a 150-word story about a surprise. Include a clear setting, an interruption, an earlier event, and what you learned. Retell it in two minutes.","exercises":[{"id":"es-narrative-writing-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"introducción","translation":"introduction"},{"word":"desarrollo","translation":"development"},{"word":"conclusión","translation":"conclusion"},{"word":"párrafo","translation":"paragraph"},{"word":"orden","translation":"order"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: a beginning, a middle, an ending (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"introducción: introduction; desarrollo: development; conclusión: conclusion; párrafo: paragraph; orden: order","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-writing-v1","es-narrative-writing-v2","es-narrative-writing-v3","es-narrative-writing-v4","es-narrative-writing-v5"]},{"id":"es-narrative-writing-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"coherencia","translation":"coherence"},{"word":"relato","translation":"narrative"},{"word":"personaje","translation":"character"},{"word":"escenario","translation":"setting"},{"word":"reflexión","translation":"reflection"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: a beginning, a middle, an ending (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"coherencia: coherence; relato: narrative; personaje: character; escenario: setting; reflexión: reflection","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-writing-v6","es-narrative-writing-v7","es-narrative-writing-v8","es-narrative-writing-v9","es-narrative-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-narrative-writing-3","back":"order","type":"flashcard","front":"orden","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["order"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"orden means order.","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-writing-v5"]},{"id":"es-narrative-writing-4","back":"reflection","type":"flashcard","front":"reflexión","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["reflection"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"reflexión means reflection.","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-narrative-writing-5","type":"choice","answer":"Desde entonces compruebo la dirección antes de salir","prompt":"You have described going to the wrong address for an interview. Which ending shows how that experience changed a habit?","options":["Desde entonces compruebo la dirección antes de salir","A las ocho fui a la entrevista en autobús","La recepcionista abrió una puerta junto a la entrada"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Desde entonces links the experience to a continuing change: checking the address before leaving. The other sentences add events or details to the story without reflecting on what changed afterwards.","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-writing-v1","es-narrative-writing-v2","es-narrative-writing-v3","es-narrative-writing-v4","es-narrative-writing-v5","es-narrative-writing-v6","es-narrative-writing-v7","es-narrative-writing-v8","es-narrative-writing-v9","es-narrative-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-narrative-writing-6","hint":"Todos is plural, and leaving happened before your arrival. Use the imperfect auxiliary of the pluperfect.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["habían"],"sentence":"Cuando llegué, todos ya ___ salido.","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Todos ya habían salido uses plural habían with the participle salido. This places leaving before llegué; the auxiliary agrees with todos, while the participle stays unchanged.","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-writing-v1","es-narrative-writing-v2","es-narrative-writing-v3","es-narrative-writing-v4","es-narrative-writing-v5","es-narrative-writing-v6","es-narrative-writing-v7","es-narrative-writing-v8","es-narrative-writing-v9","es-narrative-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-narrative-writing-7","type":"arrange","words":["pasado","qué","no","Al","había","entendía","principio"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “At first I did not understand what had happened”","answers":["Al principio no entendía qué había pasado","No entendía al principio qué había pasado"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"A connected narrative establishes the setting, develops events, and ends with an outcome or reflection.","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-writing-v1","es-narrative-writing-v2","es-narrative-writing-v3","es-narrative-writing-v4","es-narrative-writing-v5","es-narrative-writing-v6","es-narrative-writing-v7","es-narrative-writing-v8","es-narrative-writing-v9","es-narrative-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-narrative-writing-8","hint":"The experience is the subject. Use the third-person preterite of enseñar and me for the learner.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—¿Qué aprendiste de aquella experiencia?","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Reflect on what the experience taught you. Write a reply meaning: “That experience taught me to be patient”","answers":["Aquella experiencia me enseñó a tener paciencia"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Aquella experiencia me enseñó makes the experience the cause of the learning. Tener paciencia gives the lesson learned; enseñé would incorrectly make you the person who taught it.","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-writing-v1","es-narrative-writing-v2","es-narrative-writing-v3","es-narrative-writing-v4","es-narrative-writing-v5","es-narrative-writing-v6","es-narrative-writing-v7","es-narrative-writing-v8","es-narrative-writing-v9","es-narrative-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-narrative-writing-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Al principio no entendía qué había pasado”","answers":["At first I did not understand what had happened","At first I didn't understand what had happened"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"A connected narrative establishes the setting, develops events, and ends with an outcome or reflection.","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-writing-v1","es-narrative-writing-v2","es-narrative-writing-v3","es-narrative-writing-v4","es-narrative-writing-v5","es-narrative-writing-v6","es-narrative-writing-v7","es-narrative-writing-v8","es-narrative-writing-v9","es-narrative-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-narrative-writing-10","hint":"Listen for the event before the arrival and the word ya.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Cuando llegué a la oficina, la entrevista ya había empezado","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Cuando llegué a la oficina, la entrevista ya había empezado"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Cuando llegué a la oficina, la entrevista ya había empezado. Meaning: When I arrived at the office, the interview had already started.","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-writing-v1","es-narrative-writing-v2","es-narrative-writing-v3","es-narrative-writing-v4","es-narrative-writing-v5","es-narrative-writing-v6","es-narrative-writing-v7","es-narrative-writing-v8","es-narrative-writing-v9","es-narrative-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-narrative-writing-11","type":"choice","answer":"Check details and ask for help when needed","prompt":"Read for meaning. What is the central lesson of the story?","options":["Check details and ask for help when needed","Always arrive after the interview begins","Avoid all interviews by video call"],"reading":{"text":"La primera vez que fui a una entrevista, llegué con media hora de antelación. El edificio estaba tranquilo y una recepcionista me pidió que esperara. Pasaron veinte minutos hasta que alguien comprobó mi nombre. Entonces descubrimos que había ido a otra sede de la empresa. Me puse nervioso, pero la recepcionista llamó al equipo y explicó lo ocurrido. Hice la entrevista por videollamada desde una sala libre. No conseguí aquel puesto, pero aprendí a comprobar siempre la dirección completa y a pedir ayuda cuando algo sale mal. Al contárselo a mis amigos, entendí que el error tenía solución. Aquella mañana fue incómoda, pero también descubrí que podía explicar un problema sin perder del todo la calma.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Aprendí a comprobar siempre la dirección completa y a pedir ayuda states the reflection. The narrator solves the wrong-address problem rather than learning to avoid every interview.","vocabularyIds":["es-narrative-writing-v1","es-narrative-writing-v2","es-narrative-writing-v3","es-narrative-writing-v4","es-narrative-writing-v5","es-narrative-writing-v6","es-narrative-writing-v7","es-narrative-writing-v8","es-narrative-writing-v9","es-narrative-writing-v10"]}],"description":"Write a 150-word story about a surprise. Include a clear setting, an interruption, an earlier event, and what you learned. Retell it in two minutes."},{"id":"es-opinion-writing","notes":["Structure an opinion with a clear view, two reasons with examples, a counterpoint, and a conclusion.","Use creo que + indicative for your belief and no creo que + subjunctive for a negated belief. Avoid presenting a preference as a universal fact.","Worked example: La propuesta ahorra tiempo. Sin embargo, puede resultar cara para algunas familias. = The proposal saves time. However, it may be expensive for some families. Sin embargo introduces a limitation; puede keeps a possibility distinct from a universal claim.","Small start: Choose a simple proposal about study or transport. Write your view, one reason, one example, and one limitation. Start En mi opinión… . Finish by explaining whether the limitation changes your recommendation."],"title":"An opinion with reasons","practice":"Write 150 words on whether flexible work hours help people. State your view, give examples, acknowledge a drawback, and suggest a workable approach.","exercises":[{"id":"es-opinion-writing-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"argumento","translation":"argument or reason"},{"word":"ejemplo","translation":"example"},{"word":"contraargumento","translation":"counterargument"},{"word":"en mi opinión","translation":"in my opinion"},{"word":"desde mi punto de vista","translation":"from my point of view"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: an opinion with reasons (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"argumento: argument or reason; ejemplo: example; contraargumento: counterargument; en mi opinión: in my opinion; desde mi punto de vista: from my point of view","vocabularyIds":["es-opinion-writing-v1","es-opinion-writing-v2","es-opinion-writing-v3","es-opinion-writing-v4","es-opinion-writing-v5"]},{"id":"es-opinion-writing-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"por ejemplo","translation":"for example"},{"word":"en conclusión","translation":"in conclusion"},{"word":"convencer","translation":"to persuade"},{"word":"justificar","translation":"to justify"},{"word":"valorar","translation":"to assess"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: an opinion with reasons (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"por ejemplo: for example; en conclusión: in conclusion; convencer: to persuade; justificar: to justify; valorar: to assess","vocabularyIds":["es-opinion-writing-v6","es-opinion-writing-v7","es-opinion-writing-v8","es-opinion-writing-v9","es-opinion-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-opinion-writing-3","back":"argument or reason","type":"flashcard","front":"argumento","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["argument or reason","argument","reason"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"argumento means argument or reason.","vocabularyIds":["es-opinion-writing-v1"]},{"id":"es-opinion-writing-4","back":"for example","type":"flashcard","front":"por ejemplo","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["for example"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"por ejemplo means for example.","vocabularyIds":["es-opinion-writing-v6"]},{"id":"es-opinion-writing-5","type":"choice","answer":"Ayuda a conciliar: por ejemplo, puedo llevar a mi hija al colegio","prompt":"Explain how flexible work hours can help family life. Which sentence supports that view with a concrete example?","options":["Creo que los horarios flexibles son la mejor opción","Los horarios flexibles son una forma de organizar la jornada","Ayuda a conciliar: por ejemplo, puedo llevar a mi hija al colegio"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Por ejemplo introduces the concrete benefit of taking a child to school. The other statements give an opinion or a definition without illustrating how flexibility helps family life.","vocabularyIds":["es-opinion-writing-v1","es-opinion-writing-v2","es-opinion-writing-v3","es-opinion-writing-v4","es-opinion-writing-v5","es-opinion-writing-v6","es-opinion-writing-v7","es-opinion-writing-v8","es-opinion-writing-v9","es-opinion-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-opinion-writing-6","hint":"Complete the fixed connector that introduces a supporting example.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["Por"],"sentence":"___ ejemplo, permite ahorrar tiempo.","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Por ejemplo introduces an illustration of the point. The example that follows explains how the proposal saves time; it does not begin a contrasting opinion.","vocabularyIds":["es-opinion-writing-v1","es-opinion-writing-v2","es-opinion-writing-v3","es-opinion-writing-v4","es-opinion-writing-v5","es-opinion-writing-v6","es-opinion-writing-v7","es-opinion-writing-v8","es-opinion-writing-v9","es-opinion-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-opinion-writing-7","type":"arrange","words":["varias","medida","opinión","En","ventajas","tiene","esta","mi"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “In my opinion, this measure has several advantages”","answers":["En mi opinión, esta medida tiene varias ventajas","Esta medida tiene varias ventajas en mi opinión"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Structure an opinion with a clear view, two reasons with examples, a counterpoint, and a conclusion.","vocabularyIds":["es-opinion-writing-v1","es-opinion-writing-v2","es-opinion-writing-v3","es-opinion-writing-v4","es-opinion-writing-v5","es-opinion-writing-v6","es-opinion-writing-v7","es-opinion-writing-v8","es-opinion-writing-v9","es-opinion-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-opinion-writing-8","hint":"Use no creo que with the subjunctive of ser. Preserve the meaning of para todos.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Give a qualified opinion about whether it suits everyone. Write a reply meaning: “I do not think it is a solution for everyone”","answers":["No creo que sea una solución para todos"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Crees que ese horario funciona para todo el mundo?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"No creo que sea una solución para todos limits the claim to whether the solution suits everyone. It does not say that it helps nobody; sea follows the negated belief.","vocabularyIds":["es-opinion-writing-v1","es-opinion-writing-v2","es-opinion-writing-v3","es-opinion-writing-v4","es-opinion-writing-v5","es-opinion-writing-v6","es-opinion-writing-v7","es-opinion-writing-v8","es-opinion-writing-v9","es-opinion-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-opinion-writing-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “En mi opinión, esta medida tiene varias ventajas”","answers":["In my opinion, this measure has several advantages","In my opinion this measure has several benefits","This measure has several advantages in my opinion"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Structure an opinion with a clear view, two reasons with examples, a counterpoint, and a conclusion.","vocabularyIds":["es-opinion-writing-v1","es-opinion-writing-v2","es-opinion-writing-v3","es-opinion-writing-v4","es-opinion-writing-v5","es-opinion-writing-v6","es-opinion-writing-v7","es-opinion-writing-v8","es-opinion-writing-v9","es-opinion-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-opinion-writing-10","hint":"Listen for a supported view with a limitation, rather than an absolute claim.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Esta propuesta tiene ventajas, aunque no resuelve todos los problemas","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Esta propuesta tiene ventajas, aunque no resuelve todos los problemas"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Esta propuesta tiene ventajas, aunque no resuelve todos los problemas. Meaning: This proposal has advantages, although it does not solve every problem.","vocabularyIds":["es-opinion-writing-v1","es-opinion-writing-v2","es-opinion-writing-v3","es-opinion-writing-v4","es-opinion-writing-v5","es-opinion-writing-v6","es-opinion-writing-v7","es-opinion-writing-v8","es-opinion-writing-v9","es-opinion-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-opinion-writing-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"En mi opinión, los horarios flexibles pueden mejorar la vida diaria. Por ejemplo, permiten evitar la hora punta y organizar mejor las responsabilidades familiares. Además, muchas personas se concentran mejor si eligen cuándo hacer ciertas tareas. Sin embargo, no todos los trabajos permiten esa flexibilidad y los equipos necesitan momentos para coincidir. Por eso no creo que haya una única solución para todos. Sería útil acordar unas horas comunes y dejar margen en el resto del día. Así se podrían combinar las necesidades del equipo con las de cada persona. Antes de cambiar el sistema, convendría probarlo durante un tiempo y escuchar al personal. Los resultados permitirían adaptar la propuesta a las tareas de cada equipo.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Agree on some shared hours, allow flexibility around them, and evaluate a trial","prompt":"Listen for meaning. How does the writer propose balancing personal flexibility with teamwork?","options":["Let everyone choose all their hours independently and remove shared meeting times","Set one permanent timetable for all professions before consulting staff","Agree on some shared hours, allow flexibility around them, and evaluate a trial"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Unas horas comunes provides time for the team to coincide; dejar margen en el resto del día preserves individual flexibility. Probarlo durante un tiempo y escuchar al personal adds a trial and feedback before adapting the system to each team’s tasks.","vocabularyIds":["es-opinion-writing-v1","es-opinion-writing-v2","es-opinion-writing-v3","es-opinion-writing-v4","es-opinion-writing-v5","es-opinion-writing-v6","es-opinion-writing-v7","es-opinion-writing-v8","es-opinion-writing-v9","es-opinion-writing-v10"]}],"description":"Write 150 words on whether flexible work hours help people. State your view, give examples, acknowledge a drawback, and suggest a workable approach."},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing","notes":["Match register to the reader: Hola, Ana / Un abrazo for a friend; Estimado equipo / Un saludo for a formal enquiry.","A practical email gives the reason for writing, relevant details, a clear request, and a polite ending. Keep dates and requested actions precise.","Worked example: Formal: Les escribo para consultar el horario. Informal: Hola, ¿a qué hora empezamos? = I am writing to ask about the timetable / Hi, what time do we start? Both request information, but the opening and relationship differ.","Small start: Request the same missing detail twice: once from an organisation and once from a friend. Include a greeting, a clear question, and a closing in each. Check that the person addressed and the level of formality stay consistent.","Short practice model: Amiga: Hola, Ana. ¿Podemos cambiar la reunión del martes al jueves a las diez? El martes trabajo. ¿Te viene bien? Un abrazo. Equipo: Estimado equipo: Les escribo para cambiar mi cita del martes al jueves a las diez porque el martes trabajo. ¿Podrían confirmar la nueva fecha? Muchas gracias. Un saludo, Laura.","Meaning of the model: Friend: Hi, Ana. Can we move Tuesday's meeting to Thursday at ten? I work on Tuesday. Does that suit you? Best wishes. Team: Dear team, I am writing to move my Tuesday appointment to Thursday at ten because I work on Tuesday. Could you confirm the new date? Thank you. Kind regards, Laura.","Check your version: Do both versions preserve the requested day and time? Use tú with the friend and ustedes with the team; match the greeting and ending to the reader. Expand the formal version to the task's length with relevant details, keeping the message to the friend brief."],"title":"Write for the reader","practice":"Write two versions of a request to change a date: a short message to a friend and a 120-word email to a course organiser. Check register and details.","exercises":[{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"estimado","translation":"dear (formal)"},{"word":"atentamente","translation":"yours sincerely"},{"word":"un saludo","translation":"kind regards"},{"word":"un abrazo","translation":"a hug or warm wishes"},{"word":"dirigirse a","translation":"to address"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: write for the reader (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"estimado: dear (formal); atentamente: yours sincerely; un saludo: kind regards; un abrazo: a hug or warm wishes; dirigirse a: to address","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-informal-writing-v1","es-formal-informal-writing-v2","es-formal-informal-writing-v3","es-formal-informal-writing-v4","es-formal-informal-writing-v5"]},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"solicitar información","translation":"to request information"},{"word":"agradecer","translation":"to thank"},{"word":"disculpar","translation":"to excuse"},{"word":"registro","translation":"register"},{"word":"destinataria","translation":"female recipient"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: write for the reader (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"solicitar información: to request information; agradecer: to thank; disculpar: to excuse; registro: register; destinataria: female recipient","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-informal-writing-v6","es-formal-informal-writing-v7","es-formal-informal-writing-v8","es-formal-informal-writing-v9","es-formal-informal-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-3","back":"yours sincerely","type":"flashcard","front":"atentamente","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["yours sincerely","sincerely"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"atentamente means yours sincerely.","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-informal-writing-v2"]},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-4","back":"to thank","type":"flashcard","front":"agradecer","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to thank","thank"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"agradecer means to thank.","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-informal-writing-v7"]},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-5","type":"choice","answer":"Un saludo","prompt":"Choose a suitable sign-off for a formal enquiry to an organisation whose staff you have not met.","options":["Nos vemos esta noche","Un saludo","Un abrazo"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Un saludo closes the enquiry courteously without assuming a personal relationship. Un abrazo is more familiar; nos vemos esta noche assumes a meeting that the enquiry has not established.","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-informal-writing-v1","es-formal-informal-writing-v2","es-formal-informal-writing-v3","es-formal-informal-writing-v4","es-formal-informal-writing-v5","es-formal-informal-writing-v6","es-formal-informal-writing-v7","es-formal-informal-writing-v8","es-formal-informal-writing-v9","es-formal-informal-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-6","hint":"Consultar los horarios gives the writer's purpose. Use a preposition before the infinitive.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["para"],"sentence":"Estimado equipo: les escribo ___ consultar los horarios.","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Les escribo para consultar los horarios uses para + infinitive for the purpose of writing. The formal recipient is expressed by les.","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-informal-writing-v1","es-formal-informal-writing-v2","es-formal-informal-writing-v3","es-formal-informal-writing-v4","es-formal-informal-writing-v5","es-formal-informal-writing-v6","es-formal-informal-writing-v7","es-formal-informal-writing-v8","es-formal-informal-writing-v9","es-formal-informal-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-7","type":"arrange","words":["el","información","para","Les","curso","sobre","solicitar","escribo"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “I am writing to request information about the course”","answers":["Les escribo para solicitar información sobre el curso"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Match register to the reader: Hola, Ana / Un abrazo for a friend; Estimado equipo / Un saludo for a formal enquiry.","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-informal-writing-v1","es-formal-informal-writing-v2","es-formal-informal-writing-v3","es-formal-informal-writing-v4","es-formal-informal-writing-v5","es-formal-informal-writing-v6","es-formal-informal-writing-v7","es-formal-informal-writing-v8","es-formal-informal-writing-v9","es-formal-informal-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-8","hint":"Use agradecería que with a plural imperfect subjunctive for this formal request.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—Equipo del curso: Estamos revisando el calendario de las sesiones.","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Write a courteous request to the course team, addressing ustedes. Write a reply meaning: “I would appreciate it if you could confirm the date”","answers":["Agradecería que me confirmaran la fecha"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Agradecería que me confirmaran asks the team, ustedes, to confirm the date. The conditional and imperfect subjunctive make a courteous request; it is not a statement that confirmation has already arrived.","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-informal-writing-v1","es-formal-informal-writing-v2","es-formal-informal-writing-v3","es-formal-informal-writing-v4","es-formal-informal-writing-v5","es-formal-informal-writing-v6","es-formal-informal-writing-v7","es-formal-informal-writing-v8","es-formal-informal-writing-v9","es-formal-informal-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Les escribo para solicitar información sobre el curso”","answers":["I am writing to request information about the course","I'm writing to request information about the course","I am writing to ask for information about the course","I'm writing to ask for information about the course"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Match register to the reader: Hola, Ana / Un abrazo for a friend; Estimado equipo / Un saludo for a formal enquiry.","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-informal-writing-v1","es-formal-informal-writing-v2","es-formal-informal-writing-v3","es-formal-informal-writing-v4","es-formal-informal-writing-v5","es-formal-informal-writing-v6","es-formal-informal-writing-v7","es-formal-informal-writing-v8","es-formal-informal-writing-v9","es-formal-informal-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-10","hint":"Listen for the purpose of the formal message and the specific detail being checked.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Les escribo para confirmar el horario de las clases","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Les escribo para confirmar el horario de las clases"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Les escribo para confirmar el horario de las clases. Meaning: I am writing to confirm the class timetable.","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-informal-writing-v1","es-formal-informal-writing-v2","es-formal-informal-writing-v3","es-formal-informal-writing-v4","es-formal-informal-writing-v5","es-formal-informal-writing-v6","es-formal-informal-writing-v7","es-formal-informal-writing-v8","es-formal-informal-writing-v9","es-formal-informal-writing-v10"]},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-conversation","type":"choice","answer":"¿Podrían confirmarme si las clases son los martes o los jueves?","prompt":"Which sentence makes the request precise and appropriate for an organisation?","options":["Les confirmo que no necesito conocer el horario.","¿Podrían confirmarme si las clases son los martes o los jueves?","Hola, quedamos algún día y ya vemos."],"reading":{"text":"En la web, las clases aparecen los martes. En tu correo de confirmación pone los jueves. Escribes al equipo del curso.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The request identifies the conflicting days and asks the organisation to resolve them politely. It does not assume which schedule is correct.","vocabularyIds":["es-time-calendar-v2","es-time-calendar-v4","es-appointments-v9"]},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-recall","hint":"Mis compañeros is plural, so use habían + participle for the earlier start.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “When I arrived, my colleagues had already started.” Use mis compañeros and the pluperfect for the earlier action.","answers":["Cuando llegué mis compañeros ya habían empezado","Mis compañeros ya habían empezado cuando llegué","Cuando llegué mis compañeros ya habían comenzado","Mis compañeros ya habían comenzado cuando llegué"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Cuando llegué, mis compañeros ya habían empezado separates the earlier start from the later arrival. Habían agrees with the plural subject; the participle itself stays unchanged.","vocabularyIds":["es-preterite-regular-v7","es-a1-introduction-v3"]},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-11","type":"choice","answer":"Clarify conflicting course schedules","prompt":"Read for meaning. What is the main purpose of the email?","options":["Ask for a job as a teacher","Clarify conflicting course schedules","Cancel the course without explanation"],"reading":{"text":"Estimado equipo: Me he inscrito en el curso de conversación que empieza el diez de noviembre. En la web aparecen clases los martes, pero en el correo de confirmación se indica el jueves. Como trabajo por las tardes, necesito saber el horario correcto antes de organizarme. ¿Podrían confirmarme el día y la hora de las sesiones? También quisiera saber si es posible recuperar una clase si no puedo asistir. Muchas gracias por su ayuda. Un saludo, Laura Martín. He guardado el justificante de inscripción por si necesitan comprobar mis datos. Espero su respuesta antes de pedir un cambio de turno en el trabajo.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"En la web ... los martes conflicts with el jueves in the confirmation email. The request ¿Podrían confirmarme el día y la hora? asks the team to resolve that scheduling conflict.","vocabularyIds":["es-formal-informal-writing-v1","es-formal-informal-writing-v2","es-formal-informal-writing-v3","es-formal-informal-writing-v4","es-formal-informal-writing-v5","es-formal-informal-writing-v6","es-formal-informal-writing-v7","es-formal-informal-writing-v8","es-formal-informal-writing-v9","es-formal-informal-writing-v10"]}],"description":"Write two versions of a request to change a date: a short message to a friend and a 120-word email to a course organiser. Check register and details."}],"cefrLevel":"B1","objective":"Structure a narrative, express a supported opinion, and write for a reader.","description":"B1 · Structure a narrative, express a supported opinion, and write for a reader."},{"id":"es-b1-checkpoint","title":"B1 checkpoint: independent everyday Spanish","lessons":[{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading","notes":["For B1 comprehension, identify the main message, sequence, reasons, and speaker's attitude. You do not need to understand every word.","On a second listen or read, check a specific uncertainty against the context rather than translating each word in isolation.","Worked example: El tren se retrasó, así que fuimos en autobús. Aunque tardamos más, llegamos a tiempo. = The train was delayed, so we went by bus. Although it took longer, we arrived on time. The account confirms a different route and a longer journey, without implying the visit failed.","Small start: Read or listen once for the main outcome, then again for the reason and one detail. Retell it in three short sentences. Separate what the account states from a guess you might make about the speaker's feelings."],"title":"Follow an account and its main points","practice":"Summarise the account in five Spanish sentences. Explain the original plan, the problem, the solution, and how the speaker feels. Then retell it aloud.","exercises":[{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"idea principal","translation":"main idea"},{"word":"intención","translation":"intention"},{"word":"actitud","translation":"attitude"},{"word":"resumen","translation":"summary"},{"word":"contexto","translation":"context"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: follow an account and its main points (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"idea principal: main idea; intención: intention; actitud: attitude; resumen: summary; contexto: context","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-listening-reading-v1","es-b1-listening-reading-v2","es-b1-listening-reading-v3","es-b1-listening-reading-v4","es-b1-listening-reading-v5"]},{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"secuencia","translation":"sequence"},{"word":"inferir","translation":"to infer"},{"word":"comprobar","translation":"to check"},{"word":"relevante","translation":"relevant"},{"word":"en detalle","translation":"in detail"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: follow an account and its main points (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"secuencia: sequence; inferir: to infer; comprobar: to check; relevante: relevant; en detalle: in detail","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-listening-reading-v6","es-b1-listening-reading-v7","es-b1-listening-reading-v8","es-b1-listening-reading-v9","es-b1-listening-reading-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-3","back":"attitude","type":"flashcard","front":"actitud","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["attitude"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"actitud means attitude.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-listening-reading-v3"]},{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-4","back":"to check","type":"flashcard","front":"comprobar","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to check","check"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"comprobar means to check.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-listening-reading-v8"]},{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-5","type":"choice","answer":"El cambio de transporte permitió llegar a tiempo pese a la cancelación","prompt":"A message says: «Se canceló el tren, pero nos ofrecieron un autobús. Llegamos a tiempo». Which summary captures its main message?","options":["El cambio de transporte permitió llegar a tiempo pese a la cancelación","El tren llegó a tiempo sin necesidad de cambiar de transporte","El autobús se canceló y por eso no pudieron llegar a tiempo"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The message connects the cancelled train, the offered bus, and arriving on time. The first summary preserves that problem and successful alternative. The others change which service was cancelled or reverse the outcome.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-listening-reading-v1","es-b1-listening-reading-v2","es-b1-listening-reading-v3","es-b1-listening-reading-v4","es-b1-listening-reading-v5","es-b1-listening-reading-v6","es-b1-listening-reading-v7","es-b1-listening-reading-v8","es-b1-listening-reading-v9","es-b1-listening-reading-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-6","hint":"The bus had left before the travellers arrived. Autobús is singular.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["había"],"sentence":"Cuando llegamos, el autobús ya ___ salido.","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Cuando llegamos, el autobús ya había salido uses singular había for the earlier event. Llegamos is the later reference point; habían would not agree with el autobús.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-listening-reading-v1","es-b1-listening-reading-v2","es-b1-listening-reading-v3","es-b1-listening-reading-v4","es-b1-listening-reading-v5","es-b1-listening-reading-v6","es-b1-listening-reading-v7","es-b1-listening-reading-v8","es-b1-listening-reading-v9","es-b1-listening-reading-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-7","type":"arrange","words":["previsto","como","no","El","habíamos","salió","viaje"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “The trip did not go as we had planned”","answers":["El viaje no salió como habíamos previsto"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"For B1 comprehension, identify the main message, sequence, reasons, and speaker's attitude. You do not need to understand every word.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-listening-reading-v1","es-b1-listening-reading-v2","es-b1-listening-reading-v3","es-b1-listening-reading-v4","es-b1-listening-reading-v5","es-b1-listening-reading-v6","es-b1-listening-reading-v7","es-b1-listening-reading-v8","es-b1-listening-reading-v9","es-b1-listening-reading-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-8","hint":"Use a pesar de before the noun for the obstacle, then conseguir + infinitive for the outcome.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Explain your group's outcome despite the difficulty. Write a reply meaning: “Despite the problem, we managed to arrive on time”","answers":["A pesar del problema, conseguimos llegar a tiempo"],"reading":{"text":"—El tren se averió. ¿Llegasteis tarde a la reunión?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"A pesar del problema acknowledges the obstacle. Conseguimos llegar a tiempo gives the successful result: arriving on time despite it, rather than saying the journey had no difficulty.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-listening-reading-v1","es-b1-listening-reading-v2","es-b1-listening-reading-v3","es-b1-listening-reading-v4","es-b1-listening-reading-v5","es-b1-listening-reading-v6","es-b1-listening-reading-v7","es-b1-listening-reading-v8","es-b1-listening-reading-v9","es-b1-listening-reading-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “El viaje no salió como habíamos previsto”","answers":["The trip did not go as we had planned","The trip didn't go as we had planned","The trip did not go as we'd planned","The trip didn't go as we'd planned","The trip did not go as we had expected","The trip didn't go as we had expected","The trip did not go as we'd expected","The trip didn't go as we'd expected","The journey did not go as we had planned","The journey didn't go as we had planned","The journey did not go as we'd planned","The journey didn't go as we'd planned"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"For B1 comprehension, identify the main message, sequence, reasons, and speaker's attitude. You do not need to understand every word.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-listening-reading-v1","es-b1-listening-reading-v2","es-b1-listening-reading-v3","es-b1-listening-reading-v4","es-b1-listening-reading-v5","es-b1-listening-reading-v6","es-b1-listening-reading-v7","es-b1-listening-reading-v8","es-b1-listening-reading-v9","es-b1-listening-reading-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-10","hint":"Listen for the difficulty and the successful response, rather than only one part of the account.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"A pesar del retraso, encontramos otra forma de llegar","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["A pesar del retraso, encontramos otra forma de llegar"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: A pesar del retraso, encontramos otra forma de llegar. Meaning: Despite the delay, we found another way to get there.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-listening-reading-v1","es-b1-listening-reading-v2","es-b1-listening-reading-v3","es-b1-listening-reading-v4","es-b1-listening-reading-v5","es-b1-listening-reading-v6","es-b1-listening-reading-v7","es-b1-listening-reading-v8","es-b1-listening-reading-v9","es-b1-listening-reading-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"El mes pasado viajé con mi hermana para visitar a unos amigos. Habíamos reservado un tren temprano porque queríamos aprovechar el día. Cuando llegamos a la estación, anunciaron una avería y nos dijeron que no sabían cuánto tardarían en resolverla. Al principio nos enfadamos, pero después preguntamos por otras opciones. Una empleada nos explicó que podíamos tomar un autobús con el mismo billete. El trayecto fue más largo, aunque llegamos a tiempo para comer con nuestros amigos. Durante el viaje conocimos a una señora que nos recomendó varios lugares del pueblo. Ahora pienso que el cambio de planes también tuvo algo positivo. Cuando llegamos, contamos lo sucedido durante la comida. Nuestros amigos nos dijeron que la próxima vez podíamos avisarles antes para buscar una alternativa juntos.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"It caused difficulties but also brought something positive","prompt":"Listen for meaning. How does the speaker feel about the change in retrospect?","options":["It caused difficulties but also brought something positive","It ruined the visit completely","It made the journey shorter than planned"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"El trayecto fue más largo gives the difficulty, while el cambio de planes también tuvo algo positivo gives the later reflection. The account includes both, rather than describing a wholly ruined visit.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-listening-reading-v1","es-b1-listening-reading-v2","es-b1-listening-reading-v3","es-b1-listening-reading-v4","es-b1-listening-reading-v5","es-b1-listening-reading-v6","es-b1-listening-reading-v7","es-b1-listening-reading-v8","es-b1-listening-reading-v9","es-b1-listening-reading-v10"]}],"description":"Summarise the account in five Spanish sentences. Explain the original plan, the problem, the solution, and how the speaker feels. Then retell it aloud."},{"id":"es-b1-interaction","notes":["Independent interaction involves explaining needs, asking follow-up questions, checking understanding, and agreeing on an action.","Use polite requests, conditionals, and clarification. A useful outcome states exactly what happens next and who is responsible.","Worked example: —Si he entendido bien, tú reservas y yo confirmo el horario. —Casi: yo confirmo el horario y tú reservas. = If I understood correctly, you book and I confirm the time. Almost: I confirm the time and you book. Checking responsibilities lets the speakers correct a misunderstanding.","Small start: Plan an imaginary shared task. Deliberately swap two responsibilities, then clarify with Si he entendido bien… . Correct the misunderstanding politely and finish with a final summary both people can accept."],"title":"Resolve a situation together","practice":"Role-play a three-minute conversation about a booking problem. Ask for alternatives, clarify two details, negotiate a solution, and summarise the agreement.","exercises":[{"id":"es-b1-interaction-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"confirmar lo entendido","translation":"to confirm understanding"},{"word":"pedir aclaración","translation":"to ask for clarification"},{"word":"reformular","translation":"to rephrase"},{"word":"alternativa viable","translation":"workable alternative"},{"word":"solución acordada","translation":"agreed solution"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: resolve a situation together (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"confirmar lo entendido: to confirm understanding; pedir aclaración: to ask for clarification; reformular: to rephrase; alternativa viable: workable alternative; solución acordada: agreed solution","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-interaction-v1","es-b1-interaction-v2","es-b1-interaction-v3","es-b1-interaction-v4","es-b1-interaction-v5"]},{"id":"es-b1-interaction-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"paso siguiente","translation":"next step"},{"word":"hacerse cargo","translation":"to take charge"},{"word":"disponibilidad inmediata","translation":"immediate availability"},{"word":"por escrito","translation":"in writing"},{"word":"sin coste adicional","translation":"at no extra cost"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: resolve a situation together (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"paso siguiente: next step; hacerse cargo: to take charge; disponibilidad inmediata: immediate availability; por escrito: in writing; sin coste adicional: at no extra cost","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-interaction-v6","es-b1-interaction-v7","es-b1-interaction-v8","es-b1-interaction-v9","es-b1-interaction-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-interaction-3","back":"workable alternative","type":"flashcard","front":"alternativa viable","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["workable alternative","viable alternative"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"alternativa viable means workable alternative.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-interaction-v4"]},{"id":"es-b1-interaction-4","back":"in writing","type":"flashcard","front":"por escrito","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["in writing"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"por escrito means in writing.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-interaction-v9"]},{"id":"es-b1-interaction-5","type":"choice","answer":"¿Quiere decir que la nueva reserva incluye el desayuno?","prompt":"Before accepting a changed booking, check whether you understood that breakfast is included. Which question does that?","options":["¿Puede añadir el desayuno a la nueva reserva?","¿Puede enviarme la reserva por correo?","¿Quiere decir que la nueva reserva incluye el desayuno?"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Quiere decir que checks your interpretation of what is included. Añadir el desayuno asks to change the booking; enviarme la reserva asks for a written record without checking its breakfast conditions.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-interaction-v1","es-b1-interaction-v2","es-b1-interaction-v3","es-b1-interaction-v4","es-b1-interaction-v5","es-b1-interaction-v6","es-b1-interaction-v7","es-b1-interaction-v8","es-b1-interaction-v9","es-b1-interaction-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-interaction-6","hint":"After puede, keep ofrecer as an infinitive and attach the pronoun for to me.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["ofrecerme"],"sentence":"¿Puede ___ una alternativa? (offer me)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"¿Puede ofrecerme una alternativa? attaches me to the infinitive ofrecer. The pronoun identifies the recipient; puede supplies the conjugated verb.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-interaction-v1","es-b1-interaction-v2","es-b1-interaction-v3","es-b1-interaction-v4","es-b1-interaction-v5","es-b1-interaction-v6","es-b1-interaction-v7","es-b1-interaction-v8","es-b1-interaction-v9","es-b1-interaction-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-interaction-7","type":"arrange","words":["adicional","ningún","no","entendido","Si","coste","hay","bien","he"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “If I have understood correctly, there is no extra cost”","answers":["Si he entendido bien, no hay ningún coste adicional"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Independent interaction involves explaining needs, asking follow-up questions, checking understanding, and agreeing on an action.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-interaction-v1","es-b1-interaction-v2","es-b1-interaction-v3","es-b1-interaction-v4","es-b1-interaction-v5","es-b1-interaction-v6","es-b1-interaction-v7","es-b1-interaction-v8","es-b1-interaction-v9","es-b1-interaction-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-interaction-8","hint":"Use a conditional poder request. Me can attach to enviar; por escrito specifies the format.","type":"translate","audio":{"text":"—La reserva está confirmada; la sala tiene ascensor y proyector.","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and reply in Spanish. Ask the organiser politely for a written record, using usted. Write a reply meaning: “Could you send me the confirmation in writing?”","answers":["¿Podría enviarme la confirmación por escrito?"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Podría enviarme asks the organiser for an action rather than treating the spoken assurance as a written record. La confirmación por escrito specifies exactly what you need.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-interaction-v1","es-b1-interaction-v2","es-b1-interaction-v3","es-b1-interaction-v4","es-b1-interaction-v5","es-b1-interaction-v6","es-b1-interaction-v7","es-b1-interaction-v8","es-b1-interaction-v9","es-b1-interaction-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-interaction-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Si he entendido bien, no hay ningún coste adicional”","answers":["If I have understood correctly, there is no extra cost","If I've understood correctly, there is no extra cost","If I understood correctly there is no extra charge"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Independent interaction involves explaining needs, asking follow-up questions, checking understanding, and agreeing on an action.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-interaction-v1","es-b1-interaction-v2","es-b1-interaction-v3","es-b1-interaction-v4","es-b1-interaction-v5","es-b1-interaction-v6","es-b1-interaction-v7","es-b1-interaction-v8","es-b1-interaction-v9","es-b1-interaction-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-interaction-10","hint":"Listen for the clarification frame and the two responsibilities that follow.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Si he entendido bien, usted prepara la sala y yo aviso al grupo","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Si he entendido bien, usted prepara la sala y yo aviso al grupo"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Si he entendido bien, usted prepara la sala y yo aviso al grupo. Meaning: If I have understood correctly, you prepare the room and I inform the group.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-interaction-v1","es-b1-interaction-v2","es-b1-interaction-v3","es-b1-interaction-v4","es-b1-interaction-v5","es-b1-interaction-v6","es-b1-interaction-v7","es-b1-interaction-v8","es-b1-interaction-v9","es-b1-interaction-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-interaction-11","type":"choice","answer":"Start fifteen minutes later; the organiser informs participants and the manager prepares the nearby room","prompt":"Read for meaning. Which agreement lets the workshop go ahead after the room problem?","options":["Start at the original time; the manager informs participants and the organiser prepares the original room","Start fifteen minutes later; the organiser pays extra for a projector in the nearby room","Start fifteen minutes later; the organiser informs participants and the manager prepares the nearby room"],"reading":{"text":"Había reservado una sala para un taller de doce personas, pero al llegar descubrí que solo cabían ocho. Expliqué a la encargada que necesitábamos mesas para trabajar en grupos. Ella propuso otra sala en un edificio cercano. Le pregunté si tenía ascensor y si podíamos usar el proyector sin pagar más. Confirmó ambas cosas y se ofreció a acompañarnos. Antes de aceptar, le pedí que enviara la dirección y las condiciones por correo. Al final acordamos empezar quince minutos más tarde para que todos llegaran. Yo avisaría a los participantes y ella prepararía la sala. Después de la actividad, comprobamos que la nueva sala había funcionado bien. La encargada me pidió que le escribiera si necesitábamos organizar otro taller en el futuro.","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"La nueva sala is in a nearby building, with a lift and projector at no extra cost. Empezar quince minutos más tarde gives everyone time to arrive. Yo avisaría ... y ella prepararía divides the organiser and manager’s tasks: notify participants and prepare the room.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-interaction-v1","es-b1-interaction-v2","es-b1-interaction-v3","es-b1-interaction-v4","es-b1-interaction-v5","es-b1-interaction-v6","es-b1-interaction-v7","es-b1-interaction-v8","es-b1-interaction-v9","es-b1-interaction-v10"]}],"description":"Role-play a three-minute conversation about a booking problem. Ask for alternatives, clarify two details, negotiate a solution, and summarise the agreement."},{"id":"es-b1-production","notes":["A B1 account links experiences, feelings, reasons, and plans into connected speech or writing. Use examples to make an opinion understandable.","Self-check: Is the sequence clear? Have I justified my view? Can the listener follow without guessing? Course completion records practice; it does not certify a CEFR level.","Worked example: Aunque al principio me costó explicar la idea, pedí ayuda y encontré otra forma de decirlo. = Although I initially found it hard to explain the idea, I asked for help and found another way to say it. A connected account can include a difficulty, a strategy, and an outcome without requiring perfect language.","Small start: Choose a familiar topic and note a beginning, two supporting details, and a conclusion. Speak or write a short first version. Revise one connection, one unclear reference, and one verb form before expanding it to the full task.","Short practice model: Antes me daba miedo hablar español. Una vez me perdí en una estación y tuve que pedir ayuda. No entendí la primera respuesta y pregunté: «¿Puede repetirla más despacio?». Al final encontré el andén. Aprendí que pedir aclaraciones es útil. Prefiero practicar en grupo porque puedo comprobar si me entienden. Seguiré practicando para participar en un taller de cocina con confianza.","Meaning of the model: I used to be afraid to speak Spanish. Once I got lost in a station and had to ask for help. I did not understand the first answer and asked: 'Could you repeat it more slowly?' In the end I found the platform. I learned that asking for clarification is useful. I prefer group practice because I can check whether people understand me. I will keep practising to join a cooking workshop confidently.","Check your version: Can a listener follow the problem, action and outcome? Add a feeling and a reason for your opinion. Expand this short model to the task's length, then speak from keywords and invite a follow-up question. Your experiences and wording can be entirely different."],"title":"Tell, explain, and give your view","practice":"Write 150–180 words about a challenge, what you learned, and a future goal. Then speak for 2–3 minutes without reading. Ask a partner for a follow-up question and feedback on clarity.","exercises":[{"id":"es-b1-production-1","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"autonomía","translation":"independence"},{"word":"confianza al hablar","translation":"speaking confidence"},{"word":"fluidez","translation":"fluency"},{"word":"claridad","translation":"clarity"},{"word":"revisión","translation":"revision"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: tell, explain, and give your view (1/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"autonomía: independence; confianza al hablar: speaking confidence; fluidez: fluency; claridad: clarity; revisión: revision","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-production-v1","es-b1-production-v2","es-b1-production-v3","es-b1-production-v4","es-b1-production-v5"]},{"id":"es-b1-production-2","type":"match","pairs":[{"word":"retroalimentación","translation":"feedback"},{"word":"logro","translation":"achievement"},{"word":"reto","translation":"challenge"},{"word":"aprendizaje","translation":"learning"},{"word":"seguir mejorando","translation":"to keep improving"}],"prompt":"Connect the words: tell, explain, and give your view (2/2).","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"retroalimentación: feedback; logro: achievement; reto: challenge; aprendizaje: learning; seguir mejorando: to keep improving","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-production-v6","es-b1-production-v7","es-b1-production-v8","es-b1-production-v9","es-b1-production-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-production-3","back":"revision","type":"flashcard","front":"revisión","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["revision","review"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"revisión means revision.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-production-v5"]},{"id":"es-b1-production-4","back":"to keep improving","type":"flashcard","front":"seguir mejorando","prompt":"Recall the English meaning, then check the card if you need help.","answers":["to keep improving","keep improving"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"seguir mejorando means to keep improving.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-production-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-production-5","type":"choice","answer":"Prefiero aprender en grupo porque puedo comparar ideas y practicar conversaciones","prompt":"Explain your preference for learning in a group and give a reason supporting that preference.","options":["Aprender en grupo es una de las opciones del curso","Prefiero aprender en grupo porque puedo comparar ideas y practicar conversaciones","Prefiero aprender en grupo; estoy convencido de que es la mejor opción"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Prefiero states the choice and porque gives specific reasons: comparing ideas and practising conversation. Repeating that it is the best option adds no reason; listing it as an available course option does not state a preference.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-production-v1","es-b1-production-v2","es-b1-production-v3","es-b1-production-v4","es-b1-production-v5","es-b1-production-v6","es-b1-production-v7","es-b1-production-v8","es-b1-production-v9","es-b1-production-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-production-6","hint":"A negated belief is followed here by the subjunctive. The subject is aprender un idioma.","type":"fill","prompt":"Complete the sentence using the pattern from this lesson.","answers":["sea"],"sentence":"No creo que aprender un idioma ___ solo memorizar palabras. (ser)","difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"No creo que aprender un idioma sea solo memorizar palabras uses singular sea in this negated-belief pattern. The infinitive phrase acts as a singular subject.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-production-v1","es-b1-production-v2","es-b1-production-v3","es-b1-production-v4","es-b1-production-v5","es-b1-production-v6","es-b1-production-v7","es-b1-production-v8","es-b1-production-v9","es-b1-production-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-production-7","type":"arrange","words":["la","mucho","errores","Aunque","experiencia","de","aprendí","cometí"],"prompt":"Build the Spanish sentence: “Although I made mistakes, I learned a lot from the experience”","answers":["Aunque cometí errores, aprendí mucho de la experiencia"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"A B1 account links experiences, feelings, reasons, and plans into connected speech or writing. Use examples to make an opinion understandable.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-production-v1","es-b1-production-v2","es-b1-production-v3","es-b1-production-v4","es-b1-production-v5","es-b1-production-v6","es-b1-production-v7","es-b1-production-v8","es-b1-production-v9","es-b1-production-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-production-8","hint":"Use seguir in the future plus a gerund, then para + infinitive for the purpose.","type":"translate","prompt":"Read and reply in Spanish. Describe your next learning step and its purpose. Write a reply meaning: “I will keep practising to express myself more clearly”","answers":["Seguiré practicando para expresarme con más claridad","Continuaré practicando para expresarme con más claridad","Seguiré practicando para expresarme más claramente"],"reading":{"text":"—¿Cómo vas a continuar después de este curso?","language":"es"},"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Seguiré practicando commits to continuing practice. Para expresarme con más claridad gives the purpose, with me attached to the infinitive because it refers to the speaker.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-production-v1","es-b1-production-v2","es-b1-production-v3","es-b1-production-v4","es-b1-production-v5","es-b1-production-v6","es-b1-production-v7","es-b1-production-v8","es-b1-production-v9","es-b1-production-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-production-9","type":"translate","prompt":"Translate into English: “Aunque cometí errores, aprendí mucho de la experiencia”","answers":["Although I made mistakes, I learned a lot from the experience","I made mistakes but learned a lot from the experience","Even though I made mistakes I learned a lot from the experience"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"A B1 account links experiences, feelings, reasons, and plans into connected speech or writing. Use examples to make an opinion understandable.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-production-v1","es-b1-production-v2","es-b1-production-v3","es-b1-production-v4","es-b1-production-v5","es-b1-production-v6","es-b1-production-v7","es-b1-production-v8","es-b1-production-v9","es-b1-production-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-production-10","hint":"Listen for the continuing goal and the subjunctive after aunque. Keep the accent in seguiré.","type":"listen","audio":{"text":"Seguiré aprendiendo, aunque todavía cometa errores","language":"es-ES"},"prompt":"Listen and write the complete Spanish sentence.","answers":["Seguiré aprendiendo, aunque todavía cometa errores"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"You heard: Seguiré aprendiendo, aunque todavía cometa errores. Meaning: I will keep learning, even though I may still make mistakes.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-production-v1","es-b1-production-v2","es-b1-production-v3","es-b1-production-v4","es-b1-production-v5","es-b1-production-v6","es-b1-production-v7","es-b1-production-v8","es-b1-production-v9","es-b1-production-v10"]},{"id":"es-b1-production-conversation","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"—Creo que practicar con otras personas ayuda mucho. —¿Puedes darme un ejemplo? —Sí: ayer expliqué una receta y mis compañeros me ayudaron con las palabras.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"¿Qué te resultó difícil y qué harías de otra manera la próxima vez?","prompt":"Listen to the conversation. Which follow-up helps develop the account rather than merely repeat the opinion?","options":["Entonces nunca necesitas ayuda para hablar.","¿Qué te resultó difícil y qué harías de otra manera la próxima vez?","¿Crees que practicar ayuda?"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The first question invites a difficulty, reflection, and a future improvement. A connected account develops the example and explains what was learned.","vocabularyIds":["es-opinion-writing-v2"]},{"id":"es-b1-production-recall","hint":"Use the present in the condition and podré for the future ability. Keep the reflexive me in expresarme.","type":"translate","prompt":"Bring back an earlier pattern. Write the complete Spanish sentence: “If I keep practising, I will be able to express myself more clearly.” Use the simple future of poder for the result.","answers":["Si sigo practicando podré expresarme con más claridad","Podré expresarme con más claridad si sigo practicando","Si sigo practicando podré expresarme más claramente","Si continúo practicando podré expresarme con más claridad"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"Si sigo practicando, podré expresarme con más claridad combines a realistic condition with the irregular future of poder. Podré retains its accent; the reflexive me refers to the speaker expressing themself.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-production-v4","es-irregular-present-v3"]},{"id":"es-b1-production-11","type":"choice","audio":{"text":"Cuando empecé a aprender español, intentaba memorizar listas de palabras y me daba miedo hablar. Un día participé en una actividad del barrio y tuve que explicar cómo preparar una receta. Me equivoqué varias veces, pero las otras personas me hicieron preguntas y me ayudaron. Desde entonces practico con situaciones reales y reviso las palabras que necesito. Creo que estudiar gramática es útil porque me permite entender mejor lo que digo; sin embargo, también necesito escuchar y conversar. Mi próximo objetivo es participar en un curso de cocina en español. Si sigo practicando, podré hacerlo con más confianza. Sé que aún necesitaré pedir aclaraciones y buscar algunas palabras. Mi objetivo es poder participar, entender las respuestas y seguir aprendiendo de cada conversación.","language":"es-ES"},"answer":"Combining grammar, review, listening, and real interaction","prompt":"Listen for meaning. What approach does the writer now support?","options":["Waiting for perfect Spanish before participating","Combining grammar, review, listening, and real interaction","Memorising lists while avoiding all speaking"],"difficulty":"intermediate","explanation":"The narrator values grammar but also needs escuchar y conversar, reviews useful words, and practises in real situations. The supported approach combines these activities instead of avoiding speaking.","vocabularyIds":["es-b1-production-v1","es-b1-production-v2","es-b1-production-v3","es-b1-production-v4","es-b1-production-v5","es-b1-production-v6","es-b1-production-v7","es-b1-production-v8","es-b1-production-v9","es-b1-production-v10"]}],"description":"Write 150–180 words about a challenge, what you learned, and a future goal. Then speak for 2–3 minutes without reading. Ask a partner for a follow-up question and feedback on clarity."}],"cefrLevel":"B1","objective":"Combine comprehension, storytelling, problem solving, and supported opinions in extended everyday tasks.","description":"B1 · Combine comprehension, storytelling, problem solving, and supported opinions in extended everyday tasks."}],"license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","vocabulary":[{"id":"hola","word":"hola","translation":"hello"},{"id":"adios","word":"adiós","translation":"goodbye"},{"id":"gracias","word":"gracias","translation":"thank you"},{"id":"buenos-dias","word":"buenos días","translation":"good morning"},{"id":"buenas-noches","word":"buenas noches","translation":"good night"},{"id":"por-favor","word":"por favor","translation":"please"},{"id":"me-llamo","word":"me llamo","translation":"my name is"},{"id":"soy","word":"soy","translation":"I am"},{"id":"amigo","word":"amigo","translation":"friend"},{"id":"mucho-gusto","word":"mucho gusto","translation":"nice to meet you"},{"id":"agua","word":"agua","translation":"water"},{"id":"pan","word":"pan","translation":"bread"},{"id":"casa","word":"casa","translation":"house"},{"id":"libro","word":"libro","translation":"book"},{"id":"cafe","word":"café","translation":"coffee"},{"id":"gato","word":"gato","translation":"cat"},{"id":"uno","word":"uno","translation":"one"},{"id":"dos","word":"dos","translation":"two"},{"id":"tres","word":"tres","translation":"three"},{"id":"cuatro","word":"cuatro","translation":"four"},{"id":"cinco","word":"cinco","translation":"five"},{"id":"tengo","word":"tengo","translation":"I have"},{"id":"quiero","word":"quiero","translation":"I want"},{"id":"como","word":"como","translation":"I eat"},{"id":"bebo","word":"bebo","translation":"I drink"},{"id":"bien","word":"bien","translation":"well"},{"id":"hasta-luego","word":"hasta luego","translation":"see you later"},{"id":"lo-siento","word":"lo siento","translation":"I am sorry"},{"id":"donde","word":"dónde","translation":"where"},{"id":"si","word":"sí","translation":"yes"},{"id":"es-identity-v1","word":"país","translation":"country"},{"id":"es-identity-v2","word":"ciudad","translation":"city"},{"id":"es-identity-v3","word":"español","translation":"Spanish"},{"id":"es-identity-v4","word":"inglesa","translation":"English (feminine)"},{"id":"es-identity-v5","word":"de","translation":"from"},{"id":"es-identity-v6","word":"idioma","translation":"language"},{"id":"es-identity-v7","word":"persona","translation":"person"},{"id":"es-identity-v8","word":"nombre","translation":"name"},{"id":"es-identity-v9","word":"apellido","translation":"surname"},{"id":"es-identity-v10","word":"nacionalidad","translation":"nationality"},{"id":"es-family-v1","word":"madre","translation":"mother"},{"id":"es-family-v2","word":"padre","translation":"father"},{"id":"es-family-v3","word":"hermana","translation":"sister"},{"id":"es-family-v4","word":"hermano","translation":"brother"},{"id":"es-family-v5","word":"abuela","translation":"grandmother"},{"id":"es-family-v6","word":"abuelo","translation":"grandfather"},{"id":"es-family-v7","word":"hija","translation":"daughter"},{"id":"es-family-v8","word":"hijo","translation":"son"},{"id":"es-family-v9","word":"familia","translation":"family"},{"id":"es-family-v10","word":"años","translation":"years"},{"id":"es-agreement-v1","word":"alto","translation":"tall (masculine)"},{"id":"es-agreement-v2","word":"baja","translation":"short (feminine)"},{"id":"es-agreement-v3","word":"simpático","translation":"friendly (masculine)"},{"id":"es-agreement-v4","word":"inteligente","translation":"intelligent"},{"id":"es-agreement-v5","word":"joven","translation":"young"},{"id":"es-agreement-v6","word":"mayor","translation":"older"},{"id":"es-agreement-v7","word":"chico","translation":"boy"},{"id":"es-agreement-v8","word":"chica","translation":"girl"},{"id":"es-agreement-v9","word":"ojos","translation":"eyes"},{"id":"es-agreement-v10","word":"pelo","translation":"hair"},{"id":"es-regular-present-v1","word":"hablar","translation":"to speak"},{"id":"es-regular-present-v2","word":"estudiar","translation":"to study"},{"id":"es-regular-present-v3","word":"trabajar","translation":"to work"},{"id":"es-regular-present-v4","word":"comer","translation":"to eat"},{"id":"es-regular-present-v5","word":"beber","translation":"to drink"},{"id":"es-regular-present-v6","word":"vivir","translation":"to live"},{"id":"es-regular-present-v7","word":"leer","translation":"to read"},{"id":"es-regular-present-v8","word":"escribir","translation":"to write"},{"id":"es-regular-present-v9","word":"aprender","translation":"to learn"},{"id":"es-regular-present-v10","word":"escuchar","translation":"to listen"},{"id":"es-questions-v1","word":"qué","translation":"what"},{"id":"es-questions-v2","word":"quién","translation":"who"},{"id":"es-questions-v3","word":"cuándo","translation":"when"},{"id":"es-questions-v4","word":"cómo","translation":"how"},{"id":"es-questions-v5","word":"cuánto","translation":"how much"},{"id":"es-questions-v6","word":"por qué","translation":"why"},{"id":"es-questions-v7","word":"porque","translation":"because"},{"id":"es-questions-v8","word":"respuesta","translation":"answer"},{"id":"es-questions-v9","word":"pregunta","translation":"question"},{"id":"es-questions-v10","word":"clase","translation":"class"},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-v1","word":"estar","translation":"to be (state or location)"},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-v2","word":"hay","translation":"there is or there are"},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-v3","word":"aquí","translation":"here"},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-v4","word":"allí","translation":"there"},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-v5","word":"cerca","translation":"near"},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-v6","word":"lejos","translation":"far"},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-v7","word":"abierto","translation":"open"},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-v8","word":"cerrado","translation":"closed"},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-v9","word":"cansado","translation":"tired"},{"id":"es-ser-estar-hay-v10","word":"tranquila","translation":"quiet (feminine)"},{"id":"es-time-calendar-v1","word":"lunes","translation":"Monday"},{"id":"es-time-calendar-v2","word":"martes","translation":"Tuesday"},{"id":"es-time-calendar-v3","word":"miércoles","translation":"Wednesday"},{"id":"es-time-calendar-v4","word":"jueves","translation":"Thursday"},{"id":"es-time-calendar-v5","word":"viernes","translation":"Friday"},{"id":"es-time-calendar-v6","word":"sábado","translation":"Saturday"},{"id":"es-time-calendar-v7","word":"domingo","translation":"Sunday"},{"id":"es-time-calendar-v8","word":"hora","translation":"hour"},{"id":"es-time-calendar-v9","word":"media","translation":"half"},{"id":"es-time-calendar-v10","word":"cuarto","translation":"quarter"},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-v1","word":"levantarse","translation":"to get up"},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-v2","word":"ducharse","translation":"to shower"},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-v3","word":"vestirse","translation":"to get dressed"},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-v4","word":"desayunar","translation":"to have breakfast"},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-v5","word":"acostarse","translation":"to go to bed"},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-v6","word":"despertarse","translation":"to wake up"},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-v7","word":"temprano","translation":"early"},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-v8","word":"tarde","translation":"late"},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-v9","word":"siempre","translation":"always"},{"id":"es-reflexive-routine-v10","word":"nunca","translation":"never"},{"id":"es-irregular-present-v1","word":"ir","translation":"to go"},{"id":"es-irregular-present-v2","word":"querer","translation":"to want"},{"id":"es-irregular-present-v3","word":"poder","translation":"to be able to"},{"id":"es-irregular-present-v4","word":"hacer","translation":"to do or make"},{"id":"es-irregular-present-v5","word":"salir","translation":"to go out"},{"id":"es-irregular-present-v6","word":"venir","translation":"to come"},{"id":"es-irregular-present-v7","word":"volver","translation":"to return"},{"id":"es-irregular-present-v8","word":"empezar","translation":"to begin"},{"id":"es-irregular-present-v9","word":"pensar","translation":"to think"},{"id":"es-irregular-present-v10","word":"preferir","translation":"to prefer"},{"id":"es-restaurant-v1","word":"menú","translation":"menu"},{"id":"es-restaurant-v2","word":"cuenta","translation":"bill"},{"id":"es-restaurant-v3","word":"mesa","translation":"table"},{"id":"es-restaurant-v4","word":"camarero","translation":"waiter"},{"id":"es-restaurant-v5","word":"leche","translation":"milk"},{"id":"es-restaurant-v6","word":"azúcar","translation":"sugar"},{"id":"es-restaurant-v7","word":"pollo","translation":"chicken"},{"id":"es-restaurant-v8","word":"pescado","translation":"fish"},{"id":"es-restaurant-v9","word":"ensalada","translation":"salad"},{"id":"es-restaurant-v10","word":"sin","translation":"without"},{"id":"es-market-v1","word":"manzana","translation":"apple"},{"id":"es-market-v2","word":"naranja","translation":"orange"},{"id":"es-market-v3","word":"tomate","translation":"tomato"},{"id":"es-market-v4","word":"patata","translation":"potato"},{"id":"es-market-v5","word":"arroz","translation":"rice"},{"id":"es-market-v6","word":"huevo","translation":"egg"},{"id":"es-market-v7","word":"kilo","translation":"kilogram"},{"id":"es-market-v8","word":"precio","translation":"price"},{"id":"es-market-v9","word":"veinte","translation":"twenty"},{"id":"es-market-v10","word":"cien","translation":"one hundred"},{"id":"es-clothes-v1","word":"camisa","translation":"shirt"},{"id":"es-clothes-v2","word":"pantalones","translation":"trousers"},{"id":"es-clothes-v3","word":"zapatos","translation":"shoes"},{"id":"es-clothes-v4","word":"vestido","translation":"dress"},{"id":"es-clothes-v5","word":"talla","translation":"size (clothing)"},{"id":"es-clothes-v6","word":"rojo","translation":"red"},{"id":"es-clothes-v7","word":"azul","translation":"blue"},{"id":"es-clothes-v8","word":"verde","translation":"green"},{"id":"es-clothes-v9","word":"caro","translation":"expensive"},{"id":"es-clothes-v10","word":"barato","translation":"cheap"},{"id":"es-home-v1","word":"cocina","translation":"kitchen"},{"id":"es-home-v2","word":"baño","translation":"bathroom"},{"id":"es-home-v3","word":"dormitorio","translation":"bedroom"},{"id":"es-home-v4","word":"salón","translation":"living room"},{"id":"es-home-v5","word":"ventana","translation":"window"},{"id":"es-home-v6","word":"puerta","translation":"door"},{"id":"es-home-v7","word":"silla","translation":"chair"},{"id":"es-home-v8","word":"al lado de","translation":"next to"},{"id":"es-home-v9","word":"delante de","translation":"in front of"},{"id":"es-home-v10","word":"detrás de","translation":"behind"},{"id":"es-directions-v1","word":"calle","translation":"street"},{"id":"es-directions-v2","word":"plaza","translation":"square"},{"id":"es-directions-v3","word":"banco","translation":"bank"},{"id":"es-directions-v4","word":"farmacia","translation":"pharmacy"},{"id":"es-directions-v5","word":"derecha","translation":"right"},{"id":"es-directions-v6","word":"izquierda","translation":"left"},{"id":"es-directions-v7","word":"recto","translation":"straight"},{"id":"es-directions-v8","word":"cruzar","translation":"to cross"},{"id":"es-directions-v9","word":"esquina","translation":"corner"},{"id":"es-directions-v10","word":"hasta","translation":"until or as far as"},{"id":"es-transport-v1","word":"tren","translation":"train"},{"id":"es-transport-v2","word":"autobús","translation":"bus"},{"id":"es-transport-v3","word":"coche","translation":"car"},{"id":"es-transport-v4","word":"estación","translation":"station"},{"id":"es-transport-v5","word":"billete","translation":"ticket"},{"id":"es-transport-v6","word":"ida","translation":"outward journey"},{"id":"es-transport-v7","word":"vuelta","translation":"return journey"},{"id":"es-transport-v8","word":"andén","translation":"platform"},{"id":"es-transport-v9","word":"a pie","translation":"on foot"},{"id":"es-transport-v10","word":"viaje","translation":"journey"},{"id":"es-likes-v1","word":"bailar","translation":"to dance"},{"id":"es-likes-v2","word":"cantar","translation":"to sing"},{"id":"es-likes-v3","word":"nadar","translation":"to swim"},{"id":"es-likes-v4","word":"correr","translation":"to run"},{"id":"es-likes-v5","word":"dibujar","translation":"to draw"},{"id":"es-likes-v6","word":"deporte","translation":"sport"},{"id":"es-likes-v7","word":"música","translation":"music"},{"id":"es-likes-v8","word":"película","translation":"film"},{"id":"es-likes-v9","word":"también","translation":"also"},{"id":"es-likes-v10","word":"tampoco","translation":"neither"},{"id":"es-weather-v1","word":"primavera","translation":"spring"},{"id":"es-weather-v2","word":"verano","translation":"summer"},{"id":"es-weather-v3","word":"otoño","translation":"autumn"},{"id":"es-weather-v4","word":"invierno","translation":"winter"},{"id":"es-weather-v5","word":"frío","translation":"cold"},{"id":"es-weather-v6","word":"calor","translation":"heat"},{"id":"es-weather-v7","word":"llover","translation":"to rain"},{"id":"es-weather-v8","word":"nevar","translation":"to snow"},{"id":"es-weather-v9","word":"nublado","translation":"cloudy"},{"id":"es-weather-v10","word":"viento","translation":"wind"},{"id":"es-simple-plans-v1","word":"mañana","translation":"tomorrow"},{"id":"es-simple-plans-v2","word":"hoy","translation":"today"},{"id":"es-simple-plans-v3","word":"después","translation":"afterwards"},{"id":"es-simple-plans-v4","word":"antes","translation":"before"},{"id":"es-simple-plans-v5","word":"quedar","translation":"to arrange to meet"},{"id":"es-simple-plans-v6","word":"invitar","translation":"to invite"},{"id":"es-simple-plans-v7","word":"juntos","translation":"together"},{"id":"es-simple-plans-v8","word":"libre","translation":"free or available"},{"id":"es-simple-plans-v9","word":"ocupado","translation":"busy"},{"id":"es-simple-plans-v10","word":"fin de semana","translation":"weekend"},{"id":"es-a1-introduction-v1","word":"estudiante","translation":"student"},{"id":"es-a1-introduction-v2","word":"profesor","translation":"teacher"},{"id":"es-a1-introduction-v3","word":"compañero","translation":"classmate or colleague"},{"id":"es-a1-introduction-v4","word":"universidad","translation":"university"},{"id":"es-a1-introduction-v5","word":"oficina","translation":"office"},{"id":"es-a1-introduction-v6","word":"centro","translation":"town centre"},{"id":"es-a1-introduction-v7","word":"barrio","translation":"neighbourhood"},{"id":"es-a1-introduction-v8","word":"pero","translation":"but"},{"id":"es-a1-introduction-v9","word":"y","translation":"and"},{"id":"es-a1-introduction-v10","word":"trabajo","translation":"job or work"},{"id":"es-a1-errands-v1","word":"tienda","translation":"shop"},{"id":"es-a1-errands-v2","word":"panadería","translation":"bakery"},{"id":"es-a1-errands-v3","word":"supermercado","translation":"supermarket"},{"id":"es-a1-errands-v4","word":"botella","translation":"bottle"},{"id":"es-a1-errands-v5","word":"bolsa","translation":"bag"},{"id":"es-a1-errands-v6","word":"dinero","translation":"money"},{"id":"es-a1-errands-v7","word":"efectivo","translation":"cash"},{"id":"es-a1-errands-v8","word":"tarjeta","translation":"card"},{"id":"es-a1-errands-v9","word":"ayuda","translation":"help"},{"id":"es-a1-errands-v10","word":"perdón","translation":"excuse me"},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-v1","word":"entrada","translation":"admission ticket"},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-v2","word":"museo","translation":"museum"},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-v3","word":"parque","translation":"park"},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-v4","word":"playa","translation":"beach"},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-v5","word":"piscina","translation":"swimming pool"},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-v6","word":"excursión","translation":"day trip"},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-v7","word":"repetir","translation":"to repeat"},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-v8","word":"despacio","translation":"slowly"},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-v9","word":"entender","translation":"to understand"},{"id":"es-a1-day-out-v10","word":"plan","translation":"plan"},{"id":"es-perfect-regular-v2","word":"esta semana","translation":"this week"},{"id":"es-perfect-regular-v3","word":"ya","translation":"already"},{"id":"es-perfect-regular-v4","word":"todavía no","translation":"not yet"},{"id":"es-perfect-regular-v5","word":"terminar","translation":"to finish"},{"id":"es-perfect-regular-v6","word":"visitar","translation":"to visit"},{"id":"es-perfect-regular-v7","word":"preparar","translation":"to prepare"},{"id":"es-perfect-regular-v8","word":"limpiar","translation":"to clean"},{"id":"es-perfect-regular-v9","word":"viajar","translation":"to travel"},{"id":"es-perfect-regular-v10","word":"recibir","translation":"to receive"},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-v1","word":"hecho","translation":"done or made"},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-v2","word":"dicho","translation":"said"},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-v3","word":"visto","translation":"seen"},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-v4","word":"escrito","translation":"written"},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-v5","word":"abierto","translation":"opened"},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-v6","word":"puesto","translation":"put"},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-v7","word":"vuelto","translation":"returned"},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-v8","word":"roto","translation":"broken"},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-v9","word":"mensaje","translation":"message"},{"id":"es-perfect-irregular-v10","word":"correo","translation":"email"},{"id":"es-life-experiences-v1","word":"alguna vez","translation":"ever"},{"id":"es-life-experiences-v2","word":"jamás","translation":"ever or never"},{"id":"es-life-experiences-v3","word":"experiencia","translation":"experience"},{"id":"es-life-experiences-v4","word":"extranjero","translation":"abroad or foreign"},{"id":"es-life-experiences-v5","word":"montaña","translation":"mountain"},{"id":"es-life-experiences-v6","word":"probar","translation":"to try (food)"},{"id":"es-life-experiences-v7","word":"conocer","translation":"to meet or know"},{"id":"es-life-experiences-v8","word":"avión","translation":"plane"},{"id":"es-life-experiences-v9","word":"concierto","translation":"concert"},{"id":"es-life-experiences-v10","word":"aventura","translation":"adventure"},{"id":"es-preterite-regular-v1","word":"ayer","translation":"yesterday"},{"id":"es-preterite-regular-v2","word":"anoche","translation":"last night"},{"id":"es-preterite-regular-v3","word":"la semana pasada","translation":"last week"},{"id":"es-preterite-regular-v4","word":"el año pasado","translation":"last year"},{"id":"es-preterite-regular-v5","word":"comprar","translation":"to buy"},{"id":"es-preterite-regular-v6","word":"cenar","translation":"to have dinner"},{"id":"es-preterite-regular-v7","word":"llegar","translation":"to arrive"},{"id":"es-preterite-regular-v8","word":"salir","translation":"to leave"},{"id":"es-preterite-regular-v9","word":"pasar","translation":"to spend (time)"},{"id":"es-preterite-regular-v10","word":"vacaciones","translation":"holidays"},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-v1","word":"fui","translation":"I went or I was"},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-v2","word":"tuve","translation":"I had"},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-v3","word":"hice","translation":"I did or made"},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-v4","word":"estuve","translation":"I was (temporary)"},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-v5","word":"pude","translation":"I was able to"},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-v6","word":"dije","translation":"I said"},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-v7","word":"traje","translation":"I brought"},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-v8","word":"supe","translation":"I found out"},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-v9","word":"problema","translation":"problem"},{"id":"es-preterite-irregular-v10","word":"suerte","translation":"luck"},{"id":"es-past-sequence-v1","word":"primero","translation":"first"},{"id":"es-past-sequence-v2","word":"luego","translation":"then"},{"id":"es-past-sequence-v3","word":"al final","translation":"in the end"},{"id":"es-past-sequence-v4","word":"de repente","translation":"suddenly"},{"id":"es-past-sequence-v5","word":"equipaje","translation":"luggage"},{"id":"es-past-sequence-v6","word":"maleta","translation":"suitcase"},{"id":"es-past-sequence-v7","word":"retraso","translation":"delay"},{"id":"es-past-sequence-v8","word":"perder","translation":"to lose or miss"},{"id":"es-past-sequence-v9","word":"encontrar","translation":"to find"},{"id":"es-past-sequence-v10","word":"reservar","translation":"to book"},{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-v1","word":"infancia","translation":"childhood"},{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-v2","word":"de pequeño","translation":"as a child"},{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-v3","word":"antes","translation":"formerly"},{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-v4","word":"cada día","translation":"each day"},{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-v5","word":"colegio","translation":"school"},{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-v6","word":"patio","translation":"playground"},{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-v7","word":"dibujos animados","translation":"cartoons"},{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-v8","word":"juguete","translation":"toy"},{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-v9","word":"jugar","translation":"to play"},{"id":"es-imperfect-habits-v10","word":"merendar","translation":"to have an afternoon snack"},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-v1","word":"era","translation":"I was or he/she was"},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-v2","word":"iba","translation":"I used to go"},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-v3","word":"veía","translation":"I used to see"},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-v4","word":"pueblo","translation":"village"},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-v5","word":"campo","translation":"countryside"},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-v6","word":"vecino","translation":"neighbour"},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-v7","word":"tímido","translation":"shy"},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-v8","word":"divertido","translation":"fun"},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-v9","word":"ruidoso","translation":"noisy"},{"id":"es-imperfect-irregular-v10","word":"antiguo","translation":"old or former"},{"id":"es-past-background-v1","word":"llovía","translation":"it was raining"},{"id":"es-past-background-v2","word":"hacía frío","translation":"it was cold"},{"id":"es-past-background-v3","word":"estaba leyendo","translation":"I was reading"},{"id":"es-past-background-v4","word":"mientras","translation":"while"},{"id":"es-past-background-v5","word":"oscuro","translation":"dark"},{"id":"es-past-background-v6","word":"callejón","translation":"alley"},{"id":"es-past-background-v7","word":"ruido","translation":"noise"},{"id":"es-past-background-v8","word":"luz","translation":"light"},{"id":"es-past-background-v9","word":"silencio","translation":"silence"},{"id":"es-past-background-v10","word":"esperar","translation":"to wait"},{"id":"es-past-interruption-v1","word":"sonar","translation":"to ring"},{"id":"es-past-interruption-v2","word":"llamar","translation":"to call"},{"id":"es-past-interruption-v3","word":"caerse","translation":"to fall"},{"id":"es-past-interruption-v4","word":"romperse","translation":"to break"},{"id":"es-past-interruption-v5","word":"ocurrir","translation":"to happen"},{"id":"es-past-interruption-v6","word":"interrumpir","translation":"to interrupt"},{"id":"es-past-interruption-v7","word":"entonces","translation":"then"},{"id":"es-past-interruption-v8","word":"golpe","translation":"knock or blow"},{"id":"es-past-interruption-v9","word":"sorpresa","translation":"surprise"},{"id":"es-past-interruption-v10","word":"asustado","translation":"frightened"},{"id":"es-past-changes-v1","word":"mudarse","translation":"to move house"},{"id":"es-past-changes-v2","word":"cambiar","translation":"to change"},{"id":"es-past-changes-v3","word":"empezar de nuevo","translation":"to start again"},{"id":"es-past-changes-v4","word":"dejar","translation":"to stop or leave"},{"id":"es-past-changes-v5","word":"seguir","translation":"to continue"},{"id":"es-past-changes-v6","word":"ahora","translation":"now"},{"id":"es-past-changes-v7","word":"entrenar","translation":"to train"},{"id":"es-past-changes-v8","word":"costumbre","translation":"habit"},{"id":"es-past-changes-v9","word":"cambio","translation":"change"},{"id":"es-past-changes-v10","word":"etapa","translation":"stage of life"},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-v1","word":"el mes pasado","translation":"last month"},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-v2","word":"este mes","translation":"this month"},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-v3","word":"en 2020","translation":"in 2020"},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-v4","word":"últimamente","translation":"lately"},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-v5","word":"recientemente","translation":"recently"},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-v6","word":"fecha","translation":"date"},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-v7","word":"recuerdo","translation":"memory"},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-v8","word":"historia","translation":"story"},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-v9","word":"vez","translation":"time or occasion"},{"id":"es-perfect-or-preterite-v10","word":"todavía","translation":"still or yet"},{"id":"es-future-arrangements-v1","word":"dentro de","translation":"in (a period from now)"},{"id":"es-future-arrangements-v2","word":"la próxima semana","translation":"next week"},{"id":"es-future-arrangements-v3","word":"pasado mañana","translation":"the day after tomorrow"},{"id":"es-future-arrangements-v4","word":"cita","translation":"appointment"},{"id":"es-future-arrangements-v5","word":"horario","translation":"timetable"},{"id":"es-future-arrangements-v6","word":"agenda","translation":"diary or planner"},{"id":"es-future-arrangements-v7","word":"confirmar","translation":"to confirm"},{"id":"es-future-arrangements-v8","word":"cancelar","translation":"to cancel"},{"id":"es-future-arrangements-v9","word":"organizar","translation":"to organise"},{"id":"es-future-arrangements-v10","word":"disponible","translation":"available"},{"id":"es-obligations-v1","word":"tener que","translation":"to have to"},{"id":"es-obligations-v2","word":"hay que","translation":"it is necessary to"},{"id":"es-obligations-v3","word":"deber","translation":"should or must"},{"id":"es-obligations-v4","word":"permitido","translation":"allowed"},{"id":"es-obligations-v5","word":"prohibido","translation":"prohibited"},{"id":"es-obligations-v6","word":"norma","translation":"rule"},{"id":"es-obligations-v8","word":"basura","translation":"rubbish"},{"id":"es-obligations-v9","word":"reciclar","translation":"to recycle"},{"id":"es-obligations-v10","word":"respetar","translation":"to respect"},{"id":"es-duration-v1","word":"desde","translation":"since or from"},{"id":"es-duration-v2","word":"desde hace","translation":"for (continuing duration)"},{"id":"es-duration-v3","word":"llevar","translation":"to have spent (time)"},{"id":"es-duration-v4","word":"durante","translation":"during or for"},{"id":"es-duration-v5","word":"mes","translation":"month"},{"id":"es-duration-v6","word":"semana","translation":"week"},{"id":"es-duration-v7","word":"año","translation":"year"},{"id":"es-duration-v8","word":"empezar","translation":"to start"},{"id":"es-duration-v9","word":"continuar","translation":"to continue"},{"id":"es-duration-v10","word":"hace","translation":"ago (with a period)"},{"id":"es-direct-objects-v1","word":"lo","translation":"it or him (direct object)"},{"id":"es-direct-objects-v2","word":"la","translation":"it or her (direct object)"},{"id":"es-direct-objects-v3","word":"los","translation":"them (masculine direct object)"},{"id":"es-direct-objects-v4","word":"las","translation":"them (feminine direct object)"},{"id":"es-direct-objects-v5","word":"comprarlo","translation":"to buy it (masculine)"},{"id":"es-direct-objects-v6","word":"llaves","translation":"keys"},{"id":"es-direct-objects-v7","word":"revista","translation":"magazine"},{"id":"es-direct-objects-v8","word":"periódico","translation":"newspaper"},{"id":"es-direct-objects-v9","word":"regalo","translation":"gift"},{"id":"es-direct-objects-v10","word":"buscar","translation":"to look for"},{"id":"es-indirect-objects-v1","word":"le","translation":"to him or her"},{"id":"es-indirect-objects-v2","word":"les","translation":"to them"},{"id":"es-indirect-objects-v3","word":"dar","translation":"to give"},{"id":"es-indirect-objects-v4","word":"enviar","translation":"to send"},{"id":"es-indirect-objects-v5","word":"contar","translation":"to tell"},{"id":"es-indirect-objects-v6","word":"mostrar","translation":"to show"},{"id":"es-indirect-objects-v7","word":"prestar","translation":"to lend"},{"id":"es-indirect-objects-v8","word":"destinatario","translation":"recipient"},{"id":"es-indirect-objects-v9","word":"paquete","translation":"parcel"},{"id":"es-indirect-objects-v10","word":"postal","translation":"postcard"},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-v1","word":"se lo","translation":"it to him/her/them (masculine)"},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-v2","word":"se la","translation":"it to him/her/them (feminine)"},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-v3","word":"me lo","translation":"it to me (masculine)"},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-v4","word":"te los","translation":"them to you (masculine)"},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-v5","word":"devolver","translation":"to give back"},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-v6","word":"mandar","translation":"to send"},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-v7","word":"explicar","translation":"to explain"},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-v8","word":"contraseña","translation":"password"},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-v9","word":"documento","translation":"document"},{"id":"es-combined-pronouns-v10","word":"foto","translation":"photo"},{"id":"es-comparatives-v1","word":"mejor","translation":"better"},{"id":"es-comparatives-v2","word":"peor","translation":"worse"},{"id":"es-comparatives-v3","word":"más que","translation":"more than"},{"id":"es-comparatives-v4","word":"menos que","translation":"less than"},{"id":"es-comparatives-v5","word":"tan como","translation":"as ... as"},{"id":"es-comparatives-v6","word":"grande","translation":"big"},{"id":"es-comparatives-v7","word":"pequeño","translation":"small"},{"id":"es-comparatives-v8","word":"cómodo","translation":"comfortable"},{"id":"es-comparatives-v9","word":"rápido","translation":"fast"},{"id":"es-comparatives-v10","word":"lento","translation":"slow"},{"id":"es-superlatives-v1","word":"el mejor","translation":"the best (masculine)"},{"id":"es-superlatives-v2","word":"la peor","translation":"the worst (feminine)"},{"id":"es-superlatives-v3","word":"el más barato","translation":"the cheapest (masculine)"},{"id":"es-superlatives-v4","word":"la más bonita","translation":"the prettiest (feminine)"},{"id":"es-superlatives-v5","word":"interesante","translation":"interesting"},{"id":"es-superlatives-v6","word":"recomendación","translation":"recommendation"},{"id":"es-superlatives-v7","word":"opción","translation":"option"},{"id":"es-superlatives-v8","word":"calidad","translation":"quality"},{"id":"es-superlatives-v9","word":"servicio","translation":"service"},{"id":"es-superlatives-v10","word":"excelente","translation":"excellent"},{"id":"es-quantities-v1","word":"algo","translation":"something"},{"id":"es-quantities-v2","word":"nada","translation":"nothing"},{"id":"es-quantities-v3","word":"alguien","translation":"someone"},{"id":"es-quantities-v4","word":"nadie","translation":"nobody"},{"id":"es-quantities-v5","word":"demasiado","translation":"too much"},{"id":"es-quantities-v6","word":"bastante","translation":"enough or quite a lot"},{"id":"es-quantities-v7","word":"poco","translation":"little or few"},{"id":"es-quantities-v8","word":"mucho","translation":"much or many"},{"id":"es-quantities-v9","word":"suficiente","translation":"sufficient"},{"id":"es-quantities-v10","word":"cantidad","translation":"quantity"},{"id":"es-symptoms-v1","word":"cabeza","translation":"head"},{"id":"es-symptoms-v2","word":"garganta","translation":"throat"},{"id":"es-symptoms-v3","word":"espalda","translation":"back"},{"id":"es-symptoms-v4","word":"estómago","translation":"stomach"},{"id":"es-symptoms-v5","word":"fiebre","translation":"fever"},{"id":"es-symptoms-v6","word":"tos","translation":"cough"},{"id":"es-symptoms-v7","word":"dolor","translation":"pain"},{"id":"es-symptoms-v8","word":"mareado","translation":"dizzy"},{"id":"es-symptoms-v9","word":"doler","translation":"to hurt"},{"id":"es-symptoms-v10","word":"enfermo","translation":"ill"},{"id":"es-appointments-v1","word":"pedir cita","translation":"to make an appointment"},{"id":"es-appointments-v2","word":"consulta","translation":"consultation"},{"id":"es-appointments-v3","word":"recepción","translation":"reception"},{"id":"es-appointments-v4","word":"seguro","translation":"insurance"},{"id":"es-appointments-v5","word":"urgente","translation":"urgent"},{"id":"es-appointments-v6","word":"disponibilidad","translation":"availability"},{"id":"es-appointments-v7","word":"aplazar","translation":"to postpone"},{"id":"es-appointments-v8","word":"adelantar","translation":"to bring forward"},{"id":"es-appointments-v9","word":"confirmación","translation":"confirmation"},{"id":"es-appointments-v10","word":"apuntar","translation":"to note down"},{"id":"es-service-requests-v1","word":"acabar de","translation":"to have just"},{"id":"es-service-requests-v2","word":"avería","translation":"breakdown"},{"id":"es-service-requests-v3","word":"reparar","translation":"to repair"},{"id":"es-service-requests-v4","word":"grifo","translation":"tap"},{"id":"es-service-requests-v5","word":"calefacción","translation":"heating"},{"id":"es-service-requests-v6","word":"enchufe","translation":"socket"},{"id":"es-service-requests-v7","word":"funcionar","translation":"to work or function"},{"id":"es-service-requests-v8","word":"encender","translation":"to switch on"},{"id":"es-service-requests-v9","word":"apagar","translation":"to switch off"},{"id":"es-service-requests-v10","word":"técnico","translation":"technician"},{"id":"es-job-routine-v1","word":"profesión","translation":"profession"},{"id":"es-job-routine-v2","word":"empresa","translation":"company"},{"id":"es-job-routine-v3","word":"reunión","translation":"meeting"},{"id":"es-job-routine-v4","word":"cliente","translation":"customer"},{"id":"es-job-routine-v5","word":"horas extra","translation":"overtime"},{"id":"es-job-routine-v6","word":"sueldo","translation":"salary"},{"id":"es-job-routine-v7","word":"turno","translation":"shift"},{"id":"es-job-routine-v8","word":"equipo","translation":"team"},{"id":"es-job-routine-v9","word":"jefe","translation":"boss"},{"id":"es-job-routine-v10","word":"soler","translation":"to usually do"},{"id":"es-learning-needs-v1","word":"pronunciación","translation":"pronunciation"},{"id":"es-learning-needs-v2","word":"gramática","translation":"grammar"},{"id":"es-learning-needs-v3","word":"vocabulario","translation":"vocabulary"},{"id":"es-learning-needs-v4","word":"examen","translation":"exam"},{"id":"es-learning-needs-v5","word":"ejercicio","translation":"exercise"},{"id":"es-learning-needs-v6","word":"practicar","translation":"to practise"},{"id":"es-learning-needs-v7","word":"repasar","translation":"to revise"},{"id":"es-learning-needs-v8","word":"mejorar","translation":"to improve"},{"id":"es-learning-needs-v9","word":"equivocarse","translation":"to make a mistake"},{"id":"es-learning-needs-v10","word":"apuntes","translation":"notes"},{"id":"es-messages-v1","word":"avisar","translation":"to let someone know"},{"id":"es-messages-v2","word":"contestar","translation":"to reply"},{"id":"es-messages-v3","word":"dejar un mensaje","translation":"to leave a message"},{"id":"es-messages-v4","word":"adjunto","translation":"attached"},{"id":"es-messages-v5","word":"asunto","translation":"subject"},{"id":"es-messages-v6","word":"saludo","translation":"greeting"},{"id":"es-messages-v7","word":"despedida","translation":"sign-off"},{"id":"es-messages-v8","word":"urgencia","translation":"urgency"},{"id":"es-messages-v9","word":"disculpa","translation":"apology"},{"id":"es-messages-v10","word":"disculparse","translation":"to apologise"},{"id":"es-a2-travel-v1","word":"alojamiento","translation":"accommodation"},{"id":"es-a2-travel-v2","word":"hostal","translation":"guesthouse"},{"id":"es-a2-travel-v3","word":"paisaje","translation":"landscape"},{"id":"es-a2-travel-v4","word":"sendero","translation":"path"},{"id":"es-a2-travel-v5","word":"guía","translation":"guide"},{"id":"es-a2-travel-v6","word":"recorrido","translation":"route"},{"id":"es-a2-travel-v7","word":"inolvidable","translation":"unforgettable"},{"id":"es-a2-travel-v8","word":"agradable","translation":"pleasant"},{"id":"es-a2-travel-v9","word":"agotado","translation":"exhausted"},{"id":"es-a2-travel-v10","word":"emocionado","translation":"excited"},{"id":"es-a2-solving-v1","word":"reserva","translation":"booking"},{"id":"es-a2-solving-v2","word":"habitación doble","translation":"double room"},{"id":"es-a2-solving-v3","word":"habitación individual","translation":"single room"},{"id":"es-a2-solving-v4","word":"fecha de llegada","translation":"arrival date"},{"id":"es-a2-solving-v5","word":"fecha de salida","translation":"departure date"},{"id":"es-a2-solving-v6","word":"noche","translation":"night"},{"id":"es-a2-solving-v7","word":"incluido","translation":"included"},{"id":"es-a2-solving-v8","word":"desayuno","translation":"breakfast"},{"id":"es-a2-solving-v9","word":"cambiar la reserva","translation":"to change the booking"},{"id":"es-a2-solving-v10","word":"comprobante","translation":"receipt or proof"},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-v1","word":"además","translation":"besides or furthermore"},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-v2","word":"sin embargo","translation":"however"},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-v3","word":"por eso","translation":"that is why"},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-v4","word":"decidir","translation":"to decide"},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-v5","word":"ventaja","translation":"advantage"},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-v6","word":"inconveniente","translation":"drawback"},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-v7","word":"presupuesto","translation":"budget"},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-v8","word":"ahorrar","translation":"to save money"},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-v9","word":"gastar","translation":"to spend money"},{"id":"es-a2-comparing-plans-v10","word":"compartir","translation":"to share"},{"id":"es-pluperfect-v1","word":"ya había","translation":"had already"},{"id":"es-pluperfect-v2","word":"todavía no había","translation":"had not yet"},{"id":"es-pluperfect-v3","word":"antes de que","translation":"before (a clause)"},{"id":"es-pluperfect-v4","word":"por entonces","translation":"by then"},{"id":"es-pluperfect-v5","word":"olvidar","translation":"to forget"},{"id":"es-pluperfect-v6","word":"darse cuenta","translation":"to realise"},{"id":"es-pluperfect-v7","word":"salida","translation":"departure"},{"id":"es-pluperfect-v8","word":"llegada","translation":"arrival"},{"id":"es-pluperfect-v9","word":"pasaporte","translation":"passport"},{"id":"es-pluperfect-v10","word":"taquilla","translation":"ticket office"},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-v1","word":"de pronto","translation":"suddenly"},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-v2","word":"por suerte","translation":"luckily"},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-v3","word":"por desgracia","translation":"unfortunately"},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-v4","word":"justo a tiempo","translation":"just in time"},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-v5","word":"al principio","translation":"at first"},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-v6","word":"por fin","translation":"at last"},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-v7","word":"acontecimiento","translation":"event"},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-v8","word":"desenlace","translation":"ending"},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-v9","word":"testigo","translation":"witness"},{"id":"es-narrative-tenses-v10","word":"suceder","translation":"to happen"},{"id":"es-reported-speech-v1","word":"decir que","translation":"to say that"},{"id":"es-reported-speech-v2","word":"preguntar si","translation":"to ask whether"},{"id":"es-reported-speech-v3","word":"explicar que","translation":"to explain that"},{"id":"es-reported-speech-v4","word":"avisar de","translation":"to notify of"},{"id":"es-reported-speech-v5","word":"según","translation":"according to"},{"id":"es-reported-speech-v6","word":"el día anterior","translation":"the previous day"},{"id":"es-reported-speech-v7","word":"al día siguiente","translation":"the next day"},{"id":"es-reported-speech-v8","word":"en aquel momento","translation":"at that moment"},{"id":"es-reported-speech-v9","word":"noticia","translation":"news item"},{"id":"es-reported-speech-v10","word":"comunicar","translation":"to communicate"},{"id":"es-simple-future-v1","word":"futuro","translation":"future"},{"id":"es-simple-future-v2","word":"predicción","translation":"prediction"},{"id":"es-simple-future-v3","word":"promesa","translation":"promise"},{"id":"es-simple-future-v4","word":"seguramente","translation":"most likely"},{"id":"es-simple-future-v5","word":"probablemente","translation":"probably"},{"id":"es-simple-future-v6","word":"dentro de unos años","translation":"in a few years"},{"id":"es-simple-future-v7","word":"tecnología","translation":"technology"},{"id":"es-simple-future-v8","word":"viviré","translation":"I will live"},{"id":"es-simple-future-v9","word":"tendré","translation":"I will have"},{"id":"es-simple-future-v10","word":"podré","translation":"I will be able to"},{"id":"es-conditional-v1","word":"me gustaría","translation":"I would like"},{"id":"es-conditional-v2","word":"podría","translation":"could or would be able to"},{"id":"es-conditional-v3","word":"debería","translation":"should"},{"id":"es-conditional-v4","word":"tendría","translation":"would have"},{"id":"es-conditional-v5","word":"consejo","translation":"advice"},{"id":"es-conditional-v6","word":"recomendar","translation":"to recommend"},{"id":"es-conditional-v7","word":"en tu lugar","translation":"in your position"},{"id":"es-conditional-v8","word":"posibilidad","translation":"possibility"},{"id":"es-conditional-v9","word":"ideal","translation":"ideal"},{"id":"es-conditional-v10","word":"preferiría","translation":"I would prefer"},{"id":"es-real-conditions-v1","word":"si","translation":"if"},{"id":"es-real-conditions-v2","word":"en caso de","translation":"in case of"},{"id":"es-real-conditions-v3","word":"depender de","translation":"to depend on"},{"id":"es-real-conditions-v4","word":"alternativa","translation":"alternative"},{"id":"es-real-conditions-v5","word":"imprevisto","translation":"unexpected event"},{"id":"es-real-conditions-v6","word":"pronóstico","translation":"forecast"},{"id":"es-real-conditions-v7","word":"disponer de","translation":"to have available"},{"id":"es-real-conditions-v8","word":"evitar","translation":"to avoid"},{"id":"es-real-conditions-v9","word":"llevar paraguas","translation":"to carry an umbrella"},{"id":"es-real-conditions-v10","word":"por si acaso","translation":"just in case"},{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-v1","word":"querer que","translation":"to want someone to"},{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-v2","word":"esperar que","translation":"to hope that"},{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-v3","word":"desear","translation":"to wish"},{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-v4","word":"ojalá","translation":"I hope or if only"},{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-v5","word":"deseo","translation":"wish"},{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-v6","word":"objetivo","translation":"objective"},{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-v7","word":"esfuerzo","translation":"effort"},{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-v8","word":"lograr","translation":"to achieve"},{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-v9","word":"apoyar","translation":"to support"},{"id":"es-subjunctive-regular-v10","word":"participar","translation":"to participate"},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-v1","word":"sea","translation":"be (ser subjunctive)"},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-v2","word":"esté","translation":"be (estar subjunctive)"},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-v3","word":"vaya","translation":"go (subjunctive)"},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-v4","word":"haya","translation":"there be (subjunctive)"},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-v5","word":"sepa","translation":"know (subjunctive)"},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-v6","word":"dé","translation":"give (subjunctive)"},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-v7","word":"tenga","translation":"have (subjunctive)"},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-v8","word":"pueda","translation":"be able (subjunctive)"},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-v9","word":"conozca","translation":"know or meet (subjunctive)"},{"id":"es-subjunctive-irregular-v10","word":"venga","translation":"come (subjunctive)"},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-v1","word":"alegrarse","translation":"to be glad"},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-v2","word":"molestar","translation":"to bother"},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-v3","word":"sorprender","translation":"to surprise"},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-v4","word":"preocupar","translation":"to worry"},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-v5","word":"dar pena","translation":"to make someone sad"},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-v6","word":"emoción","translation":"emotion"},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-v7","word":"alegría","translation":"joy"},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-v8","word":"tristeza","translation":"sadness"},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-v9","word":"preocupación","translation":"worry"},{"id":"es-feelings-subjunctive-v10","word":"orgulloso","translation":"proud"},{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-v1","word":"aconsejar","translation":"to advise"},{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-v2","word":"sugerir","translation":"to suggest"},{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-v3","word":"conviene","translation":"it is advisable"},{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-v4","word":"es importante","translation":"it is important"},{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-v5","word":"es necesario","translation":"it is necessary"},{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-v6","word":"descansar","translation":"to rest"},{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-v7","word":"equilibrio","translation":"balance"},{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-v8","word":"saludable","translation":"healthy"},{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-v9","word":"hábito","translation":"habit"},{"id":"es-advice-subjunctive-v10","word":"prioridad","translation":"priority"},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-v1","word":"creer","translation":"to believe"},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-v2","word":"dudar","translation":"to doubt"},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-v3","word":"estar seguro","translation":"to be sure"},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-v4","word":"es verdad","translation":"it is true"},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-v5","word":"es posible","translation":"it is possible"},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-v6","word":"quizás","translation":"perhaps"},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-v7","word":"tal vez","translation":"maybe"},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-v8","word":"certeza","translation":"certainty"},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-v9","word":"duda","translation":"doubt"},{"id":"es-doubt-opinion-v10","word":"propuesta","translation":"proposal"},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-v1","word":"cuando","translation":"when"},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-v2","word":"en cuanto","translation":"as soon as"},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-v3","word":"hasta que","translation":"until (a clause)"},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-v4","word":"para que","translation":"so that"},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-v5","word":"antes de","translation":"before (an infinitive)"},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-v6","word":"después de","translation":"after (an infinitive)"},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-v7","word":"avisar al llegar","translation":"to notify on arrival"},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-v8","word":"preparativo","translation":"preparation"},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-v9","word":"instrucción","translation":"instruction"},{"id":"es-future-time-purpose-v10","word":"propósito","translation":"purpose"},{"id":"es-positive-commands-v1","word":"haz","translation":"do or make (tú command)"},{"id":"es-positive-commands-v2","word":"pon","translation":"put (tú command)"},{"id":"es-positive-commands-v3","word":"ven","translation":"come (tú command)"},{"id":"es-positive-commands-v4","word":"ten","translation":"have (tú command)"},{"id":"es-positive-commands-v5","word":"di","translation":"say (tú command)"},{"id":"es-positive-commands-v6","word":"mezclar","translation":"to mix"},{"id":"es-positive-commands-v7","word":"cortar","translation":"to cut"},{"id":"es-positive-commands-v8","word":"añadir","translation":"to add"},{"id":"es-positive-commands-v9","word":"calentar","translation":"to heat"},{"id":"es-positive-commands-v10","word":"servir","translation":"to serve"},{"id":"es-negative-commands-v1","word":"no te preocupes","translation":"do not worry"},{"id":"es-negative-commands-v2","word":"no lo hagas","translation":"do not do it"},{"id":"es-negative-commands-v3","word":"tener cuidado","translation":"to be careful"},{"id":"es-negative-commands-v4","word":"olvidarse","translation":"to forget"},{"id":"es-negative-commands-v5","word":"apresurarse","translation":"to hurry"},{"id":"es-negative-commands-v6","word":"tocar","translation":"to touch"},{"id":"es-negative-commands-v7","word":"empujar","translation":"to push"},{"id":"es-negative-commands-v8","word":"señal","translation":"sign"},{"id":"es-negative-commands-v9","word":"riesgo","translation":"risk"},{"id":"es-negative-commands-v10","word":"precaución","translation":"precaution"},{"id":"es-formal-commands-v1","word":"pase","translation":"come in (usted command)"},{"id":"es-formal-commands-v2","word":"siéntese","translation":"sit down (usted command)"},{"id":"es-formal-commands-v3","word":"firme","translation":"sign (usted command)"},{"id":"es-formal-commands-v4","word":"rellenar","translation":"to fill in"},{"id":"es-formal-commands-v5","word":"formulario","translation":"form"},{"id":"es-formal-commands-v6","word":"casilla","translation":"box on a form"},{"id":"es-formal-commands-v7","word":"firma","translation":"signature"},{"id":"es-formal-commands-v8","word":"solicitud","translation":"application"},{"id":"es-formal-commands-v9","word":"identificación","translation":"identification"},{"id":"es-formal-commands-v10","word":"ventanilla","translation":"service counter"},{"id":"es-relative-clauses-v1","word":"que","translation":"that or which"},{"id":"es-relative-clauses-v2","word":"donde","translation":"where (relative)"},{"id":"es-relative-clauses-v3","word":"con quien","translation":"with whom"},{"id":"es-relative-clauses-v4","word":"con la que","translation":"with whom or which (feminine)"},{"id":"es-relative-clauses-v5","word":"del que","translation":"about which or whom (masculine)"},{"id":"es-relative-clauses-v6","word":"referirse a","translation":"to refer to"},{"id":"es-relative-clauses-v7","word":"detalle","translation":"detail"},{"id":"es-relative-clauses-v8","word":"característica","translation":"characteristic"},{"id":"es-relative-clauses-v9","word":"descripción","translation":"description"},{"id":"es-relative-clauses-v10","word":"parecerse","translation":"to resemble"},{"id":"es-known-unknown-v1","word":"busco algo que","translation":"I am looking for something that"},{"id":"es-known-unknown-v2","word":"necesito a alguien que","translation":"I need someone who"},{"id":"es-known-unknown-v3","word":"requisito","translation":"requirement"},{"id":"es-known-unknown-v4","word":"cumplir","translation":"to fulfil"},{"id":"es-known-unknown-v5","word":"adecuado","translation":"suitable"},{"id":"es-known-unknown-v6","word":"amueblado","translation":"furnished"},{"id":"es-known-unknown-v7","word":"luminoso","translation":"bright"},{"id":"es-known-unknown-v8","word":"accesible","translation":"accessible"},{"id":"es-known-unknown-v9","word":"zona","translation":"area"},{"id":"es-known-unknown-v10","word":"alquiler","translation":"rent"},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-v1","word":"aunque","translation":"although"},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-v2","word":"así que","translation":"so"},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-v3","word":"por lo tanto","translation":"therefore"},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-v4","word":"debido a","translation":"because of"},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-v5","word":"en cambio","translation":"on the other hand"},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-v6","word":"por una parte","translation":"on the one hand"},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-v7","word":"por otra parte","translation":"on the other hand"},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-v8","word":"a pesar de","translation":"despite"},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-v9","word":"motivo","translation":"reason"},{"id":"es-cause-contrast-v10","word":"consecuencia","translation":"consequence"},{"id":"es-por-para-v1","word":"por la lluvia","translation":"because of the rain"},{"id":"es-por-para-v2","word":"para aprender","translation":"in order to learn"},{"id":"es-por-para-v3","word":"por correo","translation":"by email or post"},{"id":"es-por-para-v4","word":"para el lunes","translation":"by Monday"},{"id":"es-por-para-v5","word":"por el centro","translation":"through the centre"},{"id":"es-por-para-v6","word":"para ti","translation":"for you"},{"id":"es-por-para-v7","word":"intercambio","translation":"exchange"},{"id":"es-por-para-v8","word":"destino","translation":"destination"},{"id":"es-por-para-v9","word":"plazo","translation":"deadline"},{"id":"es-por-para-v10","word":"causa","translation":"cause"},{"id":"es-se-constructions-v1","word":"se vende","translation":"for sale"},{"id":"es-se-constructions-v2","word":"se alquila","translation":"for rent"},{"id":"es-se-constructions-v3","word":"se necesita","translation":"wanted or needed"},{"id":"es-se-constructions-v4","word":"se permite","translation":"it is permitted"},{"id":"es-se-constructions-v5","word":"se habla","translation":"one speaks"},{"id":"es-se-constructions-v6","word":"se me cayó","translation":"I accidentally dropped"},{"id":"es-se-constructions-v7","word":"se nos olvidó","translation":"we forgot accidentally"},{"id":"es-se-constructions-v8","word":"anuncio","translation":"notice"},{"id":"es-se-constructions-v9","word":"costumbre local","translation":"local custom"},{"id":"es-se-constructions-v10","word":"accidentalmente","translation":"accidentally"},{"id":"es-verb-phases-v1","word":"seguir haciendo","translation":"to keep doing"},{"id":"es-verb-phases-v2","word":"dejar de hacer","translation":"to stop doing"},{"id":"es-verb-phases-v3","word":"volver a hacer","translation":"to do again"},{"id":"es-verb-phases-v4","word":"empezar a hacer","translation":"to start doing"},{"id":"es-verb-phases-v5","word":"llevar haciendo","translation":"to have been doing"},{"id":"es-verb-phases-v6","word":"acabar de hacer","translation":"to have just done"},{"id":"es-verb-phases-v7","word":"retomar","translation":"to take up again"},{"id":"es-verb-phases-v9","word":"mantener","translation":"to maintain"},{"id":"es-verb-phases-v10","word":"progreso","translation":"progress"},{"id":"es-travel-disruption-v1","word":"cancelación","translation":"cancellation"},{"id":"es-travel-disruption-v2","word":"conexión","translation":"connection"},{"id":"es-travel-disruption-v3","word":"transbordo","translation":"transfer"},{"id":"es-travel-disruption-v4","word":"reembolso","translation":"refund"},{"id":"es-travel-disruption-v5","word":"retrasarse","translation":"to be delayed"},{"id":"es-travel-disruption-v6","word":"perder el enlace","translation":"to miss the connection"},{"id":"es-travel-disruption-v7","word":"mostrador","translation":"service desk"},{"id":"es-travel-disruption-v8","word":"salida alternativa","translation":"alternative departure"},{"id":"es-travel-disruption-v9","word":"suplemento","translation":"surcharge"},{"id":"es-travel-disruption-v10","word":"trayecto","translation":"journey or route"},{"id":"es-complaints-v1","word":"queja","translation":"complaint"},{"id":"es-complaints-v2","word":"reclamación","translation":"formal complaint"},{"id":"es-complaints-v3","word":"decepción","translation":"disappointment"},{"id":"es-complaints-v4","word":"solución","translation":"solution"},{"id":"es-complaints-v5","word":"compensación","translation":"compensation"},{"id":"es-complaints-v6","word":"según la reserva","translation":"according to the booking"},{"id":"es-complaints-v7","word":"no corresponde","translation":"does not match"},{"id":"es-complaints-v8","word":"agradecería","translation":"I would appreciate"},{"id":"es-complaints-v9","word":"resolver","translation":"to resolve"},{"id":"es-complaints-v10","word":"condiciones","translation":"conditions"},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-v1","word":"acuerdo","translation":"agreement"},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-v2","word":"compromiso","translation":"commitment or compromise"},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-v3","word":"proponer","translation":"to propose"},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-v4","word":"aceptar","translation":"to accept"},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-v5","word":"rechazar","translation":"to reject"},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-v6","word":"negociar","translation":"to negotiate"},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-v7","word":"ceder","translation":"to give way"},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-v8","word":"repartir","translation":"to divide up"},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-v9","word":"encargarse de","translation":"to take responsibility for"},{"id":"es-negotiating-solutions-v10","word":"quedar en","translation":"to agree to"},{"id":"es-relationships-v1","word":"amistad","translation":"friendship"},{"id":"es-relationships-v2","word":"confianza","translation":"trust"},{"id":"es-relationships-v3","word":"llevarse bien","translation":"to get along"},{"id":"es-relationships-v4","word":"apoyarse","translation":"to support one another"},{"id":"es-relationships-v5","word":"echar de menos","translation":"to miss someone"},{"id":"es-relationships-v6","word":"mantener el contacto","translation":"to keep in touch"},{"id":"es-relationships-v7","word":"distancia","translation":"distance"},{"id":"es-relationships-v8","word":"relación","translation":"relationship"},{"id":"es-relationships-v9","word":"comprensión","translation":"understanding"},{"id":"es-relationships-v10","word":"sincero","translation":"sincere"},{"id":"es-disagreements-v1","word":"estar de acuerdo","translation":"to agree"},{"id":"es-disagreements-v2","word":"desacuerdo","translation":"disagreement"},{"id":"es-disagreements-v3","word":"punto de vista","translation":"point of view"},{"id":"es-disagreements-v5","word":"aclarar","translation":"to clarify"},{"id":"es-disagreements-v6","word":"malentendido","translation":"misunderstanding"},{"id":"es-disagreements-v7","word":"respetuoso","translation":"respectful"},{"id":"es-disagreements-v8","word":"discutir","translation":"to argue or discuss"},{"id":"es-disagreements-v9","word":"escuchar con atención","translation":"to listen carefully"},{"id":"es-disagreements-v10","word":"turno de palabra","translation":"turn to speak"},{"id":"es-customs-v1","word":"costumbre","translation":"custom"},{"id":"es-customs-v2","word":"tradición","translation":"tradition"},{"id":"es-customs-v3","word":"celebración","translation":"celebration"},{"id":"es-customs-v4","word":"adaptarse","translation":"to adapt"},{"id":"es-customs-v5","word":"saludar","translation":"to greet"},{"id":"es-customs-v6","word":"dar la mano","translation":"to shake hands"},{"id":"es-customs-v7","word":"puntualidad","translation":"punctuality"},{"id":"es-customs-v8","word":"invitado","translation":"guest"},{"id":"es-customs-v9","word":"anfitrión","translation":"host"},{"id":"es-customs-v10","word":"diferencia","translation":"difference"},{"id":"es-interviews-v1","word":"currículum","translation":"CV"},{"id":"es-interviews-v2","word":"entrevista","translation":"interview"},{"id":"es-interviews-v3","word":"puesto","translation":"position"},{"id":"es-interviews-v4","word":"experiencia laboral","translation":"work experience"},{"id":"es-interviews-v5","word":"habilidad","translation":"skill"},{"id":"es-interviews-v6","word":"responsabilidad","translation":"responsibility"},{"id":"es-interviews-v7","word":"formación","translation":"training"},{"id":"es-interviews-v8","word":"contratar","translation":"to hire"},{"id":"es-interviews-v9","word":"candidato","translation":"candidate"},{"id":"es-interviews-v10","word":"disponibilidad horaria","translation":"schedule availability"},{"id":"es-meetings-v1","word":"orden del día","translation":"agenda"},{"id":"es-meetings-v2","word":"acta","translation":"minutes of a meeting"},{"id":"es-meetings-v3","word":"fecha límite","translation":"deadline"},{"id":"es-meetings-v4","word":"reparto de tareas","translation":"allocation of tasks"},{"id":"es-meetings-v5","word":"responsable","translation":"person in charge"},{"id":"es-meetings-v6","word":"proyecto","translation":"project"},{"id":"es-meetings-v7","word":"objetivo común","translation":"shared goal"},{"id":"es-meetings-v8","word":"proponer una idea","translation":"to suggest an idea"},{"id":"es-meetings-v9","word":"llegar a un acuerdo","translation":"to reach an agreement"},{"id":"es-meetings-v10","word":"cumplir un plazo","translation":"to meet a deadline"},{"id":"es-goals-learning-v1","word":"meta","translation":"goal"},{"id":"es-goals-learning-v2","word":"ambición","translation":"ambition"},{"id":"es-goals-learning-v3","word":"beca","translation":"scholarship"},{"id":"es-goals-learning-v4","word":"matrícula","translation":"enrolment"},{"id":"es-goals-learning-v5","word":"solicitar","translation":"to apply for"},{"id":"es-goals-learning-v6","word":"requisito de acceso","translation":"entry requirement"},{"id":"es-goals-learning-v7","word":"dedicación","translation":"dedication"},{"id":"es-goals-learning-v8","word":"superar","translation":"to overcome"},{"id":"es-goals-learning-v9","word":"rendirse","translation":"to give up"},{"id":"es-goals-learning-v10","word":"a largo plazo","translation":"in the long term"},{"id":"es-news-summary-v1","word":"titular","translation":"headline"},{"id":"es-news-summary-v2","word":"artículo","translation":"article"},{"id":"es-news-summary-v3","word":"fuente","translation":"source"},{"id":"es-news-summary-v4","word":"hecho","translation":"fact"},{"id":"es-news-summary-v5","word":"opinión","translation":"opinion"},{"id":"es-news-summary-v6","word":"dato","translation":"data point"},{"id":"es-news-summary-v7","word":"informar","translation":"to inform"},{"id":"es-news-summary-v8","word":"publicar","translation":"to publish"},{"id":"es-news-summary-v10","word":"resumir","translation":"to summarise"},{"id":"es-technology-v1","word":"red social","translation":"social network"},{"id":"es-technology-v2","word":"pantalla","translation":"screen"},{"id":"es-technology-v3","word":"privacidad","translation":"privacy"},{"id":"es-technology-v4","word":"archivo","translation":"file"},{"id":"es-technology-v5","word":"descargar","translation":"to download"},{"id":"es-technology-v6","word":"actualizar","translation":"to update"},{"id":"es-technology-v7","word":"conexión a internet","translation":"internet connection"},{"id":"es-technology-v8","word":"notificación","translation":"notification"},{"id":"es-technology-v9","word":"herramienta","translation":"tool"},{"id":"es-technology-v10","word":"uso responsable","translation":"responsible use"},{"id":"es-environment-v1","word":"medio ambiente","translation":"environment"},{"id":"es-environment-v2","word":"residuo","translation":"waste"},{"id":"es-environment-v3","word":"reutilizar","translation":"to reuse"},{"id":"es-environment-v4","word":"consumo","translation":"consumption"},{"id":"es-environment-v5","word":"energía","translation":"energy"},{"id":"es-environment-v6","word":"contaminación","translation":"pollution"},{"id":"es-environment-v7","word":"transporte público","translation":"public transport"},{"id":"es-environment-v8","word":"ahorro energético","translation":"energy saving"},{"id":"es-environment-v9","word":"envase","translation":"container"},{"id":"es-environment-v10","word":"reducir","translation":"to reduce"},{"id":"es-narrative-writing-v1","word":"introducción","translation":"introduction"},{"id":"es-narrative-writing-v2","word":"desarrollo","translation":"development"},{"id":"es-narrative-writing-v3","word":"conclusión","translation":"conclusion"},{"id":"es-narrative-writing-v4","word":"párrafo","translation":"paragraph"},{"id":"es-narrative-writing-v5","word":"orden","translation":"order"},{"id":"es-narrative-writing-v6","word":"coherencia","translation":"coherence"},{"id":"es-narrative-writing-v7","word":"relato","translation":"narrative"},{"id":"es-narrative-writing-v8","word":"personaje","translation":"character"},{"id":"es-narrative-writing-v9","word":"escenario","translation":"setting"},{"id":"es-narrative-writing-v10","word":"reflexión","translation":"reflection"},{"id":"es-opinion-writing-v1","word":"argumento","translation":"argument or reason"},{"id":"es-opinion-writing-v2","word":"ejemplo","translation":"example"},{"id":"es-opinion-writing-v3","word":"contraargumento","translation":"counterargument"},{"id":"es-opinion-writing-v4","word":"en mi opinión","translation":"in my opinion"},{"id":"es-opinion-writing-v5","word":"desde mi punto de vista","translation":"from my point of view"},{"id":"es-opinion-writing-v6","word":"por ejemplo","translation":"for example"},{"id":"es-opinion-writing-v7","word":"en conclusión","translation":"in conclusion"},{"id":"es-opinion-writing-v8","word":"convencer","translation":"to persuade"},{"id":"es-opinion-writing-v9","word":"justificar","translation":"to justify"},{"id":"es-opinion-writing-v10","word":"valorar","translation":"to assess"},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-v1","word":"estimado","translation":"dear (formal)"},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-v2","word":"atentamente","translation":"yours sincerely"},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-v3","word":"un saludo","translation":"kind regards"},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-v4","word":"un abrazo","translation":"a hug or warm wishes"},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-v5","word":"dirigirse a","translation":"to address"},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-v6","word":"solicitar información","translation":"to request information"},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-v7","word":"agradecer","translation":"to thank"},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-v8","word":"disculpar","translation":"to excuse"},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-v9","word":"registro","translation":"register"},{"id":"es-formal-informal-writing-v10","word":"destinataria","translation":"female recipient"},{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-v1","word":"idea principal","translation":"main idea"},{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-v2","word":"intención","translation":"intention"},{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-v3","word":"actitud","translation":"attitude"},{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-v4","word":"resumen","translation":"summary"},{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-v5","word":"contexto","translation":"context"},{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-v6","word":"secuencia","translation":"sequence"},{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-v7","word":"inferir","translation":"to infer"},{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-v8","word":"comprobar","translation":"to check"},{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-v9","word":"relevante","translation":"relevant"},{"id":"es-b1-listening-reading-v10","word":"en detalle","translation":"in detail"},{"id":"es-b1-interaction-v1","word":"confirmar lo entendido","translation":"to confirm understanding"},{"id":"es-b1-interaction-v2","word":"pedir aclaración","translation":"to ask for clarification"},{"id":"es-b1-interaction-v3","word":"reformular","translation":"to rephrase"},{"id":"es-b1-interaction-v4","word":"alternativa viable","translation":"workable alternative"},{"id":"es-b1-interaction-v5","word":"solución acordada","translation":"agreed solution"},{"id":"es-b1-interaction-v6","word":"paso siguiente","translation":"next step"},{"id":"es-b1-interaction-v7","word":"hacerse cargo","translation":"to take charge"},{"id":"es-b1-interaction-v8","word":"disponibilidad inmediata","translation":"immediate availability"},{"id":"es-b1-interaction-v9","word":"por escrito","translation":"in writing"},{"id":"es-b1-interaction-v10","word":"sin coste adicional","translation":"at no extra cost"},{"id":"es-b1-production-v1","word":"autonomía","translation":"independence"},{"id":"es-b1-production-v2","word":"confianza al hablar","translation":"speaking confidence"},{"id":"es-b1-production-v3","word":"fluidez","translation":"fluency"},{"id":"es-b1-production-v4","word":"claridad","translation":"clarity"},{"id":"es-b1-production-v5","word":"revisión","translation":"revision"},{"id":"es-b1-production-v6","word":"retroalimentación","translation":"feedback"},{"id":"es-b1-production-v7","word":"logro","translation":"achievement"},{"id":"es-b1-production-v8","word":"reto","translation":"challenge"},{"id":"es-b1-production-v9","word":"aprendizaje","translation":"learning"},{"id":"es-b1-production-v10","word":"seguir mejorando","translation":"to keep improving"}],"attribution":"Original educational content by Yappaca contributors (2026).","description":"Grow from your first hola to independent Spanish. Build everyday conversations at A1, share experiences at A2, and tell stories, solve problems, and explain opinions at B1.","schemaVersion":1,"sourceLanguage":{"code":"en","name":"English"},"targetLanguage":{"code":"es-ES","name":"Spanish"}}